RTM成型过程中树脂/纤维界面性能表征及分析

通过测试树脂的表面张力、碳纤维的表面能以及树脂与纤维动态接触角来分析RTM成型过程中树脂/纤维界面性能,并对比分析了树脂对涂覆溶液定型剂前后的纤维浸润性能的影响。结果显示,随着温度升高,树脂表面张力降低,纤维的表面能升高,使得树脂/纤维的动态接触角变小,利于树脂浸润单丝纤维;树脂对涂覆溶液定型剂后的碳纤维织物浸润较为困难。     

碳纤维表面冷等离子体连续化处理

冷等离子体(O₂)连续处理碳纤维表面,能使复合材料层间剪切强度从600公斤/厘米2左右提高到1000公斤/厘米2左右,所以能得到比较好的处理效果是由四方面因素促成的:其一表面的—COOH、—C—OH和>C=0等含氧基团量的增加,提高了与基体反应能力;其二表面组份变化,改善了表面的浸润性,使对水的接触角由75℃降为61℃;其三碳纤维表面经等离子体刻蚀之后,沟槽加深,粗糙度变大,扩大了粘结界面和机械联结效应;其四这种处理方法纤维本身强度损失较少。由材料破坏断口电镜分析表明,纤维与基体之间没有脱粘和拔出现象产生,证明纤维与基体间界面粘结是良好的。另外此种处理方法工艺简单,费用低,处理过程没有公害物产生,故工业应用前景较大。      

戊二醛交联聚谷氨酸-普鲁兰多糖纳米纤维膜的条件优化

聚谷氨酸-普鲁兰多糖纳米纤维膜具有极强的吸水性,限制了其作为敷料材料的应用。为提高其耐水性,本实验采用戊二醛对纳米纤维膜进行交联,优化戊二醛与乙醇比例、戊二醛交联时间和浓硫酸添加量等实验条件对其进行改性,并采用SEM观察交联后的表面形态,接触角测定表征纤维膜表面亲水性;结果为:戊二醛与乙醇比例为1∶86,纤维平均直径为190nm,接触角由原来的36.21°提高到68.94°;戊二醛交联时间为15h,纤维平均直径为223nm接触角由原来的36.21°提高到64.54°;浓硫酸添加量为0.15mL,纤维平均直径为178nm接触角由原来的36.21°提高到64.32°。根据最优条件进行戊二醛交联,纤维直径由164nm提高到195nm,接触角由38.55°提高到67.36°,提高了46.23%,并且在5s后接触角由21.35°提高到50.27°,提高了57.53%。说明经过戊二醛交联的纳米纤维膜对水的亲和性有所降低,能够抵御一定时间的水分环境,从而可扩大其在创伤敷料中的应用。     

纳米纤维素修饰的碳纳米纤维制备及其疏水性研究

为拓展碳纳米纤维在环境清洁领域的应用，提高碳纳米纤维的水接触角，改善膜表面的疏水性能，获得疏水性较好的碳纳米纤维薄膜，利用静电纺丝法将纳米纤维素(CNFs)与碳纳米纤维前驱体复合，获得具有低表面能和良好疏水性能的纳米碳纤维/纳米纤维素复合纤维膜。通过对纳米纤维素含量进行调控，经预氧化和碳化处理后得到一系列具有规则三维空间网络结构的复合纤维膜，并探究不同纳米纤维素含量对复合纤维膜疏水性能的影响。结果表明：纳米纤维素修饰复合纤维膜随着碳化程度的提高其表面能呈现逐渐降低的趋势，其对水的接触角也逐渐增大，疏水效果得到较大幅度提升。随着纳米纤维素含量继续增加，复合纤维膜的水接触角呈上升趋势，未添加前接触角为36.13°,当纳米纤维素添加质量为20%时，水接触角最大为132.14°,提高了366%。     

MAH等离子体改性PVDF薄膜表面的亲水性研究

以马来酸酐(MAH)低温等离子体接枝聚合的方法对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)薄膜表面进行亲水改性.分析了袁面的MAH化学结构;考察了等离子体功率与表面聚合量和表面水接触角的关系;讨论了改性薄膜在热浓硫酸中长期作用的结果.结果表明:等离子体使MAH在表面双键打开并接枝聚合;聚合量随处理功率的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,30W时最大;经过等离子体处理后,水接触角由97°下降至45°～70°,水解后降低至40°～55°,30W的改性膜表面水接触角最小;改性薄膜在热浓硫酸中作用1000h后,MAH聚合物没有被腐蚀掉,与未浸泡硫酸试样相比,水接触角变化不大.     

碳纤维表面性能的研究

通过此表面、接触角、浸润性、表面能和表面基团的测定,本文较系统地研究了碳纤维表面性能。结果表明经处理后的碳纤维表面的浸润性、此表面、表面能与表面基团含量都增加。就浸润性而论,不论对环氧或水的接触角都随氧化处理时间增加而减少,浸润速度随氧化处理而上升,表面能随氧化处理而提高。特别是表面能中极性组份增加得较为显著,这与表面基团分折结果表明表面含氧极性基团随氧化时间增加而增加的结论是相一致的。另外表面基团含量化学分析的结果与XPS分析的结果基本上一致,因此可以用XPS表面基团分析来代替烦杂的化学分析方法。      

低温氮、氧等离子体处理碳纤维/树脂复合材料

采用霍尔源辉光放电产生氧等离子体和氮等离子体,对成型碳纤维/树脂复合材料进行表面处理,通过浸润性分析、红外光谱分析和扫描电镜分析,探究氮、氧等离子体对碳纤维/树脂复合材料的影响,同时考察处理前后碳纤维/树脂复合材料表面基团和形貌的变化。结果显示氮、氧等离子体处理后碳纤维/树脂复合材料与去离子水的接触角随气压和电流的增大均先迅速降低再缓慢增加,在电流为1.0 A,气压为1.0 Pa时,处理结果较佳,氧等离子体处理后碳纤维/树脂复合材料在去离子水中活化时效性稍强于氮等离子体;氮、氧等离子体处理后碳纤维/树脂复合材料表面刻蚀现象明显,粗糙度提高,纤维树脂间粘连程度增加,红外分析表明甲基、酯基被打断,分别引入CH2-O-CH2和C=N、C≡N等极性基团,上述结果表明:氮、氧等离子体处理是提高成型碳纤维/树脂复合材料表面性能的有效方法。     

壳聚糖膜表面的氦等离子体改性研究

采用溶液浇铸法制备了壳聚糖膜,通过氮等离子体对壳聚糖膜进行表面改性以提高其表面亲水性.采缮用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、表面接触角分析仪和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对改性前后壳聚糖膜的表面结构和性能进行分析和表征,研究了不同等离子体处理时间和不同放电功率对壳聚糖膜表面结构和性能的影响.结果表明:经氮等离子体处理后,壳聚糖膜的表面接触角可由103.0°降为48.8°,表面亲水性得到明显改善.由XPS分析得知,膜表面的氧、氮含量及氧碳比增加,表面的C-C键发生了断裂而生成新的>C=O(COOR、COOH或CONH)等极性基团,从而使其亲水性增强.     

碳纤维电泳沉积碳纳米管对界面性能的影响

采用碳纳米管电泳沉积到碳纤维表面,达到改性碳纤维复合材料界面性能的目的.将羧基化的碳纳米管在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的分散作用下制备成不同浓度的水溶液,在电场作用下,将碳纳米管电泳沉积到碳纤维表面.通过扫描电子显微镜、X-射线光电子能谱以及动态接触角对处理前后的碳纤维的表面形貌、表面元素及浸润性进行表征.研究结果表明,经过电泳沉积碳纳米管后,碳纤维的表面粗糙度、表面极性官能团含量及表面能都有较大提高,纤维的浸润性得到提高.对复合材料的界面性能分析表明,复合材料的界面性能在经过处理后有很大提高,当碳纳米管的质量浓度为0.1%,界面剪切强度提高了72.93%.     

氧等离子体处理对国产芳III纤维表面性能的影响

用氧气等离子体处理芳III纤维的表面,考察了等离子体处理前后芳III纤维表面性能的变化。使用红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和动态接触角等手段研究了等离子体处理前后芳III纤维化学结构、表面元素组成、表面形貌、表面粗糙度和表面浸润性能的变化。结果表明,在保持纤维本体结构不变的前提下用氧等离子体处理在纤维的表面引入了含量分别为20.1%和8.1%的新极性官能团(C-O和COO)。经氧等离子体处理后纤维表面的沟槽和起伏增多,粗糙度增大。用等离子体处理使纤维表面的浸润性能明显提高,总表面自由能由49.9 m J/m~2提高到67.1 m J/m~2。     

玻纤表面动态润湿行为

提出了采用线性回归处理分析玻纤与浸润液体动态润湿的新方法,结合高精度电子天平,表征了玻纤表面动态润湿性能。研究结果表明：在玻纤表面动态润湿过程中,随着润湿速度的增加,动态接触角有增大的趋势,玻纤与去离子水、乙二醇、760E环氧、CYD128环氧的接触角分别由66.04°、42.21°、51.31°、73.90°增加到69.05°、46.95°、74.58°、170.06°,玻纤表面可润湿性能下降。玻纤表面动态润湿过程中,黏度越大,随着润湿速度增加,可润湿性能下降越快,即玻纤与CYD128环氧体系的接触角下降96.16°,而与760E环氧树脂和乙二醇的接触角下降分别为23.27°和4.74°。基于新方法的玻纤表面动态润湿系统中,玻纤所受作用力随三相接触线移动速率和浸润液体黏度的增加而增大。     

Ni3Al对TiC的润湿性及Mo添加的影响

为了研究Ni₃Al/TiC之间的润湿性,本工作利用两种Ni₃Al,即熔炼方法制备的块体Ni₃Al、SHS方法制备的Ni₃Al粉末,和致密TiC基板,通过高温摄影显微镜实验测定了Ni₃Al-TiC之间的接触角。结果表明:无论哪一种Ni₃Al,它们与TiC之间的接触角都在18°以内,表现出与TiC之间的良好的润湿性;当Ni₃Al压粉体中掺入少量Mo时,接触角降为11°左右。用XRD、EPMA等方法分析和观察了实验样品的组成、结构、断面形貌及其元素分布。探讨了Mo对改善Ni₃Al-TiC润湿性的作用机理。     

玻璃纤维表面化学处理对其浸润性能的影响

本文应用单丝接触角测定仪测定了不同偶联剂处理的玻璃纤维临界表面张力。结果表明:由于固体临界表面张力是描述固体表面性质的物化数据,因此它仅与表面复盖物的性质有关,而与内部的玻璃纤维的成份无关。不同偶联剂处理的玻璃纤维具有不同的表面张力,依次为7114>KH550>A151。沉积在玻璃纤维表面的偶联剂各级分对浸润性能的贡献是不相同的。     

Zum Einfluss von in Flüssigkeiten unter Druck gelösten Gasen auf Grenzflächenspannungen und Benetzungseigenschaften

Measurements of interfacial tensions of water and ethanol in dense carbon dioxide up to 10 MPa and 373 K were performed. Also, in order to predict the wettability of these liquids on teflon and glass surfaces in the presence of carbon dioxide, contact angles between these liquids and both surfaces were determined under the same conditions of pressure and temperature. The interfacial tension were measured according to the pendant drop method. A mathematical derivation for the evaluation of the interfacial tension according to the geometry of the pendant drop and the difference of the density between the phases is presented. The contact angle determinations were performed using both the static and the dynamic method. The results show that because of the solubility of carbon dioxide in the liquids, the measured interfacial tensions are much lower than the interfacial tension of the pure substances. The interfacial tension appears as a function of only the density of CO₂ above its critical temperature [1]. Even though the solubility of carbon dioxide in the liquid phase affects the interfacial tension, such a clear relation between these variables, like the one between the interfacial tension and the density of carbon dioxide, cannot be observed. The excess concentration on the interphase, as a measurement of adsorption according to Gibbs, was calculated for both systems. The contact angle of water on teflon surface increases with pressure until total non wetting is reached. On the other hand, the contact angle of ethanol decreases with the increasing pressure until spreading occurs. The same phenomena was noted for the wetting characteristic of water on glass surface. The contact angle of water increases as pressure increases. Ethanol spreads totally on the surface of glass at all evaluated pressures. With the dynamic method, contact anglesgreater than the ones obtained with the static method were measured.     

Influence of fibre treatment and glass fibre hybridisation on thermal degradation and surface energy characteristics of hemp/unsaturated polyester composites

The effect of fibre treatment on the thermal degradation and surface energy characteristics of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester (HFRUP) composites was investigated by means of a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) in a nitrogen atmosphere and contact angle measurement. In order to modify the fibre/matrix interface, NaOH treatment and glass fibre hybridisation were employed. HFRUP composites were compared to the unreinforced UP, NaOH treated hemp and glass fibre hybridised hemp/UP composites. TGA test results show that the weight loss for all samples occurred between 200 and 415 °C. The unreinforced UP had a maximum weight loss of 1.011%/°C. For the HFRUP composites, the maximum rate of weight loss was 0.81%/°C. For the NaOH treated and glass fibre hybridised hemp/UP composites, the maximum rate of weight loss was 0.78%/°C and 0.79%/°C, respectively. The effect of fibre treatment on the surface energy of studied samples and their dispersive and polar components were also investigated. Surface energy characteristics obtained from contact angle measurement revealed that for unreinforced UP, the contact angle measured with glycerol is 49.37°. For hemp/UP composites, the contact angle is 76.05°. For NaOH treated hemp/UP composites sample, the contact angle was recorded 78.89°, higher than untreated one. For hemp/CSM/UP specimen, the contact angle was recorded 69.80°. Both TGA and contact angle results indicated that surface treatment and glass fibre hybridisation led to better thermal stability and the wetting behaviour of hemp/UP composites.     

Atmospheric air plasma treated PBO fibers: Wettability,adhesion and aging behaviors

Poly (p–phenylene-2, 6-benzobisoxazole) (or PBO) fibers were modified by air dielectric barrier discharge plasma (air-DBD) with different treatment time. The wettability of the PBO fibers were enhanced evidently, which was proved by dynamic contact angle analysis (DCAA), the contact angle in water of the fibers treated by air-DBD plasma decreased from 77.52° to 34.05°, while the surface free energy increased from 44.73 mJ/m² to 64.04 mJ/m². The surface morphology changes and variations of chemical components of PBO fibers were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the fiber surface morphology became rougher and some newly polar groups were introduced onto the fiber surfaces. They contributed to the enhancement of the wettability. Furthermore, the interfacial adhesion between PBO fibers and bismaleimide (BMI) resin was improved obviously, which revealed by the increased ILSS of the PBO/BMI composites. Nevertheless, the ILSS of PBO/BMI composites decreased to 47.0 MPa after PBO fibers were stored in air for 7 days and there were little changes for 7–30 days.     

Hyperhydrophilic rough surfaces and imaginary contact angles

The complete wetting of rough surfaces is only poorly understood, since the underlying phenomena can neither be described by the Cassie‐Baxter nor the Wenzel equation. An experimental accessiblility by the sessile drop method is also very limited. The term “superhydrophilicity” was an attempt to understand the wetting of rough surfaces, but a clear definition is still forthcoming, mainly because non‐superhydrophilic surfaces can also display a contact angle of zero. Since the Wilhelmy balance is based on force measurements, it offers a technology for obtaining signals during the whole wetting process. We have obtained evidence that additional forces occur during the complete wetting of rough surfaces and that mathematically contact angles for a hydrophilicity beyond the contact angle of zero can be defined by imaginary numbers. A hydrophilized TPS‐surface obtained by chemical wettability switching from a superhydrophobic surface has been previously characterized by dynamic imaginary contact angles of 20i°–21i° and near‐zero hysteresis. Here an extremely high wetting rate is demonstrated reaching a virtual imaginary contact angle of Θ_V,Adv > 3.5i° in less than 210 ms. For a rough surface displaying imaginary contact angles and extremely high wetting rates we suggest the term hyperhydrophilicity. Although, as will be shown, the physical basis of imaginary contact angles is still unclear, they significantly expand our methodology, the range of wettability measurements and the tools for analyzing rough hydrophilic surfaces. They may also form the basis for a new generation of rationally constructed medicinal surfaces.     

The effect of substrate surface roughness on the wettability of Sn-Bi solders

The effect of substrate surface roughness on the wettability of Sn-Bi solders is investigated by the eutectic Sn-Bi alloy on Cu/Al₂O₃ substrates at 190 °C. To engineer the surface with different roughnesses, the Cu-side of the substrates is polished with sandpaper with abrasive number 100, 240, 400, 600, 800, 1200, and 1 m alumina powder, respectively. Both dynamic and static contact angles of the solder drops are studied by the real-time image in a dynamic contact angle analyzer system (FTA200). During dynamic wetting, the wetting velocity of the solder drop decreases for the rougher surface. However, the time to reach the static contact angle seems to be identical with different substrate surface roughness. The wetting tip of the solder cap exhibits a waveform on the rough surface, indicating that the liquid drop tends to flow along the valley. As the solder drops reach a static state, the static contact angle increases with the substrate surface roughness. This demonstrates that the wettability of solders degrades as the substrates become rough.     

液态铝的润湿性测量

介绍了液态铝的润湿性测量原理,并采用改进的座滴法装置测定了纯铝和Ａｌ－０．５％Ｌａ合金在Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面的润湿性。结果表明,少量稀土元素的加入可以改善铝对Ａｌ２Ｏ３的润湿性,使其润湿角从９０．５°减小到８０．０°。