国产管线钢的环境开裂性能研究

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了国产X70管线钢在近中性pH和高pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在高pH溶液和近中性pH溶液中的阳极极化曲线表现出明显的差异:在高pH溶液中有明显的活化-钝化转变而在近中性pH溶液中则无;在近中性pH溶液中,X70管线钢的开裂模式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,氢致破裂占主导;随温度的下降以及溶液中CO2含量的增加,溶液pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加.在高pH溶液中,在阴极极化时,X70钢表现出与在近中性pH溶液中类似的破裂行为和特征,即SCC敏感性随电位降低而增大,裂纹数目少而大,裂纹易扩展;但在阳极极化时,裂纹数目多而小,易萌生但难扩展.在2种溶液中阳极极化时,均存在SCC敏感电位区.     

外加电位条件下X100/X80管线钢的应力腐蚀行为研究

以X100、X80管线钢为研究对象，通过在外加电位条件下的慢应变拉伸速率试验(SSRT),获取管线钢材料在空气中和不同外加电位下的慢拉伸应力腐蚀的应力-应变曲线，分析其应力腐蚀敏感性可知：外加电位对X100和X80管线钢在3.5%NaCl中性溶液中的SCC敏感性和腐蚀开裂机理有显著影响。相同应力腐蚀条件下，X100管线钢的SCC敏感性相对于X80管线钢更低。结合断口微观形貌和极化曲线快、慢扫测试分析X100/X80耐腐蚀性能的特征和差异，可以得出X100和X80管线钢材料在不同外加电位条件下的应力腐蚀机理类型：当外加电位高于-395 mV时，金属处于活化溶解状态；当外加电位置于-395～-462 mV(X80钢)或-395～-504 mV(X100钢)时，机理为膜破裂-阳极溶解(AD)和氢致开裂(HIC)型；如果外加电位进一步降低，机理表现为氢致开裂型。     

外加电位对X80钢在玉门土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸实验研究X80钢在土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性。以玉门地区的碱性土壤为基础,分析不同电位对应力腐蚀的影响。用扫描电镜对断口及二次裂纹形貌进行观察。结果表明:阳极电位下X80钢应力腐蚀敏感性不高。高阳极电位下,阳极溶解在一定程度上抑制了应力腐蚀。阳极电位较弱以及开路电位下,阳极溶解较弱,裂尖和其他表面存在溶解性差异,这些因素有利于裂纹扩展。但是较慢的溶解速率以及相对高的应变速率使得裂纹没有足够时间发生有效扩展,应力腐蚀敏感性仍然较低。当外加阴极电位时,裂尖发生阳极溶解而其他位置受到阴极反应抑制,应力腐蚀敏感性增加。随着阴极电位降低,不断增加的氢影响裂纹萌生和扩展,应力腐蚀敏感性随外加电位的降低而增大。     

X70钢在鹰潭酸性土壤中的应力腐蚀行为

在不同的阴极保护电位下,采用慢应变速率拉伸试验（SSRT）和电化学方法研究X70钢在水饱和鹰潭土壤中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,为酸性土壤地区的X70钢管线的腐蚀防护提供基础参考数据。结果表明,X70钢在实验所用的酸性土壤环境中能够发生穿晶应力腐蚀裂纹（TGSCC）;SCC萌生与外加保护电位有关,外加电位较高、X70钢完全受阳极过程控制时的SCC敏感性较低;外加电位较低、X70钢受阴阳极混合电极过程控制或完全受阴极过程控制时均能发生SCC,且其敏感性随外加电位的降低而增加,且完全受阴极过程控制时的SCC敏感性大大高于其它情况。     

应力作用下X80钢焊接接头在近中性pH值溶液中的电化学行为研究

管线钢近中性p H值环境应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是管线失效的一种重要形式,但其发生机理仍不清楚,现场实际发现其易发生在焊缝附近。采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了外加拉应力对X80钢焊接接头在近中性p H值溶液中电化学行为的影响。结果表明:应力使X80钢母材和焊缝的腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀电流密度增大,应力促进了母材和焊缝的阳极溶解和阴极反应;在弹性变形区间,外加应力没有破坏腐蚀产物膜的完整性,腐蚀产物膜电阻几乎不变,应力使腐蚀产物膜孔隙结构变大,促进侵蚀性离子向电极表面扩散,母材和焊缝的电荷转移电阻明显减小;由于组织结构的原因,焊缝的应力影响系数比母材的大,X80钢焊缝比母材有更强的应力敏感性。     

高钢级管线钢外部应力腐蚀开裂风险因素研究

目前涉及到3个及以上风险因素的管线钢应力腐蚀研究还较少。为此,通过混合水平的正交试验法,采用慢拉伸试验研究了钢级、保护电位、温度、土壤环境等各敏感因素对高钢级管线钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响权重,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了-1 500 m V(vs CSE)保护电位下高钢级管线钢在近中性和高pH值模拟土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀行为。研究结果表明:管线钢外部应力腐蚀开裂风险在设置的试验水平因素中,保护电位对应力腐蚀指数ISSRT影响的权重最大,随后依次是温度、钢级及土壤环境;保护电位-1 500 m V下,X70、X80管线钢在近中性和高p H值模拟土壤溶液中均具有较强的应力腐蚀敏感性,其SCC机制均为氢脆(HE)机制。     

富锌涂层、阴极极化对管线钢应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

为加强对油气管线钢腐蚀失效机理的认识,采用动态慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),研究了弱酸性环境中富锌涂层与阴极保护对16Mn和X80 2种不同强度级别管线钢应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性的影响,探讨了2种管线钢的SCC机理.结果表明:在5%NaCl 0.5%CH3 COOH 酸性溶液中,16Mn钢的SCC机理以阳极溶解为主,富锌涂层和阴极保护均能有效提高16Mn钢的SCC抗力,前者效果优于后者;X80钢的SCC机理以氢脆为主,富锌涂层和阴极极化均促进其SCC过程,但富锌涂层提高X80钢SCC敏感性的程度低于与涂层自腐蚀电位相近的阴极极化作用.     

激光冲击对X70焊接接头慢拉伸电化学腐蚀的影响

为了改善X70管线钢焊接接头慢拉伸电化学腐蚀性能,用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊接接头表面进行强化处理.采用慢应变速率拉伸法分析了X70管线钢焊接接头,在不同H2S浓度的NACE溶液(0.5%HAC+5%NaCl)中电化学腐蚀行为,测试了激光冲击处理前后X70管线钢焊接接头腐蚀电位,讨论了激光冲击处理对X70管线钢焊接接头腐蚀电位和断口形貌的影响.实验结果表明,激光冲击处理改善了X70管线钢焊接接头腐蚀性能,其SCC敏感性指数Iscc降低了6%.经激光冲击处理后试样自然腐蚀电位正移,极化电阻逐渐增大,其耐蚀性比原始状态有所提高.     

X80管线钢在近中性环境中阴极保护下的应力腐蚀敏感性

目前,对管线钢在外加电位下的应力腐蚀开裂的研究尚不全面.应用慢应变速率拉伸、扫描电镜(SEM)观察和动电位极化测试方法,研究了在近中性模拟土壤溶液(NS4)中,不同阴极保护电位下X80管线钢的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为.结果表明:X80管线钢的SCC行为与阴极保护电位密切相关;在-850,-1000,-1 200 mV(相对饱和硫酸铜电极)3个保护电位下,阴极过程析氢反应起主要作用,随着阴极保护电位的负移,X80管线钢的脆性逐渐增大;在-1 200 mV条件下SCC敏感性系数最高,形变硬化指数最低,SCC现象最为严重.     

0.8设计系数用X80管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)实验研究了X80管线钢及其焊缝在近中性的NS4溶液中的应力腐蚀行为与敏感性。结果表明:X80管线钢及其焊缝主要是塑性损失,且焊缝塑性损失大于母材;X80管线钢及其焊缝在空气中属于典型的韧性断裂特征,在NS4溶液中属于穿晶应力腐蚀开裂(TGSCC),在NS4溶液中母材和焊缝断口中间区域比断口边缘区域表现出更明显的脆性断裂特征。电位在大于-749.86mV时,SCC机制为阳极溶解机制,在-749.86~-839.19mV之间时为阳极溶解和氢脆混合机制,小于-839.19mV时为氢脆机制。     

SCC Behaviour of X-70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solutions

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was studied via slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The results showed that the cracking mode of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was transgranular at different temperatures and applied potentials with the feature of quasi-cleavage. The pH value of the solution decreased with increasing the addition of CO2, which increased the susceptibility to SCC. SCC susceptibility increased as the applied potential moved towards the cathodic direction, suggesting that hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) dominated the cracking process at cathodic potentials. The slight decrease of pH values with decreasing temperature of the solution increased the susceptibility to SCC, which attributed to the change of solubility of CO2 in the solution at different temperatures. The propagating directions of SCC cracks were different at different potentials. At rather negative cathodic potentials, the cracks were almost perpendi     

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels

This paper provides a review of the differences between high pH and near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steels,influencing factors,and mechanisms.The characteristics and historical information on both forms of SCC are discussed.The prospect for research in the future is also presented.     

Effect of Cyclic Loading on Cracking Behaviour of X-70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solutions

The cracking behaviour of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was studied under different modes of cyclic loading. The crack propagation process of X-70 pipeline steel under low frequency cyclic loading condition was controlled mainly by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism. Under mixed-mode cyclic loading, both higher tensile stress and shear stress made cracks easier to propagate. Applied cathodic potentials and high content of carbon dioxide in solutions also promoted the propagation of cracks. The propagation directions of cracks were different under different cyclic loading conditions. Under mode I (pure tensile stress) cyclic loading condition, cracks were straight and perpendicular to the tensile stress axis, while under mixed-mode I/Ill (tensile/shear stress) cyclic loading, cracks were sinuous and did not propagate in the direction perpendicular to the main tensile stress axis. Under the mixed-mode cyclic loading, cracks were much easier to propagate, suggesting that shear stress intensified the role of tensile stress. In addition, shear stress promoted the interaction between cracks, resulting in easier coalescence of cracks.     

Application of electrochemical techniques in investigation of the role of hydrogen in near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines

It has been acknowledged that hydrogen plays a critical role in near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipelines. However, the accurate mechanism for hydrogen involvement remains unknown. This work reviewed the applications of various electrochemical techniques towards understanding near-neutral pH SCC. The techniques reviewed include electrochemical hydrogen permeation, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical noise and scanning photo-electrochemical microscopy. The manner by which these techniques allow for the investigation of the hydrogen evolution mechanism, adsorption/desorption and permeation kinetics and hydrogen diffusion and accumulation in steel as well as the interactions between hydrogen, anodic dissolution and stress at crack tip in near-neutral pH environmental condition is described. It is anticipated that the advanced electrochemical measurement techniques provide essential tools to investigate the mechanistic aspects on hydrogen involvement in near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking in pipelines.     

Hydrogen in stress corrosion cracking of X-70 pipeline steels in near-neutral pH solutions

The effect of hydrogen on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for X-70A and X-70B pipeline steels in near-neutral pH environments was studied by monotonic tensile tests on slow strain rate tests (SSRT) machine and cyclic tests on SSRT machine and fatigue machine. The results showed that SCC intensity increased at high cathodic protection potential. Hydrogen charged at high pressure enhanced SCC sensitivity. Cyclic tests under elastic strain condition could not take the specimens to fracture and the hydrogen content was very low. However, when the load was raised to produce plastic deformation, the specimens failed within limited time and there was brittle fracture appeared on the fracture surface. Moreover, the hydrogen content was higher than that under elastic strain condition. The SCC mechanism of X-70A and X-70B pipeline steels in near-neutral pH environments was related to hydrogen accumulation induced by plastic strain.     

Stress corrosion cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel in H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S–CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> environment

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in H₂S–CO₂ environment was investigated by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate test (SSRT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization. Results demonstrated that the passive current density of steel increases with the decrease of solution pH and the presence of CO₂. When solutions pH was 2.7, the steel SCC in the absence and presence of CO₂ is expected to be a hydrogen-based process, i.e., hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) dominates the SCC of the steel. The presence of CO₂ in solution does not affect the fracture mechanism. However, the SCC susceptibility is enhanced when the solution is saturated simultaneously with H₂S and CO₂. With elevation of solution pH to 4.5, the hydrogen evolution is inhibited, and dissolution is involved in cracking process. Even in the presence of CO₂, the additional cathodic reduction of H₂CO₃ would enhance the anodic reaction rate. Therefore, in addition to the hydrogen effect, anodic dissolution plays an important role in SCC of duplex stainless steel at solution pH of 4.5.     

Effect of hydrogen on stress corrosion cracking of copper

The effects of hydrogen on electrochemical behavior and susceptibility of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pure copper were studied. SCC susceptibility of pure copper in a 1 M NaNO₂ solution was increased by pre-charged hydrogen. The effect of hydrogen on the susceptibility is more obvious in the low stress region due to the longer fracture time, which resulted in a longer time for more hydrogen to diffuse toward the crack tip. Synergistic effects of hydrogen and stress on corrosion and SCC processes were discussed. The results showed that an interaction between stress and hydrogen at the crack tip could increase the anodic dissolution rate remarkably.     

铈离子对高强铝合金应力腐蚀开裂的缓蚀作用

基于慢应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT),采用恒电流极化、电化学噪声(ECN)与电化学阻抗(EIS)等方法,研究7A04铝合金在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl水溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为以及Ce~(3+)对其SCC的缓蚀作用,探讨Ce~(3+)对裂纹孕育与发展过程的抑制机理。结果表明:无论是阳极还是阴极极化,均会促进7A04的SCC倾向,前者增加了裂尖的阳极溶解,后者则加速了裂尖的氢脆效应。Ce~(3+)的加入能延缓7A04的SCC断裂时间,但其有效性仅限于裂纹的萌生阶段。由于Ce~(3+)能够抑制铝合金表面的亚稳态点蚀发育和长大,因而使裂纹的孕育时间显著延长,降低了SCC的敏感性。不过一旦裂纹进入扩展阶段或者试样表面有预裂纹,则由于Ce~(3+)很难迁移到裂纹尖端或在裂尖区难以成膜,不能对裂纹的生长起到有效抑制作用,因而无法降低7A04的SCC发展速率。SEM分析表明7A04铝合金光滑试样SCC主要源于亚稳态或稳态点蚀的诱导作用。     

敏化处理对Z3CN20-09M不锈钢高温水应力腐蚀的影响

为了研究敏化处理对Z3CN20-09M不锈钢高温水应力腐蚀行为的影响,使用敏化处理的Z3CN20-09M不锈钢制成U弯试样,并置于250、290及320℃的高温水中进行应力腐蚀开裂实验,采用扫描电镜观察了高温水实验后试样的氧化膜厚度以及应力腐蚀裂纹的萌生及扩展行为.结果表明:敏化处理增加了氧化膜的厚度,降低了耐蚀能力,使SCC敏感性增大;温度较高时,敏化处理的影响较大;铁素体相容易被侵蚀,大多数点蚀坑产生于铁素体中;SCC裂纹优先在点蚀坑底部和奥氏体/铁素体相界位置处形成;相界面对SCC裂纹的影响取决于SCC裂纹相对于相界面的取向,SCC裂纹扩展方向平行于相界面时裂纹易沿着相界扩展,SCC裂纹扩展垂直于相界面方向时相界面对裂纹扩展起阻碍作用.     

Thermodynamically modeling the interactions of hydrogen,stress and anodic dissolution at crack-tip during near-neutral pH SCC in pipelines

A thermodynamic model was developed to clarify the interactions of hydrogen, stress and anodic dissolution at crack-tip during near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking in pipelines by comprehensively considering the electrochemical reactions occurring in the pipeline steel in deoxygenated, near-neutral pH solution. By analyzing the change of the free-energy of steel due to the presence of hydrogen and stress, it is demonstrated that a synergism of hydrogen and stress promotes the cracking of steel. The enhanced hydrogen concentration in the stressed steel significantly accelerates the crack growth. An exact expression of the hydrogen concentration factor, i.e., the dependence of anodic dissolution rate of steel at crack-tip on the hydrogen concentration, is essential at the quantitative prediction of the crack growth rate.