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1.
A 1300 mm2 Ultrahigh‐Performance Digital Imaging Assembly using High‐Quality Perovskite Single Crystals 下载免费PDF全文
Yucheng Liu Yunxia Zhang Kui Zhao Zhou Yang Jiangshan Feng Xu Zhang Kang Wang Lina Meng Haochen Ye Ming Liu Shengzhong Liu 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(29)
By fine‐tuning the crystal nucleation and growth process, a low‐temperature‐gradient crystallization method is developed to fabricate high‐quality perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals with high carrier mobility of 81 ± 5 cm2 V?1 s?1 (>3 times larger than their thin film counterpart), long carrier lifetime of 899 ± 127 ns (>5 times larger than their thin film counterpart), and ultralow trap state density of 6.2 ± 2.7 × 109 cm?3 (even four orders of magnitude lower than that of single‐crystalline silicon wafers). In fact, they are better than perovskite single crystals reported in prior work: their application in photosensors gives superior detectivity as high as 6 × 1013 Jones, ≈10–100 times better than commercial sensors made of silicon and InGaAs. Meanwhile, the response speed is as fast as 40 µs, ≈3 orders of magnitude faster than their thin film devices. A large‐area (≈1300 mm2) imaging assembly composed of a 729‐pixel sensor array is further designed and constructed, showing excellent imaging capability thanks to its superior quality and uniformity. This opens a new possibility to use the high‐quality perovskite single‐crystal‐based devices for more advanced imaging sensors. 相似文献
2.
Shaobo Tu Fangwang Ming Junwei Zhang Xixiang Zhang Husam N. Alshareef 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2019,31(14)
This study demonstrates the first synthesis of MXene‐derived ferroelectric crystals. Specifically, high‐aspect‐ratio potassium niobate (KNbO3) ferroelectric crystals is successfully synthesized using 2D Nb2C, MXene, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the niobium and potassium source, respectively. Material analysis confirms that a KNbO3 orthorhombic phase with Amm2 symmetry is obtained. Additionally, ferroelectricity in KNbO3 is confirmed using standard ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoresponse force microscopy measurements. The KNbO3 crystals exhibit a saturated polarization of ≈21 µC cm?2, a remnant polarization of ≈17 µC cm?2, and a coercive field of ≈50 kV cm?1. This discovery illustrates that the 2D nature of MXenes can be exploited to grow ferroelectric crystals. 相似文献
3.
Shiguo Han Yunpeng Yao Xitao Liu Bingxuan Li Chengmin Ji Zhihua Sun Maochun Hong Junhua Luo 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(39)
2D hybrid perovskites have shown great promise in the photodetection field, due to their intriguing attributes stemming from unique structural architectures. However, the great majority of detectors based on this 2D system possess a relatively low response speed (≈ms), making it extremely urgent to develop new candidates for superfast photodetection. Here, a new organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite, (PA)2(FA)Pb2I7 (EFA, where PA is n‐pentylaminium and FA is formamidine), which features the 2D Ruddlesden–Popper type perovskite framework that is composed of the corner‐sharing PbI6 octahedra is reported. Significantly, photodetectors fabricated on highly oriented thin films, which exhibit a perfect orientation parallel to 2D inorganic perovskite layers, exhibit a superfast response time up to ≈2.54 ns. To the best of the knowledge, this figure‐of‐merit catches up with that of the top‐ranking commercial materials, and sets a new record for 2D hybrid perovskite photodetectors. Moreover, extremely high photodetectivity (≈1.73 × 1014 Jones, under an incident power intensity of ≈46 µW cm?2), considerable switching ratios (>103), and low dark current (≈10 pA) are also achieved in the detector, indicating its great potential for high‐efficiency photodetection. These results shed light on the possibilities to explore new 2D candidates for assembling future high‐performance optoelectronic devices. 相似文献
4.
Muhammad Shuaib Khan Hyung‐Jun Kim Yoon‐Hyun Kim Yasuo Ebina Wataru Sugimoto Takayoshi Sasaki Minoru Osada 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,16(39)
Large size of capacitors is the main hurdle in miniaturization of current electronic devices. Herein, a scalable solution‐based layer‐by‐layer engineering of metallic and high‐κ dielectric nanosheets into multilayer nanosheet capacitors (MNCs) with overall thickness of ≈20 nm is presented. The MNCs are built through neat tiling of 2D metallic Ru0.95O20.2? and high‐κ dielectric Ca2NaNb4O13? nanosheets via the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) approach at room temperature which is verified by cross‐sectional high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The resultant MNCs demonstrate a high capacitance of 40–52 µF cm?2 and low leakage currents down to 10?5–10?6 A cm?2. Such MNCs also possess complimentary in situ robust dielectric properties under high‐temperature measurements up to 250 °C. Based on capacitance normalized by the thickness, the developed MNC outperforms state‐of‐the‐art multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC, ≈22 µF cm?2/5 × 104 nm) present in the market. The strategy is effective due to the advantages of facile, economical, and ambient temperature solution assembly. 相似文献
5.
High‐Quality Hexagonal Nonlayered CdS Nanoplatelets for Low‐Threshold Whispering‐Gallery‐Mode Lasing
Yang Mi Bao Jin Liyun Zhao Jie Chen Shuai Zhang Jia Shi Yangguang Zhong Wenna Du Jun Zhang Qing Zhang Tianyou Zhai Xinfeng Liu 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(35)
Low threshold micro/nanolasers have attracted extensive attention for wide applications in high‐density storage and optical communication. However, constrained by quantum efficiency and crystalline quality, conventional semiconductor small‐sized lasers are still subjected to a high lasing threshold. In this work, a low‐threshold planar laser based on high‐quality single‐crystalline hexagonal CdS nanoplatelets (NPLs) using a self‐limited epitaxial growth method is demonstrated. The as‐grown CdS NPLs show multiple whispering‐gallery‐mode lasing at room temperature with a threshold of ≈0.6 µJ cm?2, which is the lowest value among reported CdS‐based lasers. Through power‐dependent lasing studies at 77 K, the lasing action is demonstrated to originate from a exciton–exciton scattering process. Furthermore, the edge length‐ and thickness‐dependent lasing threshold studies reveal that the threshold is inversely proportional to the second power of lateral edge length while partially affected by vertical thickness, and the lasing modes can be sustained in NPLs as thin as 60 nm. The lowest threshold emerges with the thickness of ≈110 nm due to stronger energy confinement in the vertical Fabry–Pérot cavity. The results not only open up a new avenue to fabricate nonlayered material‐based coherent light sources, but also advocate the promise of nonlayered semiconductor materials for the development of novel optoelectronic devices. 相似文献
6.
In Situ Growth of 120 cm2 CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Crystal Film on FTO Glass for Narrowband‐Photodetectors 下载免费PDF全文
Hua‐Shang Rao Wen‐Guang Li Bai‐Xue Chen Dai‐Bin Kuang Cheng‐Yong Su 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(16)
Organometal trihalide perovskites have been attracting intense attention due to their enthralling optoelectric characteristics. Thus far, most applications focus on polycrystalline perovskite, which however, is overshadowed by single crystal perovskite with superior properties such as low trap density, high mobility, and long carrier diffusion length. In spite of the inherent advantages and significant optoelectronic applications in solar cells and photodetectors, the fabrication of large‐area laminar perovskite single crystals is challenging. In this report, an ingenious space‐limited inverse temperature crystallization method is first demonstrated to the in situ synthesis of 120 cm2 large‐area CH3NH3PbBr3 crystal film on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass. Such CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite crystal film is successfully applied to narrowband photodetectors, which enables a broad linear response range of 10?4–102 mW cm?2, 3 dB cutoff frequency (f 3 dB) of ≈110 kHz, and high narrow response under low bias ?1 V. 相似文献
7.
Controllable Synthesis of Atomically Thin Type‐II Weyl Semimetal WTe2 Nanosheets: An Advanced Electrode Material for All‐Solid‐State Flexible Supercapacitors 下载免费PDF全文
Peng Yu Wei Fu Qingsheng Zeng Junhao Lin Cheng Yan Zhuangchai Lai Bijun Tang Kazu Suenaga Hua Zhang Zheng Liu 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(34)
Compared with 2D S‐based and Se‐based transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Te‐based TMDs display much better electrical conductivities, which will be beneficial to enhance the capacitances in supercapacitors. However, to date, the reports about the applications of Te‐based TMDs in supercapacitors are quite rare. Herein, the first supercapacitor example of the Te‐based TMD is reported: the type‐II Weyl semimetal 1Td WTe2. It is demonstrated that single crystals of 1Td WTe2 can be exfoliated into the nanosheets with 2–7 layers by liquid‐phase exfoliation, which are assembled into air‐stable films and further all‐solid‐state flexible supercapacitors. The resulting supercapacitors deliver a mass capacitance of 221 F g?1 and a stack capacitance of 74 F cm?3. Furthermore, they also show excellent volumetric energy and power densities of 0.01 Wh cm?3 and 83.6 W cm?3, respectively, superior to the commercial 4V/500 µAh Li thin‐film battery and the commercial 3V/300 µAh Al electrolytic capacitor, in association with outstanding mechanical flexibility and superior cycling stability (capacitance retention of ≈91% after 5500 cycles). These results indicate that the 1Td WTe2 nanosheet is a promising flexible electrode material for high‐performance energy storage devices. 相似文献
8.
Enhanced Exciton and Photon Confinement in Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Microplatelets for Highly Stable Low‐Threshold Polarized Lasing 下载免费PDF全文
Mingjie Li Qi Wei Subas Kumar Muduli Natalia Yantara Qiang Xu Nripan Mathews Subodh G. Mhaisalkar Guichuan Xing Tze Chien Sum 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(23)
At the heart of electrically driven semiconductors lasers lies their gain medium that typically comprises epitaxially grown double heterostuctures or multiple quantum wells. The simultaneous spatial confinement of charge carriers and photons afforded by the smaller bandgaps and higher refractive index of the active layers as compared to the cladding layers in these structures is essential for the optical‐gain enhancement favorable for device operation. Emulating these inorganic gain media, superb properties of highly stable low‐threshold (as low as ≈8 µJ cm?2) linearly polarized lasing from solution‐processed Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite microplatelets are realized. Detailed investigations using microarea transient spectroscopies together with finite‐difference time‐domain simulations validate that the mixed lower‐dimensional RP perovskites (functioning as cladding layers) within the microplatelets provide both enhanced exciton and photon confinement for the higher‐dimensional RP perovskites (functioning as the active gain media). Furthermore, structure–lasing‐threshold relationship (i.e., correlating the content of lower‐dimensional RP perovskites in a single microplatelet) vital for design and performance optimization is established. Dual‐wavelength lasing from these quasi‐2D RP perovskite microplatelets can also be achieved. These unique properties distinguish RP perovskite microplatelets as a new family of self‐assembled multilayer planar waveguide gain media favorable for developing efficient lasers. 相似文献
9.
Yang Gao Yi‐Lun Hong Li‐Chang Yin Zhangting Wu Zhiqing Yang Mao‐Lin Chen Zhibo Liu Teng Ma Dong‐Ming Sun Zhenhua Ni Xiu‐Liang Ma Hui‐Ming Cheng Wencai Ren 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(29)
The ultrafast growth of high‐quality uniform monolayer WSe2 is reported with a growth rate of ≈26 µm s?1 by chemical vapor deposition on reusable Au substrate, which is ≈2–3 orders of magnitude faster than those of most 2D transition metal dichalcogenides grown on nonmetal substrates. Such ultrafast growth allows for the fabrication of millimeter‐size single‐crystal WSe2 domains in ≈30 s and large‐area continuous films in ≈60 s. Importantly, the ultrafast grown WSe2 shows excellent crystal quality and extraordinary electrical performance comparable to those of the mechanically exfoliated samples, with a high mobility up to ≈143 cm2 V?1 s?1 and ON/OFF ratio up to 9 × 106 at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the ultrafast growth of WSe2 is due to the small energy barriers and exothermic characteristic for the diffusion and attachment of W and Se on the edges of WSe2 on Au substrate. 相似文献
10.
Jincan Zhang Yucheng Huang Zhenjun Tan Tianran Li Yichi Zhang Kaicheng Jia Li Lin Luzhao Sun Xiwen Chen Zhenzhu Li Congwei Tan Jinxia Zhang Liming Zheng Yue Wu Bing Deng Zhaolong Chen Zhongfan Liu Hailin Peng 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(36)
Heterostructures based on graphene and other 2D atomic crystals exhibit fascinating properties and intriguing potential in flexible optoelectronics, where graphene films function as transparent electrodes and other building blocks are used as photoactive materials. However, large‐scale production of such heterostructures with superior performance is still in early stages. Herein, for the first time, the preparation of a submeter‐sized, vertically stacked heterojunction of lead iodide (PbI2)/graphene on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by vapor deposition of PbI2 on graphene/PET substrate at a temperature lower than 200 °C is demonstrated. This film is subsequently used to fabricate bendable graphene/PbI2/graphene sandwiched photodetectors, which exhibit high responsivity (45 A W?1 cm?2), fast response (35 µs rise, 20 µs decay), and high‐resolution imaging capability (1 µm). This study may pave a facile pathway for scalable production of high‐performance flexible devices. 相似文献
11.
Highly Luminescent 2D‐Type Slab Crystals Based on a Molecular Charge‐Transfer Complex as Promising Organic Light‐Emitting Transistor Materials 下载免费PDF全文
Sang Kyu Park Jin Hong Kim Tatsuhiko Ohto Ryo Yamada Andrew O. F. Jones Dong Ryeol Whang Illhun Cho Sangyoon Oh Seung Hwa Hong Ji Eon Kwon Jong H. Kim Yoann Olivier Roland Fischer Roland Resel Johannes Gierschner Hirokazu Tada Soo Young Park 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(36)
A new 2:1 donor (D):acceptor (A) mixed‐stacked charge‐transfer (CT) cocrystal comprising isometrically structured dicyanodistyrylbenzene‐based D and A molecules is designed and synthesized. Uniform 2D‐type morphology is manifested by the exquisite interplay of intermolecular interactions. In addition to its appealing structural features, unique optoelectronic properties are unveiled. Exceptionally high photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ F ≈ 60%) is realized by non‐negligible oscillator strength of the S1 transition, and rigidified 2D‐type structure. Moreover, this luminescent 2D‐type CT crystal exhibits balanced ambipolar transport (µ h and µ e of ≈10?4 cm2 V?1 s?1). As a consequence of such unique optoelectronic characteristics, the first CT electroluminescence is demonstrated in a single active‐layered organic light‐emitting transistor (OLET) device. The external quantum efficiency of this OLET is as high as 1.5% to suggest a promising potential of luminescent mixed‐stacked CT cocrystals in OLET applications. 相似文献
12.
Changhee Sohn Elizabeth Skoropata Yongseong Choi Xiang Gao Ankur Rastogi Amanda Huon Michael A. McGuire Lauren Nuckols Yanwen Zhang John W. Freeland Daniel Haskel Ho Nyung Lee 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2019,31(4)
Ferromagnetic insulators (FMIs) are one of the most important components in developing dissipationless electronic and spintronic devices. However, FMIs are innately rare to find in nature as ferromagnetism generally accompanies metallicity. Here, novel room‐temperature FMI films that are epitaxially synthesized by deliberate control of the ratio between two B‐site cations in the double perovskite Sr2Fe1+xRe1‐xO6 (?0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) are reported. In contrast to the known FM metallic phase in stoichiometric Sr2FeReO6, an FMI state with a high Curie temperature (Tc ≈ 400 K) and a large saturation magnetization (MS ≈ 1.8 µB f.u.?1) is found in highly cation‐ordered Fe‐rich phases. The stabilization of the FMI state is attributed to the formation of extra Fe3+? Fe3+ and Fe3+? Re6+ bonding states, which originate from the relatively excess Fe ions owing to the deficiency in Re ions. The emerging FMI state created by controlling cations in the oxide double perovskites opens the door to developing novel oxide quantum materials and spintronic devices. 相似文献
13.
Jia Liu Fengjing Liu Haining Liu Rui Hou Junyi Yue Jinzhong Cai Zhisheng Peng Julienne Impundu Liming Xie Yong Jun Li Lianfeng Sun 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,16(3)
Metal halide perovskite has attracted enhanced interest for its diverse electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, the fabrication of micro‐ or nanoscale crystalline perovskite functional devices remains a great challenge due to the fragility, solvent, and heat sensitivity of perovskite crystals. Here, a strategy is proposed to fabricate electronic and optoelectronic devices by directly growing perovskite crystals on microscale metallic structures in liquid phase. The well‐contacted perovskite/metal interfaces ensure these heterostructures serve as high‐performance field effect transistors (FETs) and excellent photodetector devices. When serving as an FET, the on/off ratio is as large as 106 and the mobility reaches up to ≈2.3 cm2 V?1 s?1. A photodetector is displayed with high photoconductive switching ratio of ≈106 and short response time of ≈4 ms. Furthermore, the photoconductive response is proved to be band‐bending‐assisted separation of photoexcited carriers at the Schottky barrier of the silver and p‐type perovskites. 相似文献
14.
Dual‐Phase CsPbBr3–CsPb2Br5 Perovskite Thin Films via Vapor Deposition for High‐Performance Rigid and Flexible Photodetectors 下载免费PDF全文
Guoqing Tong Huan Li Danting Li Zhifeng Zhu Enze Xu Guopeng Li Linwei Yu Jun Xu Yang Jiang 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2018,14(7)
Inorganic perovskites with special semiconducting properties and structures have attracted great attention and are regarded as next generation candidates for optoelectronic devices. Herein, using a physical vapor deposition process with a controlled excess of PbBr2, dual‐phase all‐inorganic perovskite composite CsPbBr3–CsPb2Br5 thin films are prepared as light‐harvesting layers and incorporated in a photodetector (PD). The PD has a high responsivity and detectivity of 0.375 A W?1 and 1011 Jones, respectively, and a fast response time (from 10% to 90% of the maximum photocurrent) of ≈280 µs/640 µs. The device also shows an excellent stability in air for more than 65 d without encapsulation. Tetragonal CsPb2Br5 provides satisfactory passivation to reduce the recombination of the charge carriers, and with its lower free energy, it enhances the stability of the inorganic perovskite devices. Remarkably, the same inorganic perovskite photodetector is also highly flexible and exhibits an exceptional bending performance (>1000 cycles). These results highlight the great potential of dual‐phase inorganic perovskite films in the development of optoelectronic devices, especially for flexible device applications. 相似文献
15.
Room‐Temperature Solution‐Synthesized p‐Type Copper(I) Iodide Semiconductors for Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors and Complementary Electronics 下载免费PDF全文
Ao Liu Huihui Zhu Won‐Tae Park Seok‐Ju Kang Yong Xu Myung‐Gil Kim Yong‐Young Noh 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(34)
Here, room‐temperature solution‐processed inorganic p‐type copper iodide (CuI) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are reported for the first time. The spin‐coated 5 nm thick CuI film has average hole mobility (µFE) of 0.44 cm2 V?1 s?1 and on/off current ratio of 5 × 102. Furthermore, µFE increases to 1.93 cm2 V?1 s?1 and operating voltage significantly reduces from 60 to 5 V by using a high permittivity ZrO2 dielectric layer replacing traditional SiO2. Transparent complementary inverters composed of p‐type CuI and n‐type indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs are demonstrated with clear inverting characteristics and voltage gain over 4. These outcomes provide effective approaches for solution‐processed inorganic p‐type semiconductor inks and related electronics. 相似文献
16.
Dorota Napierska Leen C. J. Thomassen Virginie Rabolli Dominique Lison Laetitia Gonzalez Micheline Kirsch‐Volders Johan A. Martens Peter H. Hoet 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,5(7):846-853
The effect that monodisperse amorphous spherical silica particles of different sizes have on the viability of endothelial cells (EAHY926 cell line) is investigated. The results indicate that exposure to silica nanoparticles causes cytotoxic damage (as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release) and a decrease in cell survival (as determined by the tetrazolium reduction, MTT, assay) in the EAHY926 cell line in a dose‐related manner. Concentrations leading to a 50% reduction in cell viability (TC50) for the smallest particles tested (14‐, 15‐, and 16‐nm diameter) ranging from 33 to 47 µg cm?2 of cell culture differ significantly from values assessed for the bigger nanoparticles: 89 and 254 µg cm?2 (diameter of 19 and 60 nm, respectively). Two fine silica particles with diameters of 104 and 335 nm show very low cytotoxic response compared to nanometer‐sized particles with TC50 values of 1095 and 1087 µg cm?2, respectively. The smaller particles also appear to affect the exposed cells faster with cell death (by necrosis) being observed within just a few hours. The surface area of the tested particles is an important parameter in determining the toxicity of monodisperse amorphous silica nanoparticles. 相似文献
17.
Ultrasensitive and Fast All‐Inorganic Perovskite‐Based Photodetector via Fast Carrier Diffusion 下载免费PDF全文
Bin Yang Fengying Zhang Junsheng Chen Songqiu Yang Xusheng Xia Tõnu Pullerits Weiqiao Deng Keli Han 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(40)
Low trap‐state density, high carrier mobility, and efficient charge carrier collection are key parameters for photodetectors with high sensitivity and fast response time. This study demonstrates a simple solution growth method to prepare CsPbBr3 microcrystals (MCs) with low trap‐state density. Time‐dependent photoluminescence study with one‐photon excitation (OPE) and two‐photon excitation (TPE) indicates that CsPbBr3 MCs exhibit fast carrier diffusion with carrier mobility over 100 cm2 V?1 S?1. Furthermore, CsPbBr3 MC‐based photodetectors with high charge carriers' collection efficiency are fabricated. Such photodetectors show ultrahigh responsivity (R ) up to 6 × 104 A W?1 with OPE and high R up to 6 A W?1 with TPE. The R for OPE is over one order of magnitude higher (the R for TPE is three orders of magnitude higher) than that of previously reported all‐inorganic perovskite‐based photodetectors. Moreover, the photodetectors exhibit fast response time of ≈1 ms, which corresponds to a gain ≈105 and a gain‐ bandwidth product of 108 Hz for OPE (a gain ≈103 and a gain‐bandwidth product of 106 Hz for TPE). 相似文献
18.
Xue Lai Mengzhen Du Fei Meng Gongqiang Li Wenhui Li Aung Ko Ko Kyaw Yaping Wen Chungen Liu Haibo Ma Ren Zhang Dongyu Fan Xiao Guo Yunhao Wang Hongru Ji Kai Wang Xiao Wei Sun Jianpu Wang Wei Huang 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(49)
A new hole transporting material (HTM) named DMZ is synthesized and employed as a dopant‐free HTM in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Systematic studies demonstrate that the thickness of the hole transporting layer can effectively enhance the morphology and crystallinity of the perovskite layer, leading to low series resistance and less defects in the crystal. As a result, the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.61% with JSC = 22.62 mA cm?2, VOC = 1.02 V, and FF = 81.05% (an average one is 17.62%) is achieved with a thickness of ≈13 nm of DMZ (2 mg mL?1) under standard global AM 1.5 illumination, which is ≈1.5 times higher than that of devices based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS). More importantly, the devices based on DMZ exhibit a much better stability (90% of maximum PCE retained after more than 556 h in air (relative humidity ≈ 45%–50%) without any encapsulation) than that of devices based on PEDOT:PSS (only 36% of initial PCE retained after 77 h in same conditions). Therefore, the cost‐effective and facile material named DMZ offers an appealing alternative to PEDOT:PSS or polytriarylamine for highly efficient and stable inverted planar PSCs. 相似文献
19.
Bin Liu Yunping Li Hiroaki Matsumoto Yuichiro Koizumi Yong Liu Akihiko Chiba 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2012,14(9):785-789
This study reports a novel forging process to fabricate bulk fine‐grained (grain size ≈ 1 µm) Ti–6Al–4V alloy, in which temperatures near the β transus (Tβ) and strain rates around 0.15 s?1 are used for the deformation. The formation of fine‐grained microstructure is mainly result from the deformation‐induced precipitation of α grains from the β matrix. 相似文献
20.
Anupam Midya Venkatesh Mamidala Jia‐Xiang Yang Priscilla Kai Lian Ang Zhi‐Kuan Chen Wei Ji Kian Ping Loh 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2010,6(20):2292-2300
A polymer based on fluorene, thiophene, and benzothiadazole as the donor–spacer–acceptor triad is covalently coupled to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets via diazonium coupling with phenyl bromide, followed by Suzuki coupling. These polymer–graphene hybrids show good solubility in organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, dichlorobenzene, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), and exhibit an excellent optical‐limiting effect with a 532‐nm laser beam. The optical‐limiting threshold energy values (0.93 J cm?2 for G–polymer 1 and 1.12 J cm?2 for G–polymer 2) of these G–polymer hybrids are better than that of carbon nanotubes (3.6 J cm?2). 相似文献