海底沉积物样品声衰减与温度关系的实验研究

不同海区海水温度不同,导致不同海区沉积物温度不同;实验室环境温度变化造成沉积物温度的变化。模拟沉积物的温度变化来研究沉积物声衰减的变化,分别从声衰减系数和本文提出的温变衰减系数描述声衰减。以原状样品和人工样品为例说明了在一定厚度的海底沉积物中,声波的传播能力受到沉积物本身分布的均匀度的影响,会出现不同的衰减趋势;通过定义温变衰减系数得到了海底沉积物对能量的传播能力随温度的升高而降低。     

气固两相流介质中声衰减测量方法研究

通过声波衰减谱反推气固两相流状态,是气固两相流声学监测研究的一种重要方法。在假设声能量的相对衰减量与声波传播距离成正比的前提下,推导出声压级随传播距离变化的表达式。设计搭建了测试两相流下声衰减的实验台,根据声压级随传播距离变化的关系,推导出实验计算气固两相流声衰减系数的表达式。实验条件下的噪声主要为风机的漩涡噪声和旋转噪声,以及机械噪声和气流的气动噪声。分析不同噪声的特点,提出了通过A计权网络和小波滤波相结合的滤除噪声的方法。     

超声衰减谱法测量含蜡原油中蜡晶粒度

利用超声衰减法测量了不同频率不同温度下南海原油、丘陵原油和白油中的声衰减系数。同时,结合超声耦合相模型(Harker-Temple模型)和声散射模型(Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law模型)进行了数值研究,模拟出油样在两个不同频率下的声衰减系数以及它们的比值随蜡晶粒度的变化关系,较为准确地计算预测含蜡原油中声衰减系数。经过比较理论预测获得的声衰减模型与实验获取的声衰减系数,计算出了原油中所含蜡晶在不同温度下的平均粒度大小。结果表明,随着温度的降低,蜡晶的平均粒度大小呈增大趋势。测量结果与显微镜法测量所得结果进行对比,表明此方法应用到含蜡原油中蜡晶粒度大小的测量是可行的。     

浑水中兆赫频率的声衰减实验研究

文章报道了浑水中的声衰减的实验研究结果，超声波的频率分别为1、2、3、4、5MHz。实验表明：在同一个含沙量M的浑水中，声衰减系数β大致随频率f的增加而线性增加；对同一个频率f，声衰减系数β大致随含沙量M的增加而线性增加；在同一个频率，和相同含沙量M的情况下，声衰减系数β随泥沙粒径的增加而增加。     

煤粉气-固两相流的超声衰减特性

以颗粒相在整个检测空间内均匀分布为前提,采用McClements理论和Bouguer-Lambert-Beer定律共同描述煤粉气-固两相流中超声衰减特性,建立超声衰减系数与气-固两相流相关参数的理论关系,通过数值模拟,分析超声衰减随着颗粒相体积分数、超声频率、颗粒粒径变化的规律。结果表明,超声频率越高衰减系数越大;声衰减系数随着颗粒相体积分数的增大线性递增;选用某固定频率检测,测得2个体积分数下的声衰减系数即可确定衰减-体积分数曲线斜率,从而实现任意衰减系数对应的颗粒相体积分数测量;在相同的体积分数下,煤粉颗粒粒径为10～200μm,声衰减系数随着颗粒粒径的增大单调递减,当煤粉颗粒粒径大于200μm时,声衰减系数对煤粉颗粒粒径不再敏感。     

CFRP中孔隙几何形貌与超声衰减系数关系的研究

通过金相和超声衰减系数表征CFRP层压板中的孔隙,研究孔隙形貌对超声衰减的影响。结果表明:超声衰减系数随孔隙几何形貌参数(平均长、宽、面积)的增大而增大;平均孔隙长度随孔隙率的增加程度大于平均孔隙宽度随孔隙率的增加程度;超声衰减系数随主要尺寸区域内的孔隙所占比例的增加,总体趋势减小;同一孔隙率下,大尺寸孔隙所占的比例越多,其超声衰减系数越大。总之,本试验中孔隙形貌对超声衰减有一定的影响且不能忽略。     

超声波在水中衰减的频率效应及其对脉冲回波的影响

超声波在传播中会发生幅值衰减,该衰减不仅与超声波传播的距离有关,还与超声波的频率有关。为了研究高频超声波衰减的频率效应,本文通过脉冲回波法分析脉冲超声波在水中传播反射回波的幅值和频谱变化,研究了超声波在水中传播时幅值衰减与传播距离及其与超声频率之间的关系,通过测量脉冲超声波在水中传播不同距离时的反射回波,并对其进行傅里叶变换,分析了超声波传播衰减的距离效应和频率效应。研究发现:超声波在水中的传播衰减随距离呈指数规律,且不同频率超声波的衰减系数不相同,频率越高,衰减越大,衰减的频率效应可有效解释反射法高频脉冲超声检测中回波脉冲信号的中心频率远低于换能器标称中心频率的现象。     

玻璃微珠颗粒系中超声散射的数值和实验研究

利用超声在球形颗粒中的单散射理论模型, 分析了散射系数计算收敛问题, 玻璃微珠颗粒的散射声压分布和消声系数随物性参数和颗粒尺寸参数的变化关系, 进而研究了不同粒度分布颗粒群中声衰减谱的特性. 由变声程脉冲回波法测量了3种不同粒度分布玻璃微珠声散射衰减谱, 与理论计算进行了对比, 二者较好地吻合. 结果表明, 具有合适物性参数的弹性颗粒声散射模型可用于声散射衰减谱准确预测, 采用宽频超声衰减谱有利于对颗粒系进行粒度分布分析.     

黄海声传播和混响的异常衰减

Ｗｅｓｔｏｎ等早在６０年代就观察到浅海（英国ＢｒｉｓｔｏｌＣｈａｎｎｅｌ）声传播常会在某一有限频率范围内出现异常大的衰减，异常衰减的中心频率和衰减值随季节和昼夜时间而变化。Ｗｅｓｔｏｎ认为这种浅海声传播异常衰减是由鱼的鱼鳔共振所引起的。周纪浔等在我国黄海夏季强负跃层的爆炸声实验中，也曾观察到声传播有时会在某一频率范围内出现异常大的衰减（当声源和接收器都位于跃层下方时）。并发现传播异常衰减与传播方向有关。周纪浔等提出了一种新的假设，由理论计算结果证明可以用内波孤立波波包对声波的共振散射机理来解释这…     

含孔隙碳纤维复合材料的超声衰减模型

从碳纤维复合材料孔隙率的超声脉冲检测原理出发,在假设其它缺陷的影响已在定性分析中排除、或以当量及修正的方式引入的前提下,对于根据孔隙直径适当给定的检测频率,建立材料的超声衰减模型,并导出超声衰减系数与材料和孔隙缺陷的主要参数之间的理论与统计关系,为建立新的检测方法提供理论支撑,改变现有检测方法的检测结果与理论模型的不一致现象.其中作为中间结果之一所建立的碳纤维声衰减模型及相应导出的声衰减系数与碳纤维含量和碳纤维半径之间的关系,不仅可服务于本文的直接应用目标,而且对于基于超声衰减原理的纤维增强复合材料无损检测的其它方面也具意义.作为中间结果之二所建立的分布孔隙率超声衰减模型,考虑到材料中的孔隙按其半径分布,而不同半径范围的孔隙表现出相异的声衰减特性这一实际情况,在由单一半径孔隙率声衰减模型导出的理论关系中引入了孔隙率与孔隙半径相关关系的统计特征,由此给出了更符合材料实际情况的修正模型和求解关系式.     

聚合物的水声声衰减能力与动态力学性能的关系

以描述高分子材料粘弹行为的三元模型为出发点,以声波在高分子介质中的传播理论为依据,推导出了材料的水声声衰减能力与材料的动态力学性能参数包括损耗因子、松弛前的剪切模量、松弛后的剪切模量以及材料的密度和厚度之间的关系式。为实验验证所推导的关系式,设计合成了一系列阻尼性能不同的聚合物,分别测试了它们的动态力学性能和声衰减能力。用材料的动态力学性能参数计算得到的水声声衰减系数与实验测得的声衰减能力相符合。该数学模型为找出吸声系数与材料的动态力学性能之间的关系、指导水声材料设计奠定了基础。     

A new imaging strategy using wideband transient response of ultrasound contrast agents

High-resolution clinical systems operating near 15 MHz are becoming more available; however, they lack sensitive harmonic imaging modes for ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) detection, primarily due to limited bandwidth. When an UCA is driven to nonlinear oscillation, a very wideband acoustic transient response is produced that extends beyond 15 MHz. We propose a novel strategy using two separate transducers at widely separated frequencies and arranged confocally to simultaneously excite and receive acoustic transients from UCAs. Experiments were performed to demonstrate that this new mode shows similar resolution, higher echo amplitudes, and greatly reduced attenuation compared to transmission at a higher frequency, and superior resolution compared to transmission and reception at a lower frequency. The proposed method is shown to resolve two 200 microm tubes with centers separated by 400 microm. Strong acoustic transients were detected for rarefaction-first 1-cycle pulses with peak-negative pressures above 300 kPa. The results of this work may lead to uses in flow and/or targeted imaging in applications requiring very high sensitivity to contrast agents.     

Elastic guided wave propagation in electrical cables

This article analyzes the propagation modes of ultrasound waves inside an electrical cable in order to assess its behavior as an acoustic transmission channel. A theoretical model for propagation of elastic waves in electric power cables is presented. The power cables are represented as viscoelastic-layered cylindrical structures with a copper core and a dielectric cover. The model equations then have been applied and numerically resolved for this and other known structures such as solid and hollow cylinders. The results are compared with available data from other models. Several experimental measures were carried out and were compared with results from the numerical simulations. Experimental and simulated results showed a significant difference between elastic wave attenuation inside standard versus bare, low-voltage power cables.     

Acoustic microscopy: a study of contrast in fresh tissue

The scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM), which exhibits a resolution of about 15 μm in biological materials, was operated at a frequency of 100 MHz to evaluate the source of image contrast. Specifically, the SLAM's quantitative capabilities yielded the ultrasonic propagation properties of attenuation coefficient and propagation speed of rat brain tissue (white versus gray matter) and these properties mere correlated with tissue constituents and image contrast. The SLAM's image contrast between the two brain layers in both fresh and fixed specimens was analyzed subjectively by an experienced microscopist. It was determined that ethanol fixation decreased the image contrast between the brain layers. Additionally, the propagation speed was the least affected property in the fresh tissue specimens yet increased in both brain layers after fixation whereas the attenuation coefficient of white matter in unfixed brain tissue was higher than that of gray matter. These results indicate that the SLAM's acoustic image contrast is a direct reflection of the difference in attenuation coefficient whereas the propagation speed is not a significant contributor to the image contrast     

尺寸差异钻杆组成的钻柱中声传播特性测试

随钻实测信息声波传输技术是井下信息无线传输技术领域的一个重要研究方向。作为信息传输通道的钻柱是由尺寸存在差异的钻杆相连接构成,钻杆的尺寸差异对钻柱中声的传播是否存在影响是声载波选取及检测必须要了解的问题之一。建立了用于测试钻柱中声波传播特性的试验装置,对不同类型钻杆组成的钻柱中声波的传播特性进行了测试;利用基于声透层理论建立的钻柱中声传播特性研究模型对测试结果进行了理论分析。研究结果表明：组成钻柱的钻杆存在尺寸差异时,钻柱中声波传播特性有所改变,表现在通带的个数减少,有些通带消失,且通带的宽度变窄;尺寸存在差异的钻杆组成的钻柱中声衰减比周期性钻杆要大;低频通带声波受钻杆尺寸差异影响相对较小;存在着个别的排列方式,可以减小钻杆尺寸差异的影响。基于声透层理论的钻柱中声传播特性研究模型在计算前4个通带时较为准确。     

Ultrasound beam simulations in inhomogeneous tissue geometries using the hybrid angular spectrum method

The angular spectrum method is a fast, accurate and computationally efficient method for modeling wave propagation. However, the traditional angular spectrum method assumes that the region of propagation has homogenous properties. In this paper, the angular spectrum method is extended to calculate ultrasound wave propagation in inhomogeneous tissue geometries, important for clinical efficacy, patient safety, and treatment reliability in MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery. The inhomogeneous tissue region to be modeled is segmented into voxels, each voxel having a unique speed of sound, attenuation coefficient, and density. The pressure pattern in the 3-D model is calculated by alternating between the space domain and the spatial-frequency domain for each plane of voxels in the model. The new technique was compared with the finite-difference time-domain technique for a model containing attenuation, refraction, and reflection and for a segmented human breast model; although yielding essentially the same pattern, it results in a reduction in calculation times of at least two orders of magnitude.     

Anomalies of the Boundary Reflection of Ultrasound from the Film of a Dissipative Medium

Theoretical consideration has been given to the reflection of continuous and pulsed longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves from the film of a dissipative medium which is in contact with a solid-state half-space. It has been shown that the reflection coefficient and its phase substantially depend on the coefficient of attenuation of ultrasound in the dissipative-medium film and on its phase thickness. The shape of the reflected acoustic pulsed signal has been calculated using software. The application of the results obtained to investigation of the acoustic properties of viscous fluids is discussed.     

HIFU治疗中生物组织对声学焦域及声的非线性影响的研究

生物分层组织是高强度聚焦超声治疗中最常见的声通道组织。通过研究生物组织对声学焦域的影响,可以为高强度聚焦超声(High Intensity Focused Ultrasound,HIFU)治疗安全性和可靠性提供理论依据。基于Westervelt方程,利用频域和时域有限元算法仿真HIFU治疗过程中超声透过分层组织后的焦域变化,并用新鲜离体猪肉组织进行实验验证。结果表明:生物组织声学特性的差异性和结构的不均一性使HIFU的声学焦域位置发生改变,尤其在声焦平面内,相对2.5mm的焦域宽度,1mm的偏移量将会对HIFU治疗精准性产生影响;声通道中存在生物组织,超声声束不会发生扩散,没有散焦现象,焦域宽度维持在2.38~2.79mm范围内;HIFU透射生物组织,声学焦域的非线性有明显的减弱,谐波次数越高,衰减程度越大,实验中基波声衰减值为9.97dB,二次谐波声衰减值为22.33dB,三次谐波声衰减值为28.05dB,四次谐波声衰减值为31.06dB,五次谐波已衰减消失。     

Contribution of the acoustic-wake effect to the attenuation of sound in dilute suspensions of rigid particles

This work deals with the attenuation of sound in dilute suspensions of rigid particles when the hydrodynamic mechanism of the acoustic-wake effect is considered. The study extends a previous model by considering asymmetric flow-field conditions around the particles, caused by other neighbor particles along the direction of propagation of the acoustic field. The attenuation coefficient is derived from the force equation for a spherical particle in an incompressible fluid that is oscillating at low frequencies and amplitudes within the range of Reynolds numbers of 0.1相似文献   

机械结构流体层厚度超声测量方法理论研究

针对机械设备运行状态监控需要,对机械结构流体层厚度超声测量方法进行了理论研究。根据流体层厚度超声测量的实际情况,建立了超声波在三层介质中传播的理论模型,并由边界连续条件,得到流体层超声波反射系数的连续模型。通过对不同厚度流体层反射系数曲线的理论分析,得到流体层厚度超声反射系数测量的谐振模型和弹簧模型,即通过流体层的谐振频率和刚度系数来表征其厚度。同时,研究了三层介质的声学特性对流体层超声反射系数及厚度测量的影响。