相位光栅衍射法测量高灰阶LC-SLM相位调制特性

为测量高灰阶液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)整体相位调制特性,引入二维棋盘形相位光栅衍射测量方法.根据傅里叶光学原理,经过理论推导和仿真分析得到零级衍射光强与相位调制量之间的关系.搭建含有参考光束的衍射实验系统,通过适当的光斑图像处理计算出零级衍射相对光强,从而获得相位调制特性曲线,并与干涉测量法实验结果进行对比.实验...     

一种液晶调制器相位响应特性线性化的方法

作为一种用途广泛的电光器件,研究并改善液晶调制器的调制特性具有重要意义.本丈通过构造一种对数型的驱动信号,实现了将液晶从0到π的非线性相位响应特性的线性化调制.同时,本文还在实验中发现了,相位响应的线性化程度会随着驱动频率的提高而降低.本文针对该现象,在应用该模型构造周期驱动信号的基础上,提出了将非线性响应映射为线性响应的方法.在不同频率的实验结果表明,从光强信号中获取O～π的线性相位响应是可行的.     

基于液晶空间光调制器的相息图扫描三维成像

本文提出了一种利用纯相位型液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)实现相息图三维显示的方法.该方法以LC-SLM为显示器件,通过相息图的衍射进行三维像的重构.详细研究了相息图的计算及其与LC-SLM参数间的关系,并对再现像像质进行了讨论.为提高显示的空问分辨率,采用分时复用技术,对三维物体进行分组取样,并计算每一分组的相息图,形成分组相息图序列,再现时依次将相息图输入到LC-SLM,利用人眼的视觉残留效应以达到连续扫描三维成像的目的.实验结果表明,该方法实现了三维物体的再现,为三维显示提供了一种有效的方法.     

高复现性波片测量方法和实验

建立了一种高精度波片位相延迟量的测量装置，它以磁光调制式１／４波片法为基础，其测量精度优于ＫＤＰ电光调制检测法。本文介绍了磁光调制器的设计，总结了磁光调制方法的最优解调特性，提出了测量装置的结构，其中强调了磁光调制器必须放置在标准１／４波片之后以满足最优解调特性。误差分析表明，环境温度和机械安装是影响测量精度的重要因素。实验对同一批波片进行了长时间多次重新安装测量，其复现精度优于２０′     

铁电液晶光寻址空间光调制器特性测试与分析

通过实验对一只美国某大学最新研制的新型高速空间光调制器──氢键非晶硅铁电液晶（ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ／ｐｉｎ／ＦＬＣ）光寻址空间光调制器（ＯＡＳＬＭ）的几个关键性能参数进行了测试并分析讨论。结果，此器件分辨率达４０ｌｐ／ｍｍ，对比度为２０∶１，响应上升时间为３．２ｍｓ，响应下降时间为２．６ｍｓ，光学灵敏度为５ｐＪ（写入光源λ＝６３３ｎｍ）。这种器件所表现出的高速、高分辨率和低功耗特性使之在光计算和光学信息处理领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

IFOG中相位调制器的残余强度调制及其测量

利用开环正弦波调制解调方法,推导了铌酸锂相位调制器的残余强度调制(简称RIM)对干涉型光纤陀螺(简称IFOG)信号的影响,指出在调制频率漂移或光纤环渡越时间变化时RIM可导致陀螺的零偏和噪声增大.对典型条件的计算表明,0.01°/h的IFOG容许的最大RIM为13ppm,0.1°/h的中低精度IFOG则为81ppm.提出利用锁相放大器精确测量相位调制器RIM的方法,并对国产器件进行测量,结果表明,器件RIM指标可在中低精度IFOG中应用.     

美国Carnegie—Mellon大学光学信息处理实验室Casasent教授来华讲学记录 第五讲 空间光调制器

所谓空间光调制器是指能够以非相干光或电子信号通过换能器来调制相干光束的器件。这样,在进行光学图样识别和光学信号处理时,就能以相干光的形式输入系统,实时地进行运算。下面分调制器的分类、性能指标和功能;油膜光阀;电子束寻址的DKDP光阀;液晶光阀;以及光DKDP光阀等五个方面逐一介绍。     

波前编码中立方相位板的装配及加工误差对成像性能的影响

在波前编码技术中,通过立方相位板的光学调制和后续图像处理,扩展了系统景深.其中系统的光学调制过程,可以用广义光瞳函数描述.系统的广义光瞳函数描述了光通过立方相位板后相位的变化过程.立方相位板是波前编码技术的关键器件,装配及加工误差直接影响系统的成像性能.本文通过推导不同误差情况下的广义光曈函数,得到了立方相位板装配及加工误差对点扩散函数(PSF)和调制传递函数(MTF)的变化规律.评估这些规律,得到了装配和加工误差对系统成像性能的变化规律,为装配和加工过程提供了基本的指导.文中分析了不同装配误差和加工误差对于系统性能的影响,其中围绕Z轴的装配误差和加工中振动引起的正弦形状误差对于MTF的影响最大.因此,在装配和加工中应尽量避免围绕Z轴的装配误差和正弦形状误差,正弦形状误差的PV值应保持在0.5μm之内.     

铁电液晶空间光调制器响应特性的研究

以铁电液晶为非线性介质建立了光寻址空间光调制器的等效电路,并以写入光和擦除光为控制参变量,利用电路分析软件Pspice模拟了该光调制器的光电响应特性。结果表明,电路方法得到的上升时间在微秒(μs)量级上,擦除效应的临界值在毫瓦每平方米(mW／cm^2)量级上;光电响应速度随写入光强(擦除光强)的增大而加快(减慢),均与相关文献的实验结果吻合。     

光电集成加速度地震检波器中声光波导相位调制器的设计与实验

提出了一种新型的光电集成加速度地震检波器，这是一种全新的微光机电系统(MOEMS)，为实现硅基底上的光波导M-Z干涉仪的相位调制，采用了声光相位调制的方法，该相位调制器利用叉指换能器(IDT)激发出声表面波(SAW)实现对光波导的相位调制，在对光波导声光相位调制机理深入研究的基础上，设计并制作了器件，实验结果与理论相一致。     

Far-field optical degradation due to near-field transmission through a turbulent heated jet

When a laser beam traverses an optically active, turbulent flow field, the laser wave front is aberrated by the flow. Density variations in a heated two-dimensional jet, for example, correspond to index-of-refraction variations, and this modulation of the index in the fluid can imprint an optical phase disturbance, or phase error, onto the laser wave front. Adaptive-optic systems seek to correct the phase error of the wave front, and thus restore the integrity of the far-field irradiance pattern. Given a near-field spatial mapping of a phase disturbance, the far-field irradiance pattern of the affected wave front can be calculated with Fourier-optics techniques. A Fourier-optics computer code was used to study the far-field irradiance patterns arising from actual time-varying measurements of a fluid-induced phase error. The time-averaged Strehl ratio was studied to provide insight into the spatial and temporal design requirements for adaptive-optic systems applied to the time series of near-field spatial phase-error maps.     

Generation of dark hollow femtosecond pulsed beam by phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Based on the refractive laser beam shaping system, the dark hollow femtosecond pulse beam shaping technique with a phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) is demonstrated. The phase distribution of the LC-SLM is derived by the energy conservation and constant optical path principle. The effects of the shaping system on the temporal properties, including spectral phase distribution and bandwidth of the femtosecond pulse, are analyzed in detail. Experimental results show that the hollow intensity distribution of the output pulsed beam can be maintained much at more than 1200 mm. The spectral phase of the pulse is changed, and the pulse width is expanded from 199 to 230 fs, which is caused by the spatial-temporal coupling effect. The coupling effect mainly depends on the phase-only LC-SLM itself, not on its loaded phase distribution. The experimental results indicate that the proposed shaping setup can generate a dark hollow femtosecond pulsed beam effectively, because the temporal Gaussian waveform is unchanged.     

Absolute measurement of the generated aberrations from liquid crystal spatial light modulator using a common-path interferometry

A compact common-path interferometry is proposed to measure the wavefront aberration generated from liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). The LC-SLM is encoded with an aberration pattern and illuminated with a linearly polarized light oriented at ±45° with respect to the fast axis of liquid crystal, which is vertically oriented. The horizontal polarization component of the incident beam is not affected by the driving signal, while the vertical polarization component is modulated to the aberration loaded to the LC-SLM. By imposing a quarter-wave plate and a rotating analyzer, these two waves create four frames of phase-stepped interferograms. The aberration to be measured can be retrieved, and the result does not include any systematic error such as the substrate error of LC-SLM. Therefore, this method can implement absolute measurement, and help us to evaluate perfectly the fitting accuracy of the LC-SLM.     

On the requirements to the instrumentation for the new generation of the synchrotron radiation sources. Beryllium windows

It was shown that the high spatial and time coherency of the X-ray beam delivered at the ESRF allows one to observe very weak perturbation of the wave front, resulting in the phase contrast and undesirable speckle structure of the beam, that impose special requirements to all elements to be installed in the optical path such as beryllium windowns, filters and mirrors. The contrast from existing beryllium windows at the ESRF beamlines and specially polished Be foils was experimentally studied at an energy range from 10 to 20 keV. It was revealed that the uneven surface of the beryllium windows leads to a beam structure with intensity changes up to 50–100%. The theory of the phase contrast imaging by a transparent object was presented and some theoretical estimations were made to formulate the requirements imposed on the roughness of the Be window surface to avoid the unwanted deterioration of the beam spatial coherence.     

Improved Saunders method for the analysis of lateral shearing interferograms

An interferogram obtained by use of ordinary interferometers, such as Fizeau and Twyman-Green interferometers, will show a contour map of the wave front under test. A lateral-shearing interferogram, however, will show a contour map of the difference between the wave front under test and a sheared wave front, that is, a contour map of the derivative of the wave front under test. Therefore one can reconstruct the shape of the wave front under test by analyzing that difference. Many methods for reconstructing a wave front have been proposed. The Saunders method reconstructs a wave front; rapidly however the wave-front data are reconstructed only at intervals of the amount of shear along the direction of the shear. Therefore the method has low spatial resolution. A method for reconstructing a wave front that is based on the Saunders method and has high spatial resolution is proposed. The method analyzes the differences that are produced by shearing of the wave front under test in many directions. This method requires a large number of interferograms for reconstructing the wave front. Here the method is described, and its validity is confirmed by simulation.     

Dynamics of adaptive optical systems

Dynamic (time) characteristics of adaptive systems are analyzed. A common adaptive system with a finite frequency band (or a finite response time) is described as a dynamic constant time-delay system, where time delay is to be much shorter than the time of coherence radius transfer through an optical beam by a mean wind speed. The questions of coherent beam formation are considered with use of the reference source. The analytical calculation of the Strehl parameter is made on basis of the generalized Huygens-Kirchhoff principle. An adaptive system is considered where the correcting phase is calculated with the use of both its derivatives and the signal, as well as adaptive systems using different time-predicting algorithms of the correcting signal for future time points. The use of a predicted phase front of the correcting wave allows much longer time delays. The stronger the phase distortions in the optical wave, the higher the time gain in comparison with common (with constant time delay) adaptive systems.     

Highly sensitive wave-front sensor with a non-zero-order phase plate

We propose a novel highly sensitive wave front detection method for a quick check of a flat wave front by taking advantage of a non-zero-order pi phase plate that yields a non-zero-order diffraction pattern. When a light beam with a flat wave front illuminates a phase plate, the zero-order intensity is zero. When there is a slight distortion of the wave front, the zero-order intensity increases. The ratio of first-order intensity to that of zero-order intensity is used as the criterion with which to judge whether the wave front under test is flat, eliminating the influence of background light. Experimental results demonstrate that this method is efficient, robust, and cost-effective and should be highly interesting for a quick check of a flat wave front of a large-aperture laser beam and adaptive optical systems.     

Probing the wave fronts based on autocorrelation

We proposed an easy method for probing the wave fronts via a typical Fourier transform system. An amplitude only spatial light modulator (SLM) was set on the front focal plane of a Fourier lens to control the wave front transmittance. A CCD was set on the back focal plane of the Fourier lens to record the intensity patterns. The Fourier transform of the intensity pattern is the autocorrelation of the wave front passing through the SLM. When we choose suitable pixels of the SLM to permit the wave front passing through, the information from the wave front illuminating the pixels can be directly extracted from the Fourier transform of the diffraction intensity pattern without complicated calculations. The complex amplitude of the wave front illuminated on the SLM can be probed using the above-mentioned method. The simulation results certifying our theory were also given.     

Digital speckle pattern interferometry using spatial phase shifting: influence of intensity and phase gradients

Spatial phase shifting technique in digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) and digital shearography (DS) provides the phase information due to the object displacement from two images, one stored before and other after loading. The technique needs a carrier fringe system. The double aperture mask in front of the imaging system is one of the methods for introducing the spatial carrier frequency for phase evaluation. The size of the apertures and their separation are important criteria to obtain appropriate phase shift/column within the desired size of the speckle for phase retrieval. The assumptions of constant intensity and phase on adjacent pixels of the camera while calculating phase in spatial phase shifting (SPS) are not met as the speckled object wave contains intensity and phase gradients, resulting in distortions in the calculated phase profiles. In this paper we discuss a strategy to overcome these problems. The contrast of the correlation fringe obtained using this approach is much improved. It also eliminates the distortion in the unwrapped phase map like wave ripples. The experimental results on an edge clamped circular plate loaded at the center are presented.