超低频非线性隔振器的对比分析

简要介绍两种典型的基于正负刚度并联的超低频非线性隔振器(纯弹簧机构隔振器和凸轮-滚轮-弹簧组合机构隔振器)的机理,深入研究两种隔振器的非线性刚度参数对隔振器的准零刚度特性的影响,以及外部激励幅值对隔振器的隔振效率的影响。通过参数配置基本相同的两种非线性隔振器和相应的线性隔振器的性能对比研究,验证凸轮-滚轮-弹簧组合的非线性隔振器在准零刚度特性范围和外部激励幅值范围上均有明显优势。研究结果对于超低频非线性隔振器的工程应用开发具有一定的指导意义。     

轨道支撑失效对钢弹簧浮置板动力响应特性的影响

基于ANSYS软件建立钢弹簧浮置板轨道三维有限元分析模型,研究扣件和隔振器失效对地铁轨道交通列车—钢弹簧浮置板系统的动力响应影响。研究表明:当列车行驶在扣件和隔振器失效的钢弹簧浮置板轨道上,钢轨垂向位移、加速度和临近扣件支点反力变化显著,且随着失效扣件和隔振器数目增加变化越明显;失效扣件和隔振器的中心在浮置板端部比其在浮置板中部的影响大。     

钢弹簧浮置板隔振器垂向动反力随机振动特征研究

为研究地铁浮置板轨道(FST)钢弹簧隔振器的垂向动反力(DRF)的随机性特征,采用有限元法与虚拟激励法(PEM),建立了列车-浮置板轨道(T-FST)耦合系统垂向随机振动计算模型。采用多刚体动力学建立列车模型;采用有限元方法建立浮置板轨道有限元模型;基于等效Hertz线性轮轨接触关系建立列车-浮置板轨道耦合系统动力学方程。通过虚拟激励法将非平稳随机振动问题转化为确定性时间历程问题,推导了列车-浮置板轨道耦合时变系统随机振动计算模型。基于该模型,计算研究了钢弹簧隔振器垂向动反力的随机特征。研究表明:钢弹簧隔振器动反力受列车轴重引起的确定性激励控制,轨道不平顺随机激励对钢弹簧隔振器动反力影响较小;不同轨道不平顺对钢弹簧隔振器动反力功率谱主频分布影响不显著;钢弹簧隔振器动反力统计参数随着车速的增大而增大。     

分子弹簧隔振器的动力学特性研究

分子弹簧隔振器是一种以水和疏水沸石颗粒为工作介质的新型隔振器,该隔振器具有高静低动的分段刚度特性。首先以Laplace方程为基础模拟水侵入疏水微孔的过程,建立了分子弹簧刚度的力学模型,并通过准静态试验验证了该模型的有效性。随后在刚度的力学模型的基础上建立了分子弹簧隔振系统运动方程,采用平均法计算了分子弹簧隔振器的主共振幅频响应,采用基于等效线性化方法的接缝法计算了大振幅情况下的幅频响应。最后,以能量传递率为指标评价了分子弹簧隔振系统的隔振性能。研究表明分子弹簧隔振器具有优于传统的线性隔振器的隔振性能。     

设备安装隔振器的参考

1．设备安装隔振器，首先要考虑到是对环境的动态力或运动的隔离（消极隔振）；还是对设备本身干扰力或力矩传递的隔离（积极隔振）。要根据隔离对象的具体情况确定所需的隔振器。要特别注意对隔振器刚度、阻尼以及频率参数的选择。2．隔振器的型号、数量由设备总质量而决定。一般应满足：设备总质量的1．2倍相当于隔振器数量和每只隔振器额定载荷（质量）的乘积。3．安装前，应对选用隔振器做外观检查。橡胶隔振器，其橡胶体不得有裂纹，橡胶体与金属件粘接面不允许有剥离；金属弹簧隔振器，外壳与弹簧组装要合理，不得有刚性接触，不允许…     

基于正负刚度并联永磁隔振器的隔振性能分析及实验验证

针对超精密领域小负载隔振的新需求,基于正负刚度并联原理,采用永磁弹簧和橡胶带相结合的方法,永磁弹簧提供正刚度,橡胶带提供负刚度,提出了一种正负刚度并联永磁隔振器的新构型。为了研究该隔振器的隔振性能,通过实验与理论相结合的方法,建立了橡胶带拉力和刚度的数学模型,验证了橡胶带拉力解析模型的有效性;建立了正负刚度并联永磁隔振器的动力学方程,分析了该隔振器的隔振性能;搭建了永磁弹簧和正负刚度并联永磁隔振器实验台,分别进行隔振性能测试。实验结果表明该隔振器隔振性能的理论计算和实验测试的结果比较吻合,且具有良好的隔振性能;该隔振器最大特点在于其最大承载能力时,刚度最低,固有频率最低,低频隔振性能最好。     

减振缓冲的钢丝绳隔振器

一、钢丝绳隔振器 隔振器和冲击隔振器的种类很多,本文介绍一种新型的非线性隔振器,它既能吸收冲击的能量,又能隔离高低频振动,也能衰减掉隔振器本身的驻波效应。 隔振器的形状如图1所示,弹簧材料为一种多股不锈钢丝绳,隔振器的刚度和阻尼取决于钢丝绳直径、钢丝绳的股数,长度、圈数和缠绕式式。阻尼特性与隔振器的变形有关,因为当隔振器振幅足够大时,钢丝绳各股之间发生摩擦,消耗振动能量干摩擦阻     

基于SD振子理论的浮置板几何非线性隔振器研究

基于SD(smooth and discontinuous)振子几何非线性理论,根据城市轨道交通实际载荷条件和隔振需求,对钢弹簧浮置板隔振器的非线性刚度曲线及其浮置板轨道系统的动态性能进行优化设计,研发了一种浮置板用几何非线性隔振器,其同时具有良好的低频隔振性能和振动位移控制能力。对非线性隔振器进行了理论分析、结构参数设计、仿真分析及试验验证,研究表明:非线性隔振器对浮置板的振动位移具有较好的控制能力和低频隔振效果,单隔振器试验表明,相对传统的钢弹簧隔振器,非线性隔振器后浮置板的振动位移可以降低40%以上;隔振器支反力在4 Hz, 6 Hz, 8 Hz, 11 Hz, 15 Hz和20 Hz分别有3.25%,15.47%,18.77%,25.18%,31.27%和37.60%的振动衰减量。     

基于金属骨架材料分子弹簧隔振器力学性能研究EI北大核心CSCD

将金属有机骨架材料和水的混合物作为工作介质置于密闭容器中,形成基于金属有机骨架材料的分子弹簧隔振器;当隔振器受到外部载荷时,水分子在外压作用下侵入和逸出金属有机骨架材料的疏水微孔,实现能量的储存与释放。通过微观力学平衡和宏观体积变化关系模拟了水分子大量侵入金属有机骨架材料微孔的过程,推导隔振器在受力过程的力位移关系,采用准静态试验验证推导的力学模型,经仿真和试验分析隔振器性能的影响因素。结果表明,理论与试验结果一致性较好,基于金属有机骨架材料的分子弹簧隔振器表现出高-低-高的分段刚度特性,金属有机骨架材料的最小接触角、最大孔径、钴配比和孔容积等参数均会对隔振器的阶段Ⅱ产生影响,调整这些参数可灵活调节隔振器的性能。     

聚氨酯隔振器非线性力学模型与特性研究

结合聚氨酯隔振器和简单形状试样的静态和动态试验结果,建立了由弹簧、阻尼器和摩擦元件等多组机械元件所构成的聚氨酯隔振器"非线性广义模型"",试验分析了不同激振振幅、激振频率和预加载情况下的隔振器静动态特性,研究了聚氨酯隔振器的弹性、弹塑性和粘弹性特点,分析和验证了它们对隔振器静动态特性的影响。采用非线性广义模型分析法来研究隔振器的力学模型,物理概念清晰,能够比较直观、简洁、全面地描述隔振器的性能特点,可推广应用于其他类型隔振器。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.