功能梯度耦合梁的能量辐射传递模型

研究的目的是将能量辐射传递方法(RETM)拓展应用于功能梯度材料(FGM)耦合梁的高频振动响应分析。在RETM理论中，FGM耦合梁的振动响应由能量密度和功率流强度表示，振动波场由激励点实源产生的直接场与边界虚源产生的反射场叠加而成。由FGM梁微元的能量平衡推导了能量密度及功率流强度的核函数，利用耦合处的力平衡以及位移连续性推导了能量传递系数，根据边界功率流平衡确定了边界虚源强度。数值算例计算结果与波传播分析方法(WPA)的解析解进行对比，验证了所建立模型的正确性。最后，分析了梯度指数n对FGM耦合梁能量传递系数以及高频振动响应的影响，发现n的影响主要集中在n 0～1。     

基于宏观性能的微观多孔材料拓扑优化

基于均匀化理论,建立与微观材料拓扑形状相关的宏观结构材料等效弹性张量。集成宏观结构所得到的位移场,推导出带有宏观结构力学特性的微观敏度。从而实现在给定材料体积分数前提下,以宏观结构最大刚度为目标,对材料微结构进行拓扑优化的目的。相关算例说明该方法可以得到与宏观力学性能相对应的各种微观结构蜂窝材料或复合材料。揭示了材料的微观结构拓扑形状依赖于宏观结构尺寸、载荷及初始边界条件等因素。     

多尺度模拟SiC/IMI834复合材料失效

基于格林函数和有限元分析的多尺度方法模拟SiC/IMI834复合材料拉伸试验,研究复合材料微区应力分布、宏观力学性能和纤维失效情况。其中有限元分析用来计算SiC/IMI834复合材料微区应力分布并为格林函数提供应力传递集中因子。格林函数用来模拟SiC/IMI834复合材料宏观失效过程及力学性能。结果表明,失效纤维上应力恢复区长度受材料性能影响,与外加载荷无关;距离失效纤维越远,沿失效端面纤维上轴向应力越低;距离失效纤维越近,沿失效端面基体上轴向应力越低;SiC/IMI834复合材料宏观失效应变随纤维体积分数增加而提高,但SiC/IMI834复合材料初始纤维失效与纤维体积分数无关,拉伸应变均为0.01。     

基于内聚力模型的复合裂纹耦合扩展多尺度数值模拟研究与实验验证

在外载荷作用下,材料的破坏与失效问题是一个涵盖从微观到宏观、从时间到空间等多个尺度相互耦合与关联的系统性科学问题.本研究以α-Ti材料为例,首先运用微观观测实验手段分析了α-Ti的显微组织结构和相结构,采用蒙特卡洛方法对微结构(晶粒大小、形状及分布)进行随机抽样处理,确定了其微结构的分布规律.通过与实验测得的材料强度做对比分析,并结合图像处理的方法获得微结构的定量化信息,探明了微结构对材料宏细观性能的影响,为微观尺度的分子动力学模型提供了可靠的基础.然后建立了三组包含复合微观缺陷的α-Ti拉伸微观计算模型,分别获得了界面层粘结力与其上下表面的相对位移之间的定量关系(T-S曲线).由于T-S曲线中包含了与裂纹尖端演化相关的微观信息(如位错发射和运动、裂尖钝化、裂纹偏折、孔洞成核和长大、孪晶等),再将T-S曲线与曲线中关键转折点所对应的原子构型相结合,从原子尺度观察并解释了α-Ti材料中不同复合微观缺陷扩展的现象、规律和机理.最后,采用基于原子模拟的内聚力模型对单调拉伸条件下CT试件的裂纹扩展做多尺度分析,研究了不同微观缺陷对材料宏观断裂参数的影响程度.     

基于改进型GDQ法FGM纳米梁的热-机耦合振动及屈曲特性分析

基于Eringen非局部线弹性理论,采用n阶广义梁理论(GBT),应用改进型广义微分求积(MGDQ)法数值研究了初始轴向机械力及热载荷共同作用下功能梯度材料(FGM)纳米梁的耦合振动及耦合屈曲特性。考虑了材料性质的温度相关性,且温度沿梁的厚度方向按不同类型稳态分布,采用Voigt混合幂率模型表征FGM纳米梁的材料属性。在Hamilton体系下统一建立描述结构耦合振动及屈曲问题力学模型的控制微分方程。通过引入梁边界条件控制参数,实施了3种典型边界FGM纳米梁耦合振动响应MGDQ法求解的MATLAB统一化编程。基于屈曲与振动这两类静动态响应之间的二元耦联性,通过编写相应循环子程序用来获得屈曲静态响应。与已有研究结果对比表明:该分析方法切实可行、行之有效,极大地提高了计算效率。最后,分析了梁理论、边界条件、尺度效应非局部参数、初始轴向机械力、温度分布、升温、热-机耦合效应、材料组分梯度指标、跨厚比等诸多参数对FGM纳米梁振动及屈曲特性的影响。     

热环境下大范围运动功能梯度薄板的刚-柔耦合动力学特性

基于刚柔耦合动力学及热力学理论,运用第二类拉格朗日方程建立了温度场中做大范围运动FGM薄板的一次近似刚柔耦合模型。采用假设模态法对变形场进行离散并在变形能中计入热应变的影响。分析了不同温度环境和不同体积分数指数等因素对温度场中做大范围运动FGM薄板动力学特性的影响。仿真结果表明:随着温度梯度增大FGM薄板振荡现象更加明显,随着体积分数增大FGM薄板振荡幅值与无量纲固有频率增大。     

宏微观双尺度运动裂纹模型面内拉伸下的解析解*

研究裂纹动态扩展中宏微观因素相互作用机制与微观裂尖区的钝化效应。平面拉伸状态下,宏观主裂纹以恒定速度运动。通过一个介观约束应力过渡区,将宏观主裂纹与微观裂尖区相连接,由此建立了一个宏微观双尺度运动裂纹模型。应用弹性动力学与复变函数理论,分别在宏观与微观尺度下对该模型进行解析求解,获得了解析解。通过裂纹张开位移从宏观到微观的连续性条件与宏微观应力场协调条件,将两个不同尺度下的解相耦合,获得了计算宏微观损伤区特征长度的显式表达式。研究表明,运动裂纹的宏观应力场仍具有通常的r&;#61485;1/2的奇异性。由于微观裂尖的钝化,微观应力场奇异性的阶次有所降低,与宏观应力场相比具有弱奇异性。双尺度运动裂纹模型中,可允许裂纹运动速度达到剪切波速,解除了经典运动裂纹理论中裂纹速度不能超过Rayleigh波速的限制。数值结果表明,介观损伤过渡区与裂尖微观损伤区尺寸,及裂纹张开位移等,与裂纹运动速度、材料性质、约束应力比、裂尖钝化角度等因素有关。     

高硅氧/酚醛复合材料热-力-化学多物理场耦合计算

基于高硅氧/酚醛复合材料体积烧蚀条件下的三维多物理场耦合控制方程,通过有限元方法预报了高硅氧/酚醛复合材料在酚醛树脂热解反应过程中的温度场、位移场、孔隙压力以及树脂残留率等热力学响应。计算结果表明：数值计算模型预报的温度场和位移场与高硅氧/酚醛复合材料高温变形实验的测量值吻合。材料热解过程中固体材料孔隙压力的峰值点出现在材料热解反应刚开始发生的区域,而弹性应力的峰值点出现在靠近材料热解层的原始材料层。     

基于cv-FDM法的铸件凝固过程热应力数值模拟

为了实现铸件凝固过程多物理场的无缝耦合数值模拟,开展基于有限差分法的铸件凝固过程热应力分析.建立了热弹塑性的三维控制体积有限差分(cv-FDM)算法,开发了相应的铸件凝固过程热应力分析三维仿真软件.将该软件应用于典型的应力框试件和轧钢机机架铸件,计算得到了铸件凝固过程产生的应力和位移,并将结果与采用有限元分析软件ANSYS的计算结果进行了对比验证,吻合较好,表明模拟结果基于cv-FDM的铸件热应力分析达到了有限元法的精度水平.     

半固态流变行为模型及应用

半固态成形是21世纪最具潜力的先进制造技术之一.分析了国内外半固态变形行为研究进展,重点阐述了近似单相本构关系模型、两相本构关系模型、宏观-微观耦合本构关系模型的特点及应用,特别是笔者提出的宏观-微观耦合本构关系模型反映了工艺参数和微观组织参数对半固态流变应力的影响.同时,笔者将新型宏观-微观耦合本构关系模型应用于Al-4Cu-Mg合金半固态反挤压过程的有限元数值模拟,获得了工艺参数对应力应变、温度、晶粒尺寸、液相体分数和挤压载荷等的影响规律,数值模拟结果与半固态实验结果基本一致.     

A coupling extended multiscale finite element method for dynamic analysis of heterogeneous saturated porous media

A coupling extended multiscale finite element method (CEMsFEM) is developed for the dynamic analysis of heterogeneous saturated porous media. The coupling numerical base functions are constructed by a unified method with an equivalent stiffness matrix. To improve the computational accuracy, an additional coupling term that could reflect the interaction of the deformations among different directions is introduced into the numerical base functions. In addition, a kind of multi‐node coarse element is adopted to describe the complex high‐order deformation on the boundary of the coarse element for the two‐dimensional dynamic problem. The coarse element tests show that the coupling numerical base functions could not only take account of the interaction of the solid skeleton and the pore fluid but also consider the effect of the inertial force in the dynamic problems. On the other hand, based on the static balance condition of the coarse element, an improved downscaling technique is proposed to directly obtain the satisfying microscopic solutions in the CEMsFEM. Both one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional numerical examples of the heterogeneous saturated porous media are carried out, and the results verify the validity and the efficiency of the CEMsFEM by comparing with the conventional finite element method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extended multiscale finite element method for elasto-plastic analysis of 2D periodic lattice truss materials

An extended multiscale finite element method is developed for small-deformation elasto-plastic analysis of periodic truss materials. The base functions constructed numerically are employed to establish the relationship between the macroscopic displacement and the microscopic stress and strain. The unbalanced nodal forces in the micro-scale of unit cells are treated as the combined effects of macroscopic equivalent forces and microscopic perturbed forces, in which macroscopic equivalent forces are used to solve the macroscopic displacement field and microscopic perturbed forces are used to obtain the stress and strain in the micro-scale to make sure the correctness of the results obtained by the downscale computation in the elastic-plastic problems. Numerical examples are carried out and the results verify the validity and efficiency of the developed method by comparing it with the conventional finite element method.     

A uniform multiscale method for 2D static and dynamic analyses of heterogeneous materials

A uniform extended multiscale finite element method is developed for solving the static and dynamic problems of heterogeneous materials in elasticity. To describe the complex deformation, a multinode two‐dimensional coarse element is proposed, and a new approach is elaborated to construct the displacement base functions of the coarse element. In addition, to improve the computational accuracy, the mode base functions are introduced to consider the effect of the inertial forces of the structure for dynamic problems. Furthermore, the orthogonality between the displacement and mode base functions is proved theoretically, which indicates that the proposed multiscale method can be used for the static and dynamic analyses uniformly. Numerical experiments show that the mode base functions almost do not work for the static problems, while they can improve the computational accuracy of the dynamic problems significantly. On the other hand, it is also found that the number of the macro nodes of the multinode coarse element has a great influence on the accuracy of the numerical results for both the static and dynamic analyses. Numerical examples also indicate that the uniform extended multiscale finite element method can obtain sufficiently accurate results with less computational cost compared with the standard FEM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new multiscale computational method for elasto-plastic analysis of heterogeneous materials

A new multiscale computational method is developed for the elasto-plastic analysis of heterogeneous continuum materials with both periodic and random microstructures. In the method, the multiscale base functions which can efficiently capture the small-scale features of elements are constructed numerically and employed to establish the relationship between the macroscopic and microscopic variables. Thus, the detailed microscopic stress fields within the elements can be obtained easily. For the construction of the numerical base functions, several different kinds of boundary conditions are introduced and their influences are investigated. In this context, a two-scale computational modeling with successive iteration scheme is proposed. The new method could be implemented conveniently and adopted to the general problems without scale separation and periodicity assumptions. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out and the results are compared with the direct FEM. It is shown that the method developed provides excellent precision of the nonlinear response for the heterogeneous materials. Moreover, the computational cost is reduced dramatically.     

Multiscale analysis of laminated plates with integrated piezoelectric fiber composite actuators

This study is concerned with the detailed analysis of fiber-reinforced composite plates with integrated piezoceramic fiber composite actuators. A multiscale framework based on the asymptotic expansion homogenization method is used to couple the microscale and macroscale field variables. The microscale fluctuations in the mechanical displacement and electric potential are related to the macroscale deformation and electric fields through 36 distinct characteristic functions. The local mechanical and charge equilibrium equations yield a system of partial differential equations for the characteristic functions that are solved using the finite element method. The homogenized electroelastic properties of a representative material element are computed using the characteristic functions and the material properties of the fiber and matrix. The three-dimensional macroscopic equilibrium equations for a laminated piezoelectric plate are solved analytically using the Eshelby-Stroh formalism. The formulation admits different boundary conditions at the edges and is applicable to thick and thin laminated plates. The microscale stresses and electric displacement in the fibers and matrix are computed from the macroscale fields through interscale transfer operators. The multiscale analysis procedure is illustrated using two model problems. In the first model problem, a simply-supported sandwich plate consisting of a piezoceramic fiber composite shear actuator embedded between two graphite/polymer layers is studied. The second model problem concerns a cantilever graphite/polymer substrate with segmented piezoceramic fiber composite extension actuators attached to its top and bottom surfaces. Results are presented for the homogenized material properties, macroscale deformation, macroscale average stresses and microscale stress distributions.     

夹芯梁结构有效性能的多尺度变分渐近模型

为有效分析夹芯梁结构性能,基于变分渐近法建立多尺度变分渐近模型。首先基于旋转张量分解概念建立三维夹芯梁几何非线性的能量方程;利用梁结构细长和非均质较小的特征,将三维夹芯梁结构各向异性、非均质问题严格分解为宏观层面的梁轴线的一维非线性分析和细观层面的单胞本构分析。基于最小势能原理,通过对单胞应变能泛函变分主导项最小化得到有效属性和波动函数解,代入梁的一维模型进行全局非线性响应分析。利用得到的全局响应、波动函数解重构局部场。由于变分特性,构建多尺度模型可以很容易通过有限元数值实现。通过三类夹芯梁结构算例表明:构建模型得到的全局位移和局部应力场与三维有限元具有很好的一致性,但计算成本和建模工作量明显减少,为结构设计人员在初始设计阶段对夹芯梁结构性能评估提供了一种简洁的途径。      

An adaptive MsFEM for nonperiodic viscoelastic composites

We present a modification of the multiscale finite element method (MsFEM) for modeling of heterogeneous viscoelastic materials and an enhancement of this method by the adaptive generation of both meshes, ie, a macroscale coarse one and a microscale fine one. The fine mesh refinements are performed independently within coarse elements adjusting the microscale discretization to the microstructure, whereas the coarse mesh adaptation optimizes the macroscale approximation. Besides the coupling of the hp‐adaptive finite element method with the MsFEM we propose a modification of the MsFEM to accommodate for the analysis of transient nonlinear problems. We illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the new approach for a number of benchmark examples, including the modeling of functionally graded material, and demonstrate the potential of our improvement for upscaling nonperiodic and nonlinear composites.     

On enrichment functions in the extended finite element method

This paper presents mathematical derivation of enrichment functions in the extended finite element method for numerical modeling of strong and weak discontinuities. The proposed approach consists in combining the level set method with characteristic functions as well as domain decomposition and reproduction technique. We start with the simple case of a triangular linear element cut by one interface across which displacement field suffers a jump. The main steps towards the derivation of enrichment functions are as follows: (1) extension of the subfields separated by the interface to the whole element domain and definition of complementary nodal variables; (2) construction of characteristic functions for describing the geometry and physical field; (3) determination of the sets of basic nodal variables; (4) domain decompositions according to Step 3 and then reproduction of the physical field in terms of characteristic functions and nodal variables; and (5) comparison of the piecewise interpolations formulated at Steps 3 and 4 with the standard extended finite element method form, which yields enrichment functions. In this process, the physical meanings of both the basic and complementary nodal variables are clarified, which helps to impose Dirichlet boundary conditions. Enrichment functions for weak discontinuities are constructed from deeper insights into the structure of the functions for strong discontinuities. Relationships between the two classes of functions are naturally established. Improvements upon basic enrichment functions for weak discontinuities are performed so as to achieve satisfactory convergence and accuracy. From numerical viewpoints, a simple and efficient treatment on the issue of blending elements is also proposed with implementation details. For validation purposes, applications of the derived functions to heterogeneous problems with imperfect interfaces are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiscale Optimization of 3D-Printed Beam-Based Lattice Structures through Elastically Tailored Unit Cells

Herein, a numerical multiscale tool is developed to design 3D periodic lattice structures. The work is motivated by the high design freedom of additive manufacturing technologies, which enable complex multiscale lattice structures to be printed. A finite-element-based free-material optimization method is used to determine the ideal orthotropic material properties of a 3D macrostructure space. Subsequently, a population-based algorithm is established to design optimized microscopic lattice unit cells with the desired structural properties. The design variables are the coordinates of lattice skeleton nodes defined within the 3D lattice unit cell space, and the connectivities between them resulting in a truss skeleton. For the calculation of the mechanical properties of the individual lattice cells, an effective Timoshenko beam-based finite element calculation method is developed. The macroscale structure can be constructed by periodically filling the domain with the customized unit cell representing a metamaterial. The method is demonstrated by 3D beam problems with compliance constraints. These macroscopic demonstrators of the developed lattice structures were also 3D-printed. The benefit regarding the weight-specific structural performance is validated through benchmarking with periodic lattice design solutions using well-known standard lattice cells.