现代轨道交通刹车材料的发展与应用

分析了轨道交通车辆用盘形制动装置中闸片/制动盘组成的摩擦副的工作条件及其对材料的要求,介绍了铸铁闸片、树脂基闸片、铁基和铜基粉末冶金闸片的性能特点及适用领域,重点分析了粉末冶金闸片各组元的功能及摩擦磨损性能调控机制.基于制动盘热斑形成机理,阐明了闸片形状与排布对制动盘热源分布的影响规律.阐述了铸铁、铸钢、锻钢、金属基复合材料和C/C复合材料制动盘的研究进展,并指出了现代轨道交通刹车材料设计与制造的研究热点及研究方向.     

基于模态频率特征的浮钳盘式制动器盘块间法向接触刚度辨识方法

盘式制动器广泛应用于交通工具和工业装备,在制动过程中出现的摩擦振动噪声和制动盘与制动块之间的接触摩擦作用有密切关系。由于受到多种因素影响,建立准确的制动器关键零件接触关系仍是当前制动器振动噪声研究的难点。基于接触刚度能够影响系统刚度从而改变制动盘模态频率的动力学特性,针对乘用车浮钳盘式制动器,提出一种基于模态频率特征的制动器盘块间法向接触刚度辨识方法。应用锤击模态试验测得不同制动压力条件下制动盘各模态的频率特征;基于ABAQUS软件建立约束条件下制动盘与制动块装配体的有限元模型,在1~10 kHz范围内对该模型进行前7阶面外模态频率分析,辨识得到制动盘与制动块之间的法向接触刚度,并对接触刚度变化原因进行了分析。结果表明,随着制动压力的增加,由于制动块摩擦材料的孔隙度减小,接触刚度增大;随着制动盘模态阶次的提高,由于制动盘与制动块在谐振状态时其接触面积发生变化,接触刚度会先增大然后基本保持不变。该方法可用于建立准确的制动器盘块间接触关系,以开展制动器振动噪声仿真分析,能够提高计算精度,保证分析结果的可靠性。     

基于制动器多点接触模型的初始SRO和DTV对制动抖动的影响分析

针对盘式制动器系统,假设制动盘与制动块存在多点接触,利用制动副摩擦系数—相对速度半经验理论模型,建立了制动器多点接触动力学模型,并通过台架试验验证了该模型的有效性。基于此模型,假设初始制动盘厚薄差和制动盘端面跳动具有正弦曲线特征,以制动力矩波动、制动压力波动的时频特性及均方根为评价指标,详细讨论了制动盘厚薄差和制动盘端面跳动的阶次、最大值及相位对制动抖动的影响。研究结果表明,制动盘DTV在圆周内的阶次特征决定了制动压力波动和制动力矩波动频率与转速的阶次关系;制动压力波动对制动盘SRO敏感性较强,制动力矩波动对制动盘DTV敏感性较强,制动压力波动均方根和制动力矩均方根与制动盘SRO和DTV最大值具有线性递增的关系;制动盘端面跳动的相位差通过改变制动盘厚薄差的最大值对制动压力波动和制动力矩波动产生影响。     

制动盘对盘形制动摩擦性能的影响

在l：l惯性力矩制动试验台上研究了蠕墨铸铁制动盘和灰铸铁制动盘与所研制的合成材料闸片配副时的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明制动盘材质对摩擦性能有很大的影响：所研制的合成材料闸片与灰铸铁盘配副的摩擦副具有较小的速度、压力敏感性，较高的摩擦系数，较低的制动盘表面温度，但闸片的磨损量较大。     

制动器制动温度对制动性能的影响

摩擦材料的特性决定了制动器的制动性能对温度的敏感程度,这是制动性能稳定性的主要影响因素之一。不同摩擦材料热衰退性能有较大差异,本文对采用粉末冶金摩擦材料的制动器和采用陶瓷摩擦材料的制动器进行了试验研究,对比分析了其性能差异。     

非线性接触状态下的盘式制动器制动噪声分析

针对盘式制动器的制动噪声问题,建立盘式制动器的动力学仿真模型。首先对盘式制动器制动时的瞬态结构进行分析,然后根据制动盘与摩擦片在制动过程中的接触状态,将制动盘与摩擦片之间的接触面划为4个具有各自特征的接触区域,每个接触区域对应不同的接触应力。仿真过程中,分别将各接触区域相应的接触应力作为输入载荷进行加载,通过复特征值法的有限元仿真分析,得到制动器不稳定模态的分布及其振型,进而得到可能产生制动噪声的频率。最后通过制动试验,验证仿真结果的正确性。结果表明,盘式制动器的制动过程是一种非线性的接触过程,过大的非均匀分布的接触应力及其非线性变化将导致制动噪声,噪声频率主要分布在1 500 Hz～2 100 Hz之间。     

双线圈旁置式新型磁流变制动器的设计与优化

为提高传统单线圈混合式磁流变制动器的制动力矩,提出了一种双线圈旁置式新型磁流变制动器.利用一种新的线圈安装方式,增大了制动盘圆柱面的可控作用面积,从而增大了磁流变制动器的制动力矩.基于Herscher-Bulkley模型,提出了双线圈旁置式磁流变制动器的力矩模型与磁路设计方法,并在特定条件下对其进行了多目标优化.研究结果表明:与单线圈混合式相比,在相同体积条件下,双线圈旁置式能产生更大的制动力矩;而为了充分利用磁流变液的流变性能,获得更紧凑的结构,双线圈旁置式磁流变制动器的宽度应在80~100mm之间,长宽比的合理范围应在0.6~1.2之间;优化后在制动器质量基本维持不变的情况下,制动力矩提高了11%.研究结果可作为磁流变制动器的设计参考.     

M型沟槽仿生制动盘的减振降噪性能研究

随着汽车工业的发展,盘式制动器的制动稳定性及安全性受到广泛的关注。在盘式制动器的制动过程中,制动盘表面加工形式以及制动条件对制动盘的振动,噪声都会有直接的影响。首先对制动盘表面进行仿生设计。利用鸟类翅膀在飞行过程中具有阻力小的特点,使用MOPA激光器在制动盘表面加工出4种不同数量及深度的M型沟槽。使用洛氏硬度计制动盘盘面进行硬度测试,分析M型沟槽对其硬度的影响。在LINK3900台架实验设备上进行NVH台架实验,对比分析不同工况下M型沟槽对制动噪声和制动卡钳振动的影响,确定较好的设计方案。     

桑塔纳2000轿车制动系统设计

本次设计题目为santana2000轿车制动系统设计。说明书中首先介绍了汽车制动系统的现状、发展以及制动系统方案的分析与选择,并通过对鼓式制动器和盘式制动器的结构特点及优缺点进行分析。确定本设计方案采用前盘后鼓式的双回路制动系统。本设计还根据桑塔纳2000轿车的车型特点进行参数选择。说明书中还主要介绍了前后制动器的设计计算,制动器主要部件的参数选择,制动驱动机构的设计计算以及对确定选用X型管路布置等进行介绍。说明书的最后对本设计的制动性能进行了全面分析。     

盘式制动器高频振动的主动控制

为了降低制动器制动过程中产生的高频振动,通过对盘式制动器振动进行动力学建模,采用AFC(Active Force Control)控制理论与PID控制理论相结合,构造出有效的振动控制参数和AFC控制器。利用MATLAB /Simulink仿真平台,对AFC与PID联合控制下的制动器振动进行仿真,并与自由状态下的制动器振动进行对比分析。通过分析得到[α≤0.022]的情况下PID与AFC联合控制下制动盘在2 s左右振幅趋于稳定,制动盘振动幅值从[1×10-3 m]降低到[1×10-6 m]左右;而当[α>0.022]时AFC与PID联合控制会增大制动盘振动幅值。通过这种主动控制方法的研究为降低盘式制动器高频振动,进而降低高频振动引起的噪声,提高汽车NVH性能提供了依据。     

Thermal seizures in automotive drum brakes

In automotive industry, drum brake system is used on two types of wheels: cast and spoke. Brake drum, brake panel and brake drum liner are important components of the brake system. Failures of these components observed during high-g braking on spoke wheels of a motorcycle are reported and systematically analyzed in this paper. The brake drum and the panel were found to have seized during high speed brake applications. Excessive wear on the drum liner made of cast iron was also observed. Metallurgical analysis (chemical analysis, hardness test and microstructure analysis) of the liner revealed that excessive wear on the liner was not due to any change in material properties. Hence, further steps were taken to investigate the problem. An experimental testing methodology was developed to simulate these failures. For the same material, testing conditions, and design specifications of cast and spoke wheels, no failure was observed in the cast wheels. This unusual failure was further investigated using three-dimensional steady state finite element analysis (FEA) of both cast and spoke wheels. The methodology adopted for determining the thermal and structural boundary conditions have been described in detail. Energy balance methodology was employed to determine the heat flux values on the drum liner. The structural boundary conditions are determined experimentally and validated with FEA. The predicted temperature from FEA for cast and spoke wheels compares reasonably well with the experiments. It was found that the failure of the brake system in the spoke wheels was due to excessive thermal expansion of the brake panel and the drum beyond the specified limit. An optimum range of labyrinth clearance between the brake drum and the brake panel was recommended for the brake system of cast and spoke wheels.     

Wear Modalities and Mechanisms of the Mining Non-asbestos Composite Brake Material

The mining brake material is generally made of composite materials and its wear has important influences on the braking performance of disc brakes. In order to improve the braking reliability of mine hoisters, this paper did some tribological investigations on the mining brake material to reveal its wear modalities and mechanisms. The mining non-asbestos brake shoe and 16Mn steel were selected as braking pairs and tested on a pad-on-disc friction tester. And a SEM was used to observe the worn surface of the brake shoe. It is shown that the non-asbestos brake material has mainly five wear modalities: adhesive wear, abrasive wear, cutting wear, fatigue wear and high heat wear. At the front period of a single braking the wear modality is mainly composed of some light mechanical wear such as abrasive, cutting and point adhesive. With the temperature rising at the back period it transforms to some heavy mechanical wear such as piece adhesive and fatigue. While in several repeated brakings once the surface temperature rises beyond the thermal-decomposition point of the bonding material, the strong destructive high heat wear takes leading roles on the surface. And a phenomenon called friction catastrophe (FC) occurs easily, which as a result causes a braking failure. It is considered that the friction heat has important influences on the wear modalities of the brake material. And the reduction of friction heat must be an effective technical method for decreasing wear and avoiding braking failures.     

High performance automotive and railway components made from novel competitive aluminium composites

Abstract

The traditional materials encounter difficulties to comply with all the properties required by new components under service conditions. The automotive and the railway industries require low cost solutions to improve the final performance of components made from steel, cast iron, or even conventional aluminium alloys (e.g. clutch discs, brake discs, or pistons). Weight reduction, improvement in wear behaviour, high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and easy recycling are sought, among other characteristics, in order to obtain more efficient products leading to a reduction of pollutant emissions. The range of materials that can meet these requirements is presently very narrow and their final price is more expensive (e.g. aluminium matrix composites) than currently used materials. In this paper a new low cost metal matrix composite that has been used to produce pistons, clutch discs, and train brake discs is presented.     

Performance evaluation of brake pads developed using two different manufacturing methods

The aim is to study the effect of several distinct manufacturing processes, parameters and ingredients on the physical, mechanical and frictional characteristics of brake pad developed using hand lay method (sample 1), brake pad developed using hot compression method (sample 2) and commercial brake pad (sample 3). The non asbestos brake pad samples were compared with the selected commercial brake pad sample using pin on disc test set up. Results showed that friction performances of all three samples were insensitive to water and oil absorption test. Sample 2 had better mechanical properties and greater wear resistance than other two samples which are attributed to use of hot press method of manufacturing the composite and selecting the carbon-based ingredients. Sample 1 maintained high coefficient of friction even though manufactured with the help of hand lay method. Both fabricated brake pads are stable upto the temperature 220 °C without any weight loss and degradation. Brake pad surfaces showed different shape wear debris and plateaus significantly affecting the friction characteristics. Finally, the test results indicated that both fabricated brake pad samples have potential braking characteristics to be used as a brake pad material.     

Study of the interaction between microstructure,mechanical and tribo-performance of a commercial brake lining material

The interaction between microstructure, mechanical, and frictional properties of a commercial brake lining material (BLM) was investigated in order to correlate them to braking performance. For this purpose, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping and spectrum were used to identify and analyze different constituents. The mechanical properties were determined using compression test. Relevant physical properties (density and porosity) were determined using standard test methods. The friction coefficient and wear behavior of the friction material on contact with the grey cast iron disc were established using a pad-on disc tribometer. The results have shown that the brake lining material contains phenol resin such as the matrix and other various ingredients, including silica, rock and mineral filler reinforcement, barium sulfate and carbon-rich particles as filler and brass particles as friction modifier. It had a varied amount and size up to 1 mm for brass particles. The density and porosity were 1.8 g cm⁻³ and 7%, respectively. The investigated material exhibited excellent mechanical properties in the normal solicitation direction. The average friction coefficient was about 0.65, whereas the friction coefficient was stable. The different actions of various ingredients in terms of their effects on the friction and wear behavior of the BLM could be related to their different bonding strengths with the resin matrix and their different abilities to form friction films (third-body layer) on the surfaces of the material and transfer films on the counterpart cast iron surface in relation to the surface temperature evolution and mechanical properties.     

Al/SiCp Brake Discs Produced by Dissimilar Cast-Bonding

A new manufacturing process was developed for ventilated brake discs. Half of a disc was composed of two friction plates, cooling fins connecting the friction plate, and a mounting plate joined to the cooling fins. A full disc consists of two half-discs. First, the friction plates were cast using A356/SiCp composites. The two friction plates and a furan-resin mold were set up in a mold frame made of cast iron to cast the cooling fins, and the mounting plate. The mold frame was heated and kept at 500°C. Into the mold, molten A356 alloy at 750°C was poured to cast the fins and the mounting plate. After cooling and dismantling the mold frame, half of a brake disc made of two dissimilar materials was obtained. Pin-on-disc tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were performed. Finally, brake dynamometer tests with a full-size disc/organic pads were carried out. It was confirmed that the friction coefficients satisfied the relevant regulations for railroad brake discs.     

C/C复合材料飞机刹车盘的结构与性能

采用企业、行业及国家相关标准的试验方法，对超码复合材料公司，英国Dunlop公司，法国CarbonIn-dusty公司，美国B．F．Goodrich、ALS公司等生产的9种C／C复合材料飞机刹车盘的物理、力学、热学、摩擦磨损的性能特征，以及中南大学生产的C／C复合材料刹车盘的有关性能，进行了对比分析。结果表明，选择适宜的炭纤维预制体结构，控制热解炭基体微观结构为光学粗糙层结构，合理的热处理温度是获得高性能炭刹车盘材料的关键。我国拥有自主知识产权研发的大型民机炭刹车盘在高摩擦特性方面获得了重大突破，已用于波音757—200型飞机，实现了国内C／C复合材料具有里程碑意义的第四个重大突破。     

Wear Behaviour of CTC/FeCrCSi Composite

To bring the excellent abrasion-resistant po-tential of carbide into full play,composites of casttungsten carbide(CTC)grains based on mainlyplate martensite and high Cr,W white cast iron aremade on substrate of grey iron by cast-in-placehardfacing process.Results of high-stresstwo-body and three-body abrasion show that:(1)Base alloy microstructures have overwhelmingdominating effects on abrasion resistances of thecomposites in two-body and especially three-bodyabrasion systems.(2)All composites have very ex-cellent abrasion-resistances which increase drasti-cally with the increase of CTC grain size.In case ofthe same CTC grain size,composite based onmartensite white cast iron is much morewear-resistant than that based on mainly platemartensite although the volume fraction of CTCgrains in the latter is considerably larger than thatin the former.In three-body abrasion system,loadhas little effect on wear rate for composites basedon martensite white cast iron,but wear rate ofconventional wear-resistant materials increaseslinearly in a very steep slope as the nominal stressincreases.