周期性热流下受限阵列射流沸腾特性的实验研究

以去离子水为工质对恒热流和周期性热流加热下的受限式阵列射流进行了沸腾特性实验,获得了加热面温度分布、沸腾可视化图像以及测试段出口压力波动等数据,综合分析发现:(1)恒热流密度单相换热时,射流对冲区的温度高于滞止区的温度,温差随着热流密度的增加而变大,当对冲区出现稳定沸腾后,温差逐渐减小,并且出现滞止区温度超过对冲区的情况;(2)沸腾时测试段出口压力的频谱分布与气泡在表面的周期性生长和湮灭相对应;(3)周期热流密度时,在高占空比、低频下,沸腾能较快接近稳定沸腾,而在小占空比、高频率下,沸腾无法达到恒热流密度时的沸腾剧烈程度,当热流密度在沸腾起始热流密度附近时,加热结束时对冲区的温度相比于恒热流密度时有较大幅度的增加。     

竖直矩形窄通道内水流动沸腾起始点及壁面温度实验研究

建立单面加热垂直矩形窄通道流动沸腾换热实验装置,针对截面250 mm×3.5 mm的窄缝通道,对水流动沸腾换热特性进行实验研究。通过实验分析可知:(1)饱和沸腾起始点是核态沸腾的开始,以此为分界,窄通道内的换热特性截然不同。影响沸腾起始点的因素主要有3种:热流密度、质量流量及入口温度。(2)流体从单相流、过冷沸腾和饱和沸腾转变,其壁面温度变化也各不相同。流体处于单相流时,壁面温度沿流动方向呈线性增加;流体处于过冷沸腾阶段时,过冷沸腾对壁面温度的影响不大,壁面温差很小,可近似认为此阶段为等壁温换热过程。流体进入饱和沸腾(饱和核态沸腾和流动沸腾),壁温存在最大值。     

低流量下阵列式微通道对流沸腾特性实验研究

设计了阵列式微通道热沉结构,进行了并R134a的沸腾流动换热实验。结果证明,在低干度区域由泡状流/弹状流/半环状流主导,主导换热机理为对流沸腾和蒸发,热交换系数随热流密度显著增加,随质量流量增大而略有增加。在高干度区域搅拌流/束状流主导沸腾流动,对流蒸发为主导换热机理,换热系数随流量增大而增大。该结构可以在低流量下提前紊流转捩;有效抑制压力波动,减小进出口压力差。实验观察发现搅拌流/束状流型,气液界面波失稳导致液膜破碎和卷携。液滴沉积会润湿局部蒸干壁面。当热流持续增大,液膜破碎并大量被卷携入气核后,壁面附着气膜且无法被润湿,形成反束状流型时,触发CHF。     

微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

加热方位对流动沸腾临界热流密度影响

为了研究重力场对流动沸腾临界热流密度的影响,搭建了两相沸腾换热实验系统。以蒸馏水为工质,采用单侧加热的窄缝通道,通过改变质量流速、入口过冷度和重力场与加热方位的夹角,考察不同加热方位临界热流密度特性和实验段流阻特性。分析了质量流速、入口过冷度、加热方位对流动沸腾临界热流密度的影响,并将实验数据与Ivey-Morris模型、Sudo模型和Wojtan模型的计算值进行了验证对比。结果表明:加热面呈0°放置时的临界热流密度最大,呈180°放置时最小,质量流速和入口过冷度的增大会加大临界热流密度。Sudo模型对本实验条件不适用;Ivey-Morris模型和Wojtan模型在加热面呈0°放置时与实验值符合情况良好,相对误差约在30%以内,其他加热方位时,计算值均大于实验值。     

基于阵列超声传感器的气液界面检测

利用超声波声束对两相流参数检测的优点,使用阵列超声传感器探究了气液界面下的超声波声束和液面的关系。实现了超声波声束对整个气液界面的参数检测,测量了静态气液界面高度,实现动态超声波声束对分层流气液界面的重构。并在河北大学多相流循环装置进行实验验证,实验结果表明,阵列超声波声束可以实现对气液界面高度检测,可分辨最小2mm气液界面高度;重构图像的截面含气率和高速相机拍摄得到的截面含气率误差不超过4%。     

平板在过冷液氮中的淬冷沸腾传热的实验研究

用直径为５０ ｍ ｍ 、厚度为２０ ｍ ｍ 的平板实验研究了倾斜平板在过冷液氮中的淬冷沸腾传热, 方位角为０°（热面水平向下） 到９０°（热面垂直）, 液氮过冷度为０～１３ Ｋ。由实验结果得到, 在所有方位角情况下, 随着液氮过冷度的提高, 在热流密度曲线图上的热流密度曲线向右上方移动; 从最小膜态沸腾点向过渡膜态沸腾转变时, 有一热流密度迅速提高的突变过程, 过冷度越大, 这种突变过程表现得越突出。     

液氢空间贮存过程膜态沸腾数值模拟

为实现液氢在空间中安全高效应用,针对微重力条件下液氢膜态沸腾现象,建立了加热细丝浸没在过冷液氢池中的数值计算模型.采用VOF方法捕捉相界面,相变模型选取Lee模型,利用文献中的实验数据验证了模型的准确性.从气泡运动行为和换热特性两方面开展研究,结果发现液体过冷度和重力水平是影响换热机理的两个重要因素.在高重力水平、低液...     

水下超声速气体射流的初始流动特性研究

为研究水下发射过程中高温高压火药燃气喷射进入液相水过程的流体形态变化与流动特性,采用Mixture多相流模型与蒸发与凝结模型建立了二维轴对称水下超声速气体射流的数值计算模型并进行了相关的数值模拟,得到水下超声速气体射流的初始流动结构。数值结果表明,超声速气体与水介质的强撞击会在气液界面上形成一个强压缩区,且连续撞击形成的压力波反传,使喷管出口射流核心区流场出现周期性脉动。因气液界面上的强剪切作用,而在气液混合区内形成复杂的小激波结构,小激波结构的出现加速了气液界面的失稳,从而促进了气液掺混效应。另外,在气泡内会形成典型的欠膨胀射流结构,因而气泡内的流动特征与单相超声速气体射流情况类似。     

饱和液氮中临界热流密度和最小膜态沸腾热流密度的实验研究

用直径为５０ｍｍ、厚度分别为１２，２０，３０ｍｍ的铜平板在液氮中进行了不同热面方位角（热面水平向下为０°，热面垂直为９０°）的淬冷沸腾实验研究。方位角对临界热流密度、最小膜态沸腾热流密度及其壁面过热度的影响较大。在一定的方位角下，临界热流密度随平板厚度的增加而增加，但厚度达到一定大小时，其值与厚度无关。最小膜态沸腾热流密度与厚度呈离散关系。平板厚度对临界沸腾密度和最小膜态沸腾热流密度所对应的表面过热度的影响较小     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.