超级13Cr和P110油管钢在NaCl溶液中电偶腐蚀行为的研究

采用电化学方法研究了超级13Cr-P110钢偶对在NaCl溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为,测试了开路电位、电偶电流和电偶电位,采用SEM、EDS和XRD分别对腐蚀形貌和产物进行了表征。结果表明,超级13Cr和P110钢在NaCl溶液中存在明显的电位差,两者偶接时超级13Cr作为阴极被保护,而P110钢作为阳极被加速腐蚀,该电偶对产生的电偶电流密度会形成严重的电偶腐蚀,随着Sc/Sa的增大,电偶电流明显增大,阳极的腐蚀程度加重,腐蚀产物为氧化物,腐蚀破坏的形式由腐蚀产物疏松转变为腐蚀膜层开裂形成的片层状脱落。     

超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度Cl-介质中的腐蚀行为

采用全浸腐蚀实验方法,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度(5%,15%,25%,35%,质量分数)的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物及电化学特性进行了分析,研究了Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为的影响。结果显示:超级13Cr油管钢在Cl~-浓度低于35%的NaCl溶液中具有较好的耐腐蚀性能,Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为有一定程度的影响,随着Cl~-浓度的增大,材料的耐腐蚀性能降低,被腐蚀倾向增大。较高的Cl~-浓度加速了材料表面点蚀的生长,引发局部腐蚀,进而导致全面腐蚀。Cl~-浓度的增大使超级13Cr油管钢的腐蚀速率增大,但随着腐蚀程度的加重,腐蚀产物增厚及覆盖面积增大,阻碍了基体和溶液的接触,从而减缓了腐蚀速率的增速,其腐蚀产物主要是由Fe和Cr的氧化物构成。     

pH值对超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为与腐蚀膜特性的影响

采用全浸泡腐蚀方法,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线和交流阻抗(EIS)等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同pH值NaCl溶液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及其腐蚀膜层的电性能进行了分析,研究了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为与腐蚀膜层电性能,结果表明:超级13Cr油管钢在酸性的NaCl溶液中具有较好的抗腐蚀性能,其表面腐蚀膜层具有钝化特性,随着溶液pH值的降低,其腐蚀膜层的钝化性能增强,发生点蚀的倾向性减小,而发生全面腐蚀的倾向性增大,其腐蚀产物为Fe和Cr的氧化物组成。当溶液pH值大于4.5时,腐蚀速率随着溶液pH值的减小而增大;当溶液pH值小于4.5时,腐蚀速率随着溶液pH值的减小而减小。     

Cl~-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的抗拉强度、延伸率、断裂时间、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(kscc)和断口形貌,研究了Cl-浓度对其应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果显示:当NaCl溶液浓度低于15%时,超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀的程度较轻,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较好;而当NaCl溶液浓度大于25%时,其应力腐蚀的程度严重,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较差;随溶液Cl-浓度的增大,超级13Cr油管钢的力学性能降低、抗SCC性能降低、应力腐蚀开裂的倾向增大、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数kσ和kε均呈现增大的趋势,且kε比kσ增大的趋势更明显;Cl-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢塑性的影响比对其抗拉强度的影响更显著。     

CO2驱油井环境下N80钢与3Cr13钢的电偶腐蚀行为

N80钢与3Cr13钢常作为油管和水力锚等的材料使用,在CO₂驱油井环境中不可避免偶接使用易产生电偶腐蚀。为此,通过开展CO₂环境下N80钢和3Cr13钢的腐蚀速率试验和电偶腐蚀试验,明确了CO₂含量、温度、压力和矿化度等因素作用下2种钢的电偶腐蚀规律。结果表明：CO₂驱油井中2种钢产生电偶腐蚀,3Cr13钢为阴极,且不受电偶腐蚀影响,N80钢为阳极,电偶腐蚀速率增大;且N80钢的电偶腐蚀速率随CO₂含量、温度、压力和矿化度的增大而增大;电偶腐蚀敏感因子随CO₂含量和压力增大而减小,当CO₂含量达到20.0%时电偶腐蚀敏感因子为负值,随温度升高先减小后增大,随矿化度增加而增大,电偶腐蚀速率最大可高于常规腐蚀69%。     

极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

高温高酸性环境下镍基合金718与异种金属偶接的电偶腐蚀行为

高温/高压高酸性腐蚀环境中镍基合金718常作为可靠的材料使用,但不可避免会与其他金属偶接使用,易产生电偶腐蚀。模拟150℃,H_2S分压1.0 MPa,CO2分压1.5 MPa,Cl~-浓度200 000 mg/L的高温高酸性腐蚀环境,采用高温高压电化学测试技术和浸泡腐蚀模拟试验,研究了镍基合金718分别与低合金钢35Cr Mo、C110和不锈钢13Cr偶接后的电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明:在模拟高温高酸性环境下,3种金属分别与718合金偶接后,均发生了一定程度的电偶腐蚀,其中C110电偶腐蚀速率最大,而不锈钢13Cr的电偶腐蚀速率最小。电偶腐蚀的驱动力是2种金属的自腐蚀电位差,异种金属偶接后的电偶效应与两偶接材料的电位差成正比,而阳极材料自身的极化特性决定了其与耐蚀合金偶接后的电偶腐蚀程度。     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在单质硫环境中的腐蚀行为

采用单质硫悬浮实验法,利用失重法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和pH计等分析手段,研究了单质硫沉积对国产超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在模拟高温高压环境中腐蚀行为的影响,分析了腐蚀产物的表面形貌、元素组成及其含量、组分以及单质硫对高浓度NaCl溶液酸化程度的影响。结果表明:国产超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能因单质硫的添加而降低,其均匀腐蚀速率随着单质硫含量的增大而增大,并且在90℃取得最大值,但均小于0.0125mm/a;单质硫的添加改变了腐蚀产物膜的组分,硫化物的含量随单质硫含量的增大而增大;单质硫/金属界面处的pH值因单质硫与水发生歧化反应而降低,进而降低了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能,Cl-与单质硫协同作用进一步加剧其腐蚀。     

WC-10Co-4Cr涂层在不同温度酸与NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能

为提高1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在NaCl和酸溶液环境中的耐磨损性能,利用等离子喷涂制备两种晶粒WC-10Co-4Cr涂层,研究其在3.5%(质量分数,下同)NaCl溶液与酸溶液(pH=5.0)中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:涂层中含有WC,W_2C,W以及η相(Co_xW_xC)。两种涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电位均高于1Cr18Ni9Ti基体的腐蚀电位。在不同温度酸溶液(pH=5.0)中,纳米WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的电位差随温度的变化最小。涂层在NaCl和酸溶液中腐蚀机制分别为:WC-10Co-4Cr涂层表面吸附氧粒子与涂层中的Co和WC在3.5%NaCl溶液中形成电偶;在酸溶液中(pH=5.0),涂层中的Co溶解形成Co²⁺离子,和WC相直接形成电偶腐蚀,导致涂层表面出现孤立的WC颗粒。     

高温高压酸性气井油套管钢在超临界CO_2环境下的腐蚀行为

高温高压酸性气井腐蚀环境恶劣,油套管腐蚀、变形、破损等事故频繁发生,严重影响气井安全生产。为了解掌握油套管钢的腐蚀类型、严重程度及耐蚀性能,利用高温高压反应釜在模拟井底实际工况条件下研究了J55、N80、P110、13Cr、S13Cr 5种油套管材质的抗CO_2腐蚀性能,运用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析等技术,重点分析了腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物膜形貌和腐蚀产物膜成分。结果表明:在本试验测试范围内,J55、N80、P110钢在90℃时腐蚀速率为最大,然后随温度升高而降低,属于极严重腐蚀;13Cr、S13Cr钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高不断增大,在150℃达到最大值;5种材料的平均腐蚀速率随CO_2分压的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势;碳钢材质腐蚀类型主要为均匀腐蚀+局部腐蚀,含Cr钢材质腐蚀类型主要为均匀腐蚀;碳钢CO_2腐蚀产物膜主要成分为FeCO_3,同时夹杂有少量的Fe_3C和铁的氧化物或铁单质;13Cr和S13Cr钢CO_2腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为晶态FeCO_3和非晶态的Cr(OH)_3,此外,还含有少量的Fe或Cr的氧化物、碳化物和单质Fe等。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.