三维动态位移测量装置

本文设计出一种用于测量运动物体在三维空间动态位移的测量装置，它主要用于测量自行火炮车辆在射击过程中的振动轨迹（平面和空间的）及三维运动位移－时间历程曲线，也可直接用于其它运动物体的测量，本文详细地描述了该装置的工作原理及结构，并进行了理论分析。     

异形热态锻件几何尺寸测量方法的研究

提出一种异形热态锻件几何尺寸测量方法。基于线激光器、CCD和伺服系统构建线激光扫描测量系统,通过提取图像上被锻件表面轮廓调制的激光条纹二维信息,经过坐标变换及点云三维重构得到锻件三维尺寸信息。针对被测异形锻件形貌特征,建立基于摄像机运动的扫描测量模型,并提出一种基于棋盘参考平面的摄像机光心轨迹求解方法。根据平面上特征点在CCD图像不同帧中的坐标拟合摄像机的运动轨迹,结合扫描测量模型实现对异形锻件完整轮廓尺寸的测量。通过实验对封头进行扫描测量,得到球冠部分截面测量直径误差小于4 mm,满足热态锻件测量要求,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于转动惯量的刚体9个惯性参数的测量

针对三维空间,提出了一种可以同时测量刚体9个惯性参数的新方法。利用气体静压轴承低速自由转动时其角速度是一个随时间衰减的单指数函数这一运动规律,测量物体绕任意轴的转动惯量,通过9次测量最终求出刚体的9个惯性参数。设计了一套物体惯性参数测量仪,该测量仪可以同时测量三维空间中物体的9个惯性参数。测量过程中无需重新装配,减少了中间测试量及人为干预误差,使测量时间缩短,测量精度提高。     

激光跟踪仪的动态特性研究

设计制造出一种标准圆轨迹发生器，可为标准反射镜的运动提供高精度的规定轨迹。介绍了在此基础上对激光跟踪仪的动态特性进行的研究和试验结果，并据此提出了激光跟踪仪动态特性评定的参数和方法，用于评价激光跟踪仪对物体运动轨迹的跟踪和测量能力。     

远距离运动物体三维轮廓测量的研究

提出了摄像机光轴平行和光轴垂直两种简化的双目立体视觉系统,用来实现远距离运动物体的三维轮廓测量。具体阐述了这两种简化系统的测量原理和数学模型,还着重对以上两种系统下远距离物体测量中摄像机参数,如焦距、视场角、分辨率、两摄像机间距离与落弹范围的距离等的选择进行了探讨。就不同的系统对摄像机的选择进行了实验运算,结果表明,用该摄像机对1000m处的直径为70mm的小目标进行测量,可获得90个像素的轮廓,便于进行三维轮廓的提取。仿真实验表明,简化的双目立体系统可以快速、方便、简单地得到远距离物体的三维轮廓。     

实现“8”字形轨迹的简单机构

用机械进行平板研磨或压砂,采用“8”字形的运动轨迹,可以获得良好的加工效果。我们用简单的机构,制成一台平板研磨压砂机,实现了这种运动轨迹。对“8”字形运动轨迹的分析如图1,当动点从A向E移动时,动点轨迹如实线所示,到达E点后,再按虚线所示途径返回A点,从而构成“8”轨迹的一个行程。     

振动光整介质和工件运动轨迹的测试与分析

在振动光整加工工艺中,介质和工件的运动轨迹是决定工件加工效果的重要因素。为了确定介质和工件的运动轨迹,通过X射线检测设备对介质和工件进行运动轨迹检测,再利用高速摄像机拍摄表面介质的运动。利用MATLAB处理软件对X射线检测录像进行图像处理。检测图像显示,介质和工件的运动既有围绕滚动中心旋转的径向运动和围绕振动桶中轴旋转的周向运动,又有自身的翻转运动。结论是:利用X射线检测可以较准确地得到介质和工件的二维轨迹,结合高速摄像机对表面介质和工件的测试,能够较准确地建立介质和工件的三维运动方程,对深入研究振动光整加工机理具有重要意义。     

视频编码中基于时空信息运动估计的研究

提出了一种基于视频图像的时间和空间相关性信息的运动矢量预测方法，由于相领两帧图像中的内容应具有相关性，图像中物体的运动轨迹也具有相似性，因此可以利用前一帧图像中宏块的运动矢量确定运动轨迹，进而估计当前宏块的运动矢量，但是这种运动估计是受限的，因为估计运动矢量时的宏块顺序是逐行的按先后顺充进行，在当前帧中，当前宏块预测时只能利用具有因果关系的相邻宏块，但其与相邻宏块并非都具有因果关系，因此给出了预测矢量的资格检验方法，用以判断和剔除伪预测矢量，在搜索过程中采用菱形搜索（Pyramid)，相邻的两次搜索过程，要去除两个重叠区域，上述算法减少计算量，对Suzie序列测试结果，平均搜索次数是14－17次，并且解码图像的信噪比PSNR与FS搜索相比降级不多。     

基于位移传感器的包装机械手运动跟踪方法设计

目的为提高包装机械手末端执行器轨迹跟踪精度,提出一种三维运动轨迹跟踪方法。方法获取拉绳式位移传感器在预先建立的三维坐标系中坐标数据和拉线长度。利用坐标和拉线长度计算运动物体的三维坐标数据,进而形成所述运动物体的三维运动轨迹。同时,给出基于ARM的轨迹跟踪控制器结构以及软件实现方法。结果实验结果表明,与传统示教盒相比,该方法可将定位精度提高1倍,相关误差可控制在0.3 mm以内。该方法在执行效率方面大约能够提升33%,提高了包装机械手的执行速度和分拣效率。结论所述轨迹跟踪方法能够提高包装机械手末端执行器的定位精度和定位速度,符合包装、食品、化工等行业的工艺要求。     

基于编码技术的测量标志点研究

在近景测量中,为了通过图像处理、数据处理的方法获取运动物体的轨迹与姿态,就需要在运动物体上增加标志点。在后期的图像处理和数据处理过程中需要对标志点先进行判读,而标志点一般都是人工识别,或人工辅助识别。不能完全智能化的原因是计算机对图像中的标志点不能完全区分。本文设计了一种基于编码点测量标志点,解决了以上的问题。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.