Principles of Genetic Engineering Technology

Abstract

Genetic Engineering Technology has made possible the manipulation of genetic information and has been described as the new revolution in science. It is responsible for the development of new industrial applications and areas of basic research. In the pharmaceutical field, alone, it has applications to the production of natural and synthetic drugs (proteins/enzymes) at levels that cannot be achieved by conventional methods. It can be applied diagnostically to detect disease or the potentiality of disease. Not only is it being used to improve industrial processes for the production of current market drugs, but will also generate novel drugs for the future. There is also the potential that this technology will correct defective genes in humans with genetic diseases. In addition, this technology has numerous applications for agricultural, chemical and other industries. Genetic engineering is not a single technique but represents a collection of interrelated techniques, including recombinant DNA technologies. The principles of genetic engineering will be highlighted in this review.     

Industrial use of HiPIMS and the hiP‐V hiPlus technology

It has been demonstrated by several groups that HiPIMS is a state of the art tool for applying demanding coatings with superior film properties. The real industrial breakthrough for the HiPIMS‐technology, has not yet happened. On the other hand, the up till now available HiPIMS‐PS were mainly been up‐scaled “prototypes”, far away from industrial work horses. With the hiP‐V HiPIMS power system, a direct derivative of a robust power supply technology already in commercial use for public transportation systems, another milestone is set to make the HiPIMS technology go mainstream. HiPIMS is not a revolution that will make all other technologies obsolete, yet it is a very powerful complement. With a reliable, multi‐functional power supply and with a rapid arc‐handling, it could possibly be a start of a new era in thin film production. Just consider the possibility of etching and implantation to increase cleanliness and adhesion of the samples. Until now, most of the R&D work done in HiPIMS, has been dedicated to hard coatings and tool coatings. Here, HiPIMS is surely useful but not the expected technological breakthrough. For the future, the implementation of the new positive reverse pulse, the hiP‐V hiPlus HiPIMS technology, is opening a whole new field of possible applications for i.e. nonconductive substrates where no bias can be applied. Glass and plastics can be processed with remarkable results in hardness, enhanced film properties and additionally, it is achieved at lower substrate temperatures. It has been a slow start for HiPIMS, but the future looks bright.     

Engineering Informatics: State of the Art and Future Trends

Engineering informatics is an emerging engineering discipline integrating information technology or informatics with a variety of engineering disciplines. It is an interdisciplinary scientific subject focusing on applying advanced information and communications technology (ICT) to a variety of engineering disciplines. Rapid advances in industrial information integration methods have spurred the growth of new techniques that can be used for probing industrial information integration including engineering informatics. These techniques include business process management (BPM), enterprise architecture (EA), enterprise application integration (EAI), service-oriented architecture (SOA), and others. Practical applications may require a combination of these techniques that have originated from different disciplines. These techniques have the potential to contribute to engineering informatics. For integrating complex engineering systems, both formal methods and systems methods are crucial. In this paper, we briefl review the state of the art of engineering informatics as it interfacing with industrial information integration.     

High-throughput microfluidic systems for disease detection

Accuracy and rapid response are critical to the detection of an acute infectious disease, not only because the detection results can affect the medical treatment, but also can prevent disease outbreaks. Since the current culture-based technology is time consuming and experience dependent, academia and industrial researchers are using microfluidics and nucleic acids as the fundamental ideas to build pioneering tools against infectious disease. While many point-of-care microfluidic systems have been realized to execute nucleic acid applications, high-throughput microfluidic systems are under development for various nucleic acid applications because of high efficiency and demand from the market. Building a high-throughput system is an interdisciplinary challenge because of the design concerns from science and the manufacturing concerns from engineering, but its realization will be a milestone. This article is aimed to review three essential steps of the nucleic acid-based detection realized in high-throughput formats, including polymerase chain reaction, capillary electrophoresis, and nucleic acid purification.     

防止粉状工业炸药连续化生产发生燃烧爆炸事故的对策

新型粉状工业炸药以及连续化生产工艺取代铵梯炸药和间断式生产工艺后,防止重特大燃烧爆炸事故发生,减少事故损失,已经成为工业炸药生产工程建设和科研生产管理的当务之急和重大课题。文章结合国内粉状工业炸药连续化生产工艺的现状,提出了具有应用价值的对策。     

An Overview of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Green Chemical Engineering

Given the current global energy and environmental issues resulting from the fast pace of industrialization, the discovery of new functional materials has become increasingly imperative in order to advance science and technology and address the associated challenges. The boom in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-derived materials in recent years has stimulated profound interest in exploring their structures and applications. The preparation, characterization, and processing of MOF materials are the basis of their full engagement in industrial implementation. With intensive research in these topics, it is time to promote the practical utilization of MOFs on an industrial scale, such as for green chemical engineering, by taking advantage of their superior functions. Many famous MOFs have already demonstrated superiority over traditional materials in solving real-world problems. This review starts with the basic concept of MOF chemistry and ends with a discussion of the industrial production and exploitation of MOFs in several fields. Its goal is to provide a general scope of application to inspire MOF researchers to convert their focus on academic research to one on practical applications. After the obstacles of cost, scale-up preparation, processability, and stability have been overcome, MOFs and MOF-based devices will gradually enter the factory, become a part of our daily lives, and help to create a future based on green production and green living.     

Laser-Ultrasonics: From the Laboratory to the Shop Floor

Ultrasonics is a powerful technique for inspecting and characterizing industrial materials. It not only can detect bulk and surface flaws, but also obtain information on material microstructure, which determines engineering properties, such as elastic moduli and ultimate strength. However, traditional ultrasound requires liquid or contact coupling for its generation and detection, making it difficult or impossible to apply in many industrial situations. This occurs, in particular, on curved parts and on parts at elevated temperature, a situation widely found in industrial products and during the processing of industrial materials.Through a continuing effort that started more than 10 years ago, the Industrial Materials Institute of the National Research Council of Canada working in collaboration with UltraOptec Inc. has developed a technique called laser-ultrasonics, that circumvents the limitations of the conventional techniques. This novel technique is based on the generation and detection of ultrasound with lasers. The technology we have developed has been demonstrated to be applicable to real industrial conditions. In particular, a system was brought to a steel mill to measure on-line the wall thickness of tubes at 1000°C moving at 4 m/s. The capability of our technology to inspect advanced aircrafts made of composite materials was also demonstrated by inspecting a CF-18 in the hangar of a maintenance facility. UltraOptec Inc. is now in the process of commercializing this technology, in particular, for these two demonstrated industrial applications.     

Development and Applications of Continuous-Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

Continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CW-CRDS) (using continuous-wave lasers) is now in widespread use for the sensitive detection of a range of different trace-gas species, including water vapor as a very important trace contaminant in many gases. It has also now been applied to monitor trace water vapor in a range of matrix gases, including those that are corrosive and have the potential for spectral interference with the target water-vapor species. The developments that have been carried out to achieve this will be discussed, and some of the applications, covering single sensors and multi-head sensors, will be presented. One limitation of the current sensor technology is that it uses mirrors that are highly reflective over a very restricted spectral range, and this limits a given sensor to the measurement of one or two gaseous species. Measurements of other species require the mirrors to be changed, as it is not currently practical to obtain mirrors with the required high reflectivity that also cover a large spectral range. The development of a new type of ring-down cavity that uses uncoated reflective optics, and which can be used from the ultraviolet to the infrared spectral regions, is presented. Examples of industrial and scientific applications are also presented.     

关于技术创新问题的若干认识

讨论了科学、技术、工程、产业的本质与含义，研究了科学-技术-工程-产业的知识链，指出技术、工程与经济的关联程度远高于科学与经济的关联程度。文章强调科学与基础研究是资金向知识的转化，而技术创新则是在资本的支持下，使知识通过市场向效益、利润的转化。工程师是新生产力的重要创造者，也是新兴产业的积极开拓者。工程师要面对的是不同层次、不同领域、不同尺度上的技术创新。在经济快速成长时期，应该更加重视工程师的创造性劳动。培养大批工程技术创新人才是推进经济发展、社会进步的必然要求。     

Using patent statistics as knowledge base indicators in the biotechnology sectors: An application to France,Germany and the U.K.

In order to formulate firm, national or regional technology policy, it is necessary to have indicators that can measure technological competence. This paper develops a set of indicators using patent statistics to compare the “knowledge base” of individuals, laboratories, firms or nations. These indicators are then applied to the patent applications in France, Germany and the U.K. in the biotechnology sectors. The paper shows that France is lagging behind Germany and the U.K. in technology stocks (or its patent applications) in all biotechnology fields. However it is the leader in the technology network supporting the foods industry. It has a comparative advantage in terms of either technology stock counts or networks in Genetic Engineering, Pharmaceuticals, Foods, Chemicals, Cell Culture and Biocatalysis. Germany is leading in many sectors, but in all sectors in which it is a leader, it is a specialized leader, i.e. its technology networks need to be more extensive. It has a comparative advantage in terms of either technology stock counts or networks in all sectors except Genetic Engineering, Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture and Cell Culture. The U.K. is the leader in the important field of Genetic Engineering and in terms of the entire technology networks in the biotechnology sectors. It has a comparative advantage in terms of either technology stock counts or networks in Genetic Engineering, Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture and Purification. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Recent situation of industrial implementation of Cat-CVD technology in Japan

Efforts of industrial application of Cat-CVD technology are surveyed. Recent movement of industrial implementation is also reviewed by showing examples in Japanese industry. Cat-CVD technology is originally developed as a new tool for fabricating semiconductor devices, however, recently, use of the technology is attempted in various fields such as chemical, mechanical and bio-technical engineering. It is shown that Cat-CVD has high feasibility as a fundamental technology of modern industries.     

Atomic Layer Deposition

Atomic layer deposition, ALd, is a thin film deposition technology that enables new and highly competitive products. As a disruptive technology, it can often replace existing production technology and improve throughput, coating quality and sometimes process sustainability. ALd is also a powerful resource for advanced nanotechnology research. Today's industrial applications of ALd habitually address a concrete requirement to manufacture precise nanometer–thick, dense and pinhole–free conformal thin films of exact chemical composition on various shapes and geometries. For today's businesses, ALd and Beneq offer the necessary tools to enable growth, by means of new and innovative applications, reliable production equipment and attractive cost of ownership.     

嵌入式技术推动工业工程发展的战略思考

通过研究嵌入式技术应用与发展前景,探讨了嵌入式技术与工业工程的互动关系.提出了嵌入式技术拓展制造业信息化的范围,将成为工业工程发展新推动力的观点,并从工业工程的角度对嵌入式企业管理的模式进行了研究,指出工业工程专业的建设必须根据我国科学技术发展现状进行重新界定和革新,补充新的内容,嵌入式技术将是现代工业工程发展的重要支撑条件.     

可拓工程研究

介绍可拓工程研究的基本思想、工具和方法及其在检测、控制、管理、信息和计算机等领域的应用研究概况。     

Scientific Research in the Field of Mesh Method Based Modeling of AC Losses in Superconductors: A Review

As in all research in engineering sciences, the final target in the research of superconductor technology is the construction of new and innovative applications—hopefully with commercial potential. Mesh method based modeling of AC losses in superconductors is an important field of engineering science when considering the commercialization of superconductivity, as AC losses can often be a restricting factor for the feasibility of superconducting AC applications, and thus, analyzing them beforehand is necessary. Hence, it is important that new results and ideas in this field are widely recognized and acknowledged both in scientific and industrial circles. To achieve a wider impact, a clear classification of the research is beneficial. In this topical review, we discuss the possibilities in this field by presenting a classification of research into seven different research directions. We emphasize the roles of these different types of research as connections between steps on the path from theory to applications. Furthermore, we present a review of recent research in these research directions.     

Continuous Synthesis of Nanocrystals via Flow Chemistry Technology

Modern nanotechnologies bring humanity to a new age, and advanced methods for preparing functional nanocrystals are cornerstones. A considerable variety of nanomaterials has been created over the past decades, but few were prepared on the macro scale, even fewer making it to the stage of industrial production. The gap between academic research and engineering production is expected to be filled by flow chemistry technology, which relies on microreactors. Microreaction devices and technologies for synthesizing different kinds of nanocrystals are discussed from an engineering point of view. The advantages of microreactors, the important features of flow chemistry systems, and methods to apply them in the syntheses of salt, oxide, metal, alloy, and quantum dot nanomaterials are summarized. To further exhibit the scaling‐up of nanocrystal synthesis, recent reports on using microreactors with gram per hour and larger production rates are highlighted. Finally, an industrial example for preparing 10 tons of CaCO₃ nanoparticles per day is introduced, which shows the great potential for flow chemistry processes to transfer lab research to industry.     

关于推广现场混装炸药车技术的一些思考

我国是工业炸药的生产和使用大国,连续多年的产量都超过了400万t,同时工业炸药作为典型的危险物品,与公共安全息息相关,是社会治安管理的重点监管对象。工业炸药现场混装车技术彻底改变了传统商品炸药的生产、供营和使用模式,本质安全性高是其最突出的特点。大力推广应用现场混装车技术无论是对于提高工业炸药的安全生产管理水平,还是对于提升社会治安管理水平,都具有重要意义,因此受到国家法规政策的鼓励。分析了工业炸药现场混装技术的优势,尤其是对于公共安全的有利作用,研究了现行管理模式存在的弊端,提出为促进工业炸药现场混装技术在我国顺利推广,贯彻创新驱动发展战略,通过体制机制创新,建立由公安机关对工业炸药现场混装技术进行统一管理的更有利的监管模式。鼓励有条件的爆破公司购买和使用现场混装车,大幅度减少工业炸药固定生产点、库房和成品炸药运输等危险源。     

工程制图历史演变现状改革和未来发展的研究

一个有价值的学科,除了适应当前的发展需要外,还应对发展趋势有所预见,并包含新的内容。虽然预计发展趋势有时是困难的,但作者仍在本文中作了些尝试。工程制图的发展是历史的延续,工程制图的现状还不能适应科学技术、生产制造迅速发展的需要,工程制图需要实验,以实验推动课程,形成实验发展理论,理论推动实验的良性循环,是工程制图可持续发展的有效途径。     

阳极键合研究现状及影响因素

为了提高键合质量、优化键合材料,促进阳极键合技术在工业生产中的应用,本文以“硅/玻璃”的阳极键合为例,阐述了阳极键合作为新型连接工艺的键合机理及工艺过程,介绍了现阶段阳极键合在国内外工业生产中的应用实例及相关研究,尤其是在微电子封装领域所展现的杰出应用前景,同时结合阳极键合过程中对键合参数、材料处理等要求,给出了影响键合质量的各种因素,以及在键合过程中常出现的问题及其解决办法.本文立足于键合机理及键合工艺过程,结合不同材料特性,重点阐述了阳极键合这一新型连接工艺的国内外研究现状及影响键合的因素,为进一步提高键合质量、优化键合工艺、开发新的键合材料等提供理论依据.     

The family grouping philosophy

The paper explains how simple ideas in the field of group technology have led to the development of a new system of production, called the cell system, which differs from, but complements, flow-line production and traditional ‘ job and batch ’ (functional layout-based) production.

The cell system is not just a simple arrangement of similar components and similar tooling, but a new system of production, which, like the flow-line system, has rules and conditions for its practice. Only in the last two years has group technology developed sufficiently for a theory to begin to emerge.

With now production systems today, it is not enough to deal only with ‘ engineering ’ or ‘ production ’, but present clay systems must be concerned with the complex interaction of market, management, machines, and men.

This paper shows the importance of the cell system at different levels, beginning with the lowest, and leads the reader towards a rather different approach to the management of an engineering, or other multi-product firm. It is complementary to ‘ The Management Problems of Introducing Group Technology’ (Edwards 1969).