超声造影剂的非线性参量研究

近年来对超声造影剂的研究兴趣日趋增加是由于它有可能改进超声临床诊断的效果，含有微气泡的液体可用和有效的超声造影剂，液体中气泡的存在提高液体的非线性参量值，本文用检测二次谐波的方法实验上测定了５种超声造影剂的非线性参量，四种含气泡的液体（声振后）和半乳糖Ｅｃｈｏｖｉｓｔ３００。结果表明，含有微气泡的液体具有非常大的非线性参量值，对这种高非线性值的现象文中进行了可能的解释和讨论。     

超声造影剂Optison的次谐波激励及阈值研究

1.引言: 超声造影剂大多是含包膜微气泡的液体,如Albunex,Optison,Levovist等.由于包膜微气泡可有效地增强散射回波强度,从而提高超声图像的对比度,因而超声造影剂在微血管血流显示、心脏灌注成像等得以广泛应用.近年来,超声造影剂的非线性特性受到广泛关注,包膜微气泡在超声作用下可产生非线性振动,激发二次谐波、次谐波和超谐波等.基于二次谐波及次谐波的超声非线性成像有重要的应用前景.     

超声造影剂SDA的巨非线性参量

1　引　言近年来 ,含微气泡液体的非线性声学特性引起了人们极大的兴趣。液体中的空气泡是很好的声散射体 ,能产生强的超声散射信号。液体中气泡的非线性振动 ,尤其是在它们的共振频率附近的非线性振动 ,使得它们的存在能够增强液体的声学非线性效应。因此 ,研究含有微气泡的液体的非线性声学特性是非线性声学领域也是它的应用领域的一个重要课题。例如 ,利用含微气泡液体的非线性声特性是水声学中用来增强声参量阵效率的一个有效方法。媒质的非线性声特性可以用非线性声参量 B/A来描述。到目前为止的所有文献上 ,液体、生物流体和组织的非…     

液体中包膜气泡的非线性振动特性

1引言 液体中气泡振动学是一个具有理论及实用意义的课题,以往已有很多研究,并取得了相当的进展[1-4].一般自由气泡在液体中容易溶解,而如在气泡外附加一粘弹材料表面层则可使气泡在液体中的稳定性大大提高.因此包膜气泡更具有实用价值,已作为超声造影剂获得重要应用.包膜气泡的应用研究已涉及气泡的线性散射,非线性二次谐波成像.近年来更出现次谐波成像的研究,Church推导了包膜气泡模型并给出了弱非线性情况下的逐级近似解[5].但是至今尚无用动力学方法分析包膜气泡非线性特性的相关工作.     

超声造影剂的强非线性声学特性

含气泡的水具有非常强的非线性声学特性。而超声造影剂则能在流体介质比如血液中产生大量的悬浮气泡。这种气泡在时域是非稳态的。它在强的超声波的驱动下会产生振动，当驱动的频率和强度适当时，会形成共振，从而表现出非常强的非线性。这种自由气泡的共振又会产生声波，从而使声场表现为非线性。本文从理论上分析了这种介质的非线性声学特性，并将超声造影剂注入水中，使其产生相当数量的悬浮自由气泡，以造成这样一种含气泡的流体介质的声学环境，进行超声驱动。从所含气泡的粒度、数量以及声场的非线性特性等方面进行了分析对比，结果表…     

含包膜气泡流体的非线性声学特性

1.引言 近年来在临床医学超声诊断与成像的领域中,超声造影剂受到越来越多的关注,其物理模型为气泡外面覆盖一层包膜用来提高其稳定性.对于这种含包膜气泡流体非线性的探索则是这一领域的一个重要课题.当声波在这种流体中传播时,由于非线性效应的存在,往往会激发出二次谐波等种种高次谐波.作为反应其二次谐波性质的一个非线性声学中的基本参量,B/A描述了超声波通过媒质非线性效应的大小,而利用B/A进行医学成像也正成为国际上的一个热点1,2.但是,这方面的工作大都基于实验,在理论上对这种含包膜气孔流体的非线性特性的研究尚未有报道.本文运用等效媒质法,研究了这种含包膜气孔流体的一阶,二阶非线性声场,并从理论上计算的这种流体的等效非线性参量(B/A)e并与含自由气泡流体的非线性参量进行了比较.     

超声造影剂衰减系数随时间变化特性研究

为了研究微泡型超声造影剂对声传播衰减的影响,基于气泡动力学理论模型计算微观粒径变化引起的声传播衰减,推导出超声造影剂衰减系数随时间变化的解析表达式,并构建了实验系统,对超声造影剂的衰减系数进行测量。实验结果验证了理论模型的有效性,以及超声造影剂衰减系数随时间变化呈现出指数衰减规律。该研究为减小超声波的传播衰减和畸变提供了依据,使得超声造影剂有效地应用于超声医学领域。     

超声分子影像与操控给药中的声学问题研究

0引言自1968年Gramiak发现微气泡可进行超声造影以来,超声造影剂得到快速的发展,尤其是随着在血液中溶解度小、弥散度低的氟碳类气体引入超声造影剂,使造影剂在血流中的存活时间从几分钟延长到几十分钟,极大的提高了其在临床上的应用范围。基于微泡的超声分子影像是近年来提出的新一代医学超声影像方法,在肿瘤、心脑血管等疾病的     

超声微泡造影剂的低频动力学行为

低频超声联合微泡造影剂有可能用于治疗肿瘤,因此开展造影剂低频的动力学特性研究是十分重要的。将低频声场(26.2kHz)中有壳和无壳的微泡造影剂视为以流体为负载的非线性振子,由带耗散函数的拉格朗日方程导出在不可压缩的粘滞流体中造影剂球对称振动的运动方程,利用球谐振腔和Mie散射技术对CO2微泡和带人白蛋白壳的全氟丙烷造影剂微泡进行了气泡散射光强I(t)曲线的实验测定,结果与数值模拟曲线相一致。表明:有壳和无壳的造影剂微泡在低频稳态空化时同样呈现大幅膨胀、迅速塌缩和回弹的非线性振荡;如处于内径较小的微血管中,微泡周期性大幅度(>血管内径)膨胀收缩将会引起血管轴向破裂,形成微血管栓塞;而在塌缩相,微泡内的气体被急剧压缩,泡内压强急剧增大,易在泡壁不稳定处形成高速微射流,诱发内皮细胞损伤而形成血栓。     

肺表面活性物质微气泡的研究进展

结合药学、生物学、生物医学工程、材料学等多种学科,微气泡超声造影剂由于具有超声显影增强和药物装载功能,目前正朝着实现组织靶向分子成像、结合其他成像模式的多模态成像以及结合药物或基因,集诊断与治疗功能为一体的多模式、多功能方向发展。肺表面活性物质存在于肺泡气液交界面上,是一种主要由磷脂和特异性蛋白质组成的脂蛋白复合物,具有降低肺泡表面张力,实现先天性免疫以及防止病原体入侵体内等功能。因此,由肺部表面活性物质作为膜壳层稳定形成的肺表面活性物质微气泡是一种新型的兼具超声成像和治疗功能的药物输运系统,是该领域的研究热点之一。系统阐述了微气泡在医学诊疗领域中的应用,以及近期肺表面活性物质微气泡的研究进展,并对其在治疗上的应用和发展前景进行了讨论。     

自由体积理论下液体声速、声速系数及非线性声参量B/A的研究

用液体自由体积理论研究了有机液体的声速，声速系数及非线性声参量与分子结构和分子势能的关系。结果表明分子间的作用力是影响声速，声速系数及非线性声参量的主要原因。同时非线性声参量Ｂ／Ａ也体现了液体分子结构方面的信息。     

Acoustic and Thermophysical Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Primary Butanols with Hexane and Cyclohexane at 293.15 K

The experimental density and speed of ultrasound measurements, along with literature data, were used to calculate adiabatic and isothermal compressibility coefficients, the specific heat ratio, and isobaric thermal expansion coefficients for the binaries of 1-butanol with hexane and cyclohexane. They were also used to determine Beyer’s parameter of nonlinearity, B/A, and free intermolecular lengths, L. The free intermolecular lengths, L, calculated according to the Jacobson equation, were compared with values estimated from thermoacoustical parameters.     

含气泡液体的非线性参数和气泡浓度

本文对含气泡液体的非线性参数与气泡浓度的相互关系进行了实验测量,测量结果与理论预期一致,这一结果可以作为用非线性声学测量方法估计含气泡液体中的气泡浓度与分布。     

Mechanisms of contrast agent destruction

Various applications of contrast-assisted ultrasound, including blood vessel detection, perfusion estimation, and drug delivery, require controlled destruction of contrast agent microbubbles. The lifetime of a bubble depends on properties of the bubble shell, the gas core, and the acoustic waveform impinging on the bubble. Three mechanisms of microbubble destruction are considered: fragmentation, acoustically driven diffusion, and static diffusion. Fragmentation is responsible for rapid destruction of contrast agents on a time scale of microseconds. The primary characteristics of fragmentation are a very large expansion and subsequent contraction, resulting in instability of the bubble. Optical studies using a novel pulsed-laser optical system show the expansion and contraction of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles with the ratio of maximum diameter to minimum diameter greater than 10. Fragmentation is dependent on the transmission pressure, occurring in over 55% of bubbles insonified with a peak negative transmission pressure of 2.4 MPa and in less than 10% of bubbles insonified with a peak negative transmission pressure of 0.8 MPa. The echo received from a bubble decorrelates significantly within two pulses when the bubble is fragmented, creating an opportunity for rapid detection of bubbles via a decorrelation-based analysis. Preliminary findings with a mouse tumor model verify the occurrence of fragmentation in vivo. A much slower mechanism of bubble destruction is diffusion, which is driven by both a concentration gradient between the concentration of gas in the bubble compared with the concentration of gas in the liquid, as well as convective effects of motion of the gas-liquid interface. The rate of diffusion increases during insonation, because of acoustically driven diffusion, producing changes in diameter on the time scale of the acoustic pulse length, thus, on the order of microseconds. Gas bubbles diffuse while they are not being insonified, termed static diffusion. An air bubble with initial diameter of 2 microns in water at 37 degrees C is predicted to fully dissolve within 25 ms. Clinical ultrasound contrast agents are often designed with a high molecular weight core in an attempt to decrease the diffusion rate. C3F8 and C4F10 gas bubbles of the same size are predicted to fully dissolve within 400 ms and 4000 ms, respectively. Optical experiments involving gas diffusion of a contrast agent support the theoretical predictions; however, shelled agents diffuse at a much slower rate without insonation, on the order of minutes to hours. Shell properties play a significant role in the rate of static diffusion by blocking the gas-liquid interface and decreasing the transport of gas into the surrounding liquid. Static diffusion decreases the diameter of albumin-shelled agents to a greater extent than lipid-shelled agents after insonation.     

Optical and acoustical observations of the effects of ultrasound on contrast agents

Optimal use of encapsulated microbubbles for ultrasound contrast agents and drug delivery requires an understanding of the complex set of phenomena that affect the contrast agent echo and persistence. With the use of a video microscopy system coupled to either an ultrasound flow phantom or a chamber for insonifying stationary bubbles, we show that ultrasound has significant effects on encapsulated microbubbles. In vitro studies show that a train of ultrasound pulses can alter the structure of an albumin-shelled bubble, initiate various mechanisms of bubble destruction or produce aggregation that changes the echo spectrum. In this analysis, changes observed optically are compared with those observed acoustically for both albumin and lipid-shelled agents. We show that, when insonified with a narrowband pulse at an acoustic pressure of several hundred kPa, a phospholipid-shelled bubble can undergo net radius fluctuations of at least 15%; and an albumin-shelled bubble initially demonstrates constrained expansion and contraction. If the albumin shell contains air, the shell may not initially experience surface tension; therefore, the echo changes more significantly with repeated pulsing. A set of observations of contrast agent destruction is presented, which includes the slow diffusion of gas through the shell and formation of a shell defect followed by rapid diffusion of gas into the surrounding liquid. These observations demonstrate that the low-solubility gas used in these agents can persist for several hundred milliseconds in solution. With the transmission of a high-pulse repetition rate and a low pressure, the echoes from, contrast agents can be affected by secondary radiation force. Secondary radiation force is an attractive force for these experimental conditions, creating aggregates with distinct echo characteristics and extended persistence. The scattered echo from an aggregate is several times stronger and more narrowband than echoes from individual bubbles.     

SURF imaging for contrast agent detection

A contrast agent detection method is presented that potentially can improve the diagnostic significance of ultrasound contrast agents. Second order ultrasound field (SURF) contrast imaging is achieved by processing the received signals from transmitted dual frequency band pulse complexes with overlapping high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) pulses. The transmitted HF pulses are used for image reconstruction, whereas the transmitted LF pulses are used to manipulate the scattering properties of the contrast agent. In the present paper, we discuss how SURF contrast imaging potentially can overcome problems and limitations encountered with available contrast agent detection methods, and we give a few initial examples of in vitro measurements. With SURF contrast imaging, the resonant properties of the contrast agent may be decoupled from the HF imaging pulses. This technique is thus especially interesting for imaging contrast bubbles above their resonance frequency. However, to obtain adequate specificity, it is typically necessary to estimate and correct for accumulative nonlinear effects in the forward wave propagation.     

Reaction-diffusion in a simple pooled chemical system

The reaction scheme based on the cubic autocatalator A + 2B→ 3B B → C is considered in a closed vessel with the reactant Abeing replenished by the slow decay of a precursor Pvia the simple step P→A The concentration of Pis assumed to be very much larger than that of the intermediates Aand Bso that the pooled chemical approximation can be made. Spatial variations are allowed for within the vessel and it is assumed that initially the vessel contains only the reactant Pand that at time ? = 0 a quantity of B,characterized by the parameter β_o; is introduced into some localized region. The long-time behaviour is discussed and it is shown that this depends on the parameters β_oand μ(where μis a non-dimensional parameter representing the reaction rates) with the value of the diffusion parameter λ effectively controlling the form of the transient path leading to the final behaviour. Analytic solutions are derived for the cases when β_ois small and λ is large. These are complemented by numerical solutions for general values of the parameters. It is found that there are three possibilities: a finite equilibrium may be reached with Aand Bhaving constant concentrations, the concentrations of Aand Bmay oscillate, or Bmay die away leaving just the conversion of P to AIn the first two cases it is found that this behaviour is left behind a propagating reaction-diffusion front. The nature of this front is analysed in detail.     

NMR study of 3He bubbles in phase-separated solid 3He –4He mixtures

³ He droplets embedded in a solid ⁴ He matrix have been studied by NMR and pressure measurements. One feature of the experiment is that the mixture crystals, of ³ He concentration 1%, are grown under constant pressure conditions to minimise the formation of defects. A number of sample pressures below 34 bar have been studied. Isotopic phase separation and the melting of the bubbles are clearly observed. Measurements of T₁ , T₂ and magnetisation give detailed information on the structure of the droplets. At an initial sample pressure of 28.3 bar preliminary measurements of the T₁ of the liquid bubbles show a temperature dependence of the form (A+ B/T²)^–1. This indicates that the expected relaxation in the liquid is augmented by a constant contribution, probably from the surface of the droplets.