Millimeter-wave center of curvature test for a fast paraboloid

We describe a technique for measuring the surface profile of a radio telescope with a fast paraboloidal primary. The technique uses a sensor, at the center of curvature of the primary, consisting of a millimeter-wave source and an array of receivers to measure the field in the caustic. The sensor is mounted on the telescope enclosure and it moves with the telescope, so the measurements can be used for continuous, slow, closed-loop control of the surface. Sensor decenter and despace errors, due to wind buffeting and thermal deformation of the sensor support, do not compromise the surface measurements because they result in profile errors that are mainly translation, which has no effect on astronomical observations, or tilt and defocus, which can be measured using astronomical sources. If the position of the sensor is known to 20 μm rms, the surface can be measured to ~1 μm rms at λ=3 mm.     

斜风作用下大跨度斜拉桥双悬臂状态抖振性能

通过气弹模型风洞试验对斜风作用下湛江海湾大桥施工阶段最长双悬臂状态的抖振性能进行了研究,结果显示:对于大跨度斜拉桥梁抖振响应法向风不一定是最不利的情况;抖振响应随风偏角呈非单调变化,最大值可能在0°~15°风偏角范围内发生;抖振响应随风速的增加近似地按两次曲线增加,并且基本固有模态对抖振响应的贡献占到了主要成份;最长双悬臂状态塔顶纵向抖振响应显著地大于裸塔塔顶纵向抖振响应,而两者随风偏角的变化形态也互不相同。试验和分析结果的比较表明,只要解决好诸如气动导纳等气动参数的取值问题,可以对大跨度桥梁抖振响应作出合理的理论预测。     

考虑桥塔风场效应的斜拉桥抖振时域分析

与以往的抖振时域分析中仅模拟主梁风场不同,本文则同时模拟了主梁风场和桥塔风场,探讨了桥塔风场效应对主梁及桥塔抖振响应的影响,计算中采用了风洞中实测的紊流风速谱。空间相关性是影响桥梁抖振响应的一个重要因素,在杭州湾跨海大桥风洞试验中,对风洞空间相关性进行了测量研究,并在风场模拟时将衰减因子取为实测值。数值计算结果与风洞试验结果进行了对比,吻合较好,分析比较还表明:考虑桥塔抖振效应会显著增大桥塔的横桥向抖振响应,而对桥塔的顺桥向振动以及主梁振动影响不大。     

薄膜结构随机风场模拟和耦合风振响应分析

发展了一种以脉动风速曲线的人工模拟为基础的非线性随机振动的时域分析方法。应用自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型对大跨度薄膜结构随机风场进行了数值仿真;采用Wilson-θ逐步积分法和Newton-Raphson迭代法推导了薄膜结构在抖振力作用下的非线性动力增量平衡方程,可考虑风与结构物的耦合作用,进一步求出结构的时程响应曲线和统计特性;对参数变化对结构抖振响应的影响进行了分析,从而分析索膜结构的抖振响应特性。     

考虑多分量气动导纳的抖振响应敏感性

对于类流线型箱梁桥梁断面,采用抖振频域分析方法和气动弹性节段模型测振风洞试验,初步验证了互谱法识别的多分量气动导纳函数结果的正确性和工程适用性。结合可靠度理论敏感性算法,系统评价了来流风速参数、模型参数、静风力系数、导纳函数和颤振导数等对于二维节段模型抖振响应的贡献率分布关系,更正了工程应用中采用单一分量导纳函数假定带来的对抖振气动力表达式认识上偏差。     

基于节段模型测振试验的大跨度桥梁抖振响应预测

传统大跨度桥梁抖振响应计算是基于颤抖振理论,并借助节段模型测压或测力试验进行,目前鲜有通过节段模型测振试验实现桥梁抖振响应预测的报道。基于抖振分析理论推导了考虑三维效应的两波数抖振力,并根据综合传递函数的概念提出了基于节段模型测振试验的大跨度桥梁抖振响应预测方法。以某流线型箱梁悬索桥为例,通过节段模型及全桥气弹模型试验研究了该预测方法的精度及可行性。结果表明:结构展宽比对综合传递函数识别精度存在影响,展宽比越大,识别精度越高。即使在湍流积分尺度并未远大于结构宽度的前提下,增大模型展宽比可有效减弱三维效应的影响。基于节段模型测振试验识别综合传递函数的方法可用于大跨度桥梁抖振响应的预测,该方法预测结果偏于保守。     

Effect and suppression of secondary fringes in FATWindII

By considering the instrument as a complex operator on the incident electric field, a model to calculate secondary fringes of the Field-widened, Achromatic, Temperature-compensated Wind Imaging Interferometer (FATWindII) has been built. The distribution of secondary fringes on a charge coupled device detector has been plotted. The effects of secondary fringes on inversion errors of temperature and wind velocity have been presented. The results show that antireflection coating on the air/glass interface cannot meet the accuracy requirement of FATWindII. A theoretical method for calculating the optimal wedge angles of compensating glasses is derived to suppress the secondary fringes while preserving the primary ones. By adopting both methods, coating with antireflection film and shaping wedge compensating glasses, the relative intensity of secondary fringes is reduced to below 2.5% and the inversion errors of temperature and wind velocity introduced by the effects of secondary fringes can be minimized to about 0.05 K and 0.045 ms(-1), respectively.     

考虑桥塔风效应的多塔斜拉桥抖振响应分析

该文以6塔斜拉桥——嘉绍大桥为研究对象,基于ANSYS瞬态动力学分析功能进行了嘉绍大桥风致抖振响应的非线性时域分析,研究了多塔斜拉桥主梁和桥塔在强风作用下的抖振响应特性,并详细考察了自激力和桥塔风效应对主梁和桥塔抖振响应的影响。分析结果表明:1) 主梁与桥塔的风致抖振响应与结构的振动特性联系紧密,其抖振响应由于主梁与桥塔的动力耦合作用呈现出一定的独特性;2) 考虑自激力后主梁竖向抖振响应明显减小,而对主梁横桥向和扭转抖振响应影响相对较小。同时,自激力对桥塔的横桥向抖振响应基本没有影响,但对桥塔的顺桥向抖振响应起到了明显的抑制作用;3) 桥塔风效应对主梁的竖向和扭转抖振响应以及桥塔的顺桥向抖振响应基本没有影响,但会对主梁和桥塔的横桥向抖振响应产生较大影响。     

Wind loads on ground-based telescopes

One of the factors that can influence the performance of large optical telescopes is the vibration of the telescope structure due to unsteady wind inside the telescope enclosure. Estimating the resulting degradation in image quality has been difficult because of the relatively poor understanding of the flow characteristics. Significant progress has recently been made, informed by measurements in existing observatories, wind-tunnel tests, and computational fluid dynamic analyses. We combine the information from these sources to summarize the relevant wind characteristics and enable a model of the dynamic wind loads on a telescope structure within an enclosure. The amplitude, temporal spectrum, and spatial distribution of wind disturbances are defined as a function of relevant design parameters, providing a significant improvement in our understanding of an important design issue.     

Location of the elevation axis in a large optical telescope

Proposed designs for the next generation of large optical telescopes favor a tripod or quadrupod secondary support, and a primary supported from the back, but it is not yet clear whether the elevation axis should be in front of the primary or behind it. A study is described of the effect of elevation-axis location on key performance parameters (fundamental frequency, blockage, and wind-induced secondary decenter) for a 30-m Cassegrain telescope with amount configuration that is typical of the new designs. For a fast (e.g., f/1) primary, the best location for the elevation axis is behind the primary. The penalty for moving the elevation axis in front of the primary is roughly a 40% decrease in fundamental frequency and a corresponding reduction in the control bandwidth for pointing and optical alignment.     

汽车风振噪声的CFD仿真研究现状

对近二十年来汽车风振噪声的CFD仿真研究作了一个总结.阐述风振噪声的危害和产生机理;着重介绍风振噪声的CFD仿真研究及取得的成果,在此基础上归纳出仿真的四个步骤;随后谈到风振噪声的抑止和控制,列举五种较为成功的降噪方法;最后本文对未来的研究工作进行展望.     

扰流激励下垂尾抖振响应主模态控制风洞试验研究

摘 要：采用压电结构的热弹比拟建模方法,进行了垂尾模型一弯模态和一扭模态响应的压电主动控制仿真。设计制作了一个垂尾气动弹性抖振模型以及两种形式的气流干扰源,用于在风洞中进行垂尾抖振实验及产生扰流对垂尾模型实施抖振激励。采用自主研发的弓形压电作动器,根据垂尾抖振响应控制的主模态控制思想,设计了垂尾模型抖振压电主动控制系统,进行了垂尾模型抖振响应压电主动控制风洞实验。结果表明,采用抖振主模态响应控制思想设计的垂尾抖振压电主动控制系统,可使垂尾模型抖振响应功率谱密度函数峰值降低50%以上。     

Alignment algorithm for three-mirror anastigmatic telescopes based on nodal aberration theory

For most of the alignment algorithms, alignment errors and figure errors cannot be separated due to the coupling effect among optical elements. We present an alignment algorithm for TMA telescopes on the framework of nodal aberration theory (NAT). Based on NAT, we firstly determine the axial misalignments of secondary (SM) and tertiary (TM) mirrors. Then we decouple the lateral misalignments and angular misalignments of SM and TM. Finally, we decouple the figure errors of primary mirror (PM) from the alignment errors of SM and TM. To validate the algorithm, a TMA telescope is designed for simulation. In the simulation, modulation transfer function (MTF) is chosen to evaluate the telescope before and after correction. It is found that the algorithm presented in this paper maintains high precision. In the end, a Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to further demonstrate the accuracy of the presented alignment algorithm even in poor conditions.     

Cryogenic optical performance of the ASTRO-F SiC telescope

The lightweight cryogenic telescope on board the Japanese infrared astronomical satellite, ASTRO-F, which is scheduled to be launched early in 2006, forms an F/6 Ritchey-Chretien system with a primary mirror of 710 mm in diameter. The mirrors of the ASTRO-F telescope are made of sandwich-type silicon carbide (SiC) material, comprising a porous core and a chemical-vapor-deposited coat of SiC on the surface. To estimate the optical performance of the flight model telescope, the telescope assembly was tested at cryogenic temperatures, the total wavefront errors of which were measured by an interferometer from outside a liquid-helium chamber. As a result, the wavefront error obtained at 9 K shows that the imaging performance of the ASTRO-F telescope is diffraction limited at a wavelength of 6.2 microm, which is a little worse than our original goal of diffraction-limited performance at 5.0 microm.     

Hexapod control for an active secondary mirror: general concept and test results

Active control of the secondary mirror, mainly for correction of the decentering coma, is an essential tool for an active-optics telescope. The Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo is equipped with a secondary mirror supported by an hexapod mechanical structure, providing a positioning control with six degrees of freedom. The hexapod system has been built and tested to characterize its performance. The results show that the errors in the positioning of the secondary mirror lead to an aberration image well below the diffraction figure of the telescope.     

大跨刚构桥梁气动弹性试验及分析

对位于台风袭击地区的大跨预应力混凝土薄壁柔性墩刚架桥,其最大双悬臂状态为在整个施工过程中最不利抗风状态。本文以一座位于强台风地区的实桥为例,通过对此类桥梁的成桥和施工状态的动力特性的特点、全桥气动弹性模型的设计方法、紊流风场的模拟和风洞试验的介绍,讨论了这种变截面结构桥梁的气动弹性问题,在准定常假定的基础上,给出了此类桥梁的驰振稳定性判别准则和频率域中的抖振分析方法,并同试验结果进行了比较     

某大跨悬索桥风振响应的现场实测与理论对比分析

结合东海某大跨悬索桥的健康监测系统,同步实测了桥面处的风速以及加劲梁和吊索的风振加速度响应,采用统计方法及频谱分析对结构响应的长期实测数据进行了分析,探讨了结构构件风振响应的实际特性;同时将强风作用下加劲梁响应的实测值与抖振分析的理论结果进行了对比研究。结果表明,加劲梁的RMS响应与垂直桥面平均风速基本呈线性关系,加劲梁的响应以低频为主,其动力特性随风速的增大变化不大;吊索的振动主要是高频的涡激振动,同时迎风侧的吊索响应要明显高于背风侧吊索响应;由于大跨度悬索桥抖振响应计算和实测过程受大量复杂和不确定因素的影响,理论分析结果要明显大于实测值。     

既有桥梁对相邻车-桥系统气动力的影响分析

为了研究既有桥梁对相邻车-桥系统气动力的影响,通过节段模型风洞试验,测试了考虑、不考虑既有桥梁干扰工况下相邻车-桥系统的气动力系数,数值模拟了作用在车-桥系统上的抖振力时程,并计算了抖振力极值。结果表明:既有桥梁对相邻车-桥系统气动力的影响显著,导致部分工况下列车、桥梁的气动力显著增大,结构设计中应充分考虑邻近桥梁的气动影响;车-桥系统中列车的气动力受既有桥梁的影响更大;受既有桥梁影响,不同工况下,列车横向力系数最大增幅、减幅分别为39.3%和-143.1%,列车升力系数最大增幅、减幅分别为52%和-68.2%;不同工况下桥梁阻力系数均减小,且最大减幅为-22.4%;迎风侧列车抖振横向力、抖振升力幅值均显著增大,背风侧列车抖振力幅值变化相对较小;桥梁抖振力阻力幅值减小,抖振升力和抖振升力矩幅值略有增大;列车抖振横向力、抖振升力的极值增幅分别为35%和67%;桥梁抖振阻力的极值减幅为-22.9%,抖振升力、抖振升力矩的极值增幅分别为48.5%和37.5%。     

基于气动新模型的大跨度桥梁频域抖振分析

提出采用准定常气动刚度与基于试验的非定常气动阻尼进行气动修正的大跨度桥梁抖振计算新模型。桥梁节段模型风洞试验表明,气动新模型能相对更准确地描述桥梁结构的气动刚度与气动阻尼特性。以东海大桥的风致抖振响应为例,对气动新模型与传统Scanlan颤抖振模型的分析结果进行了对比研究。计算结果与风洞试验表明,气动新模型具有良好的计算精度与明确的物理意义。     

三塔斜拉桥抖振的耦合行为研究

三塔斜拉桥较为柔性,振动模态较为密集,对风更为敏感。以京沪高速铁路南京长江大桥为工程背景,基于多模态耦合振动分析理论,对三塔斜拉桥抖振的耦合性能进行了研究。分别采用多模态耦合抖振分析方法和非耦合的单模态SRSS(Square Root of Sum of Squares)方法对结构在设计风速下的抖振响应进行了分析,将两种分析方法所得抖振响应的均方根及功率谱密度函数进行比较。为明确模态间的耦合关系,进一步分析了结构抖振响应随参与分析模态数的变化情况。分析结果表明:三塔斜拉桥抖振响应存在明显的多模态耦合效应,模态间的耦合作用将增大结构的抖振响应。对于大跨度桥梁的精细化分析,抖振的耦合行为不容忽视。