CCD激光自准直旋转靶标轴系跳动测量系统

在检测光电测量设备的跟踪和测量精度时,动态旋转靶标能够给出空间角度的真值,而靶标轴系的跳动是影响靶标测量精度的重要因素.本文提出用 CCD 激光自准直非接触测量系统测量动态靶标轴系跳动的新方法.用面阵 CCD 采集靶标轴系跳动的视频信号,计算机对视频信号进行处理得到脱靶量数据,由此即可算出靶标轴系跳动量.实验结果表明:当靶标旋转轴以10°/s 速度旋转时,方位最大跳动量为4.80″,高低最大跳动量为3.98″,靶标轴系的旋转精度能够满足要求.     

基于椭圆线轮廓度误差评定的椭圆提取方法

简要介绍了目标测头视觉坐标测量系统,分析了测量系统成像目标的图像特征。在此基础上,提出了一种识别和提取CCD图像中目标椭圆的新方法。该方法对CCD图像中的每一个封闭轮廓进行椭圆拟合,根据评价椭圆形状误差的线轮廓度大小来判定该轮廓是否为目标椭圆轮廓。实际检测结果表明,该算法原理正确,易于编程实现,能有效剔除噪音图像,准确提取目标椭圆,具有广泛的实用性。     

基于显微视觉的微球圆度测量方法研究

利用显微视觉技术结合优化算法对微球的圆度进行自动测量。利用测量显微镜CCD相机采集微球图像,基于最大信息熵原理对图像增强,通过梯度非极大值抑制迭代算法分割图像,提取微球轮廓后进行最小二乘圆拟合,获得微球的圆度参数。该方法避免因滤波后微球目标边缘信息的丢失造成的检测精度降低。通过对0.5mm微球圆度测量实验证明:微球目标轮廓检测与提取的方法可以有效地抑制噪声干扰的影响,高效率实现目标边缘的准确定位;采用该方法获得的微球圆度值与标定微球圆度值之间的相对误差在0.17%之内,能够达到对微球圆度有效检测的目的。     

基于机器视觉的车距检测系统设计

为了探测前车车距,采用机器视觉方式,以 CCD构造单目成像系统采集前车图像,以检测车牌在图像中像素的数量方式实现车距的测量。系统以单目摄像头的成像模型,通过物像位置关系及大小关系,建立车牌图像与车距信息之间的模型;以CCD成像原理,建立车牌图像与传感器像元像素之间的模型。由此构建测距检测算法模型。采用MATLAB软件平台设计人机交互界面,对采集图像进行预处理提高图像的对比度;通过匹配连通域等算法,对车牌进行定位、分割,检测车牌水平方向像素数量;在此基础上,采取小孔成像原理计算车距的大小,并显示在软件平台上。实验证明了本系统能对前车图像进行分析从而计算出车距,该系统对3 m之外的车距检测平均误差为4%。     

特殊环境下非接触式定位系统的设计

为了实现对狭小、光线昏暗的封闭空间的目标进行非接触式定位,本文拟采用多狭缝光栅成像,狭缝间距不等,采用线阵CCD图像传感器接收光信号并转换为电信号输出,根据目标所在位置以及传感器相应的输出数据构造母板和子板,经过算法分析以及模板匹配从而得到目标的二维坐标位置信息.本文模拟实际测量环境与器件,构建数学模型,并通过MATLAB进行仿真.结果表明该方法可以准确地得到目标的二维坐标位置信息,从而验证了该方法在理论上是具有可行性的.     

一种二维图像测量系统的标定新方法

为实现在工业测量中对图像测量系统的快速标定,本文提出一种新的基于网格靶标的CCD标定方法。该方法首先采用全局门限法对图像进行分割,利用数学形态学的方法检测特征点,再用三阶灰度矩模型进行亚像素定位。然后采用平行线拟合的方法求出理想的特征点坐标进行线性标定,最后用多项式模型进行畸变校正。实验结果表明该方法具有实现简单,有效而且精度高等优点。     

图像中CCD光斑中心的亚像素定位研究

对图像中的目标进行定位是基于图像的动态测量和精密测量中的首要任务之一.本文首先采用迭代阈值法对图像中CCD光斑区域进行粗定位,然后用双线性插值法对截取的光斑图像进行插值处理,从而实现CCD光斑中心的亚像素定位.实验表明,该方法的定位精度可达1/10像素左右,大大提高了CCD光斑中心亚像素定位的精确度和稳定性.     

基于图像全站仪的椭圆目标自动测量

为解决全站仪自动化测量过程中在无法布设棱镜情况下反射片靶标识别距离短、精度低的问题,该文基于智能型全站仪自动照准的原理,通过图像全站仪对测点靶标进行拍照获取影像,利用图像处理算法对椭圆目标进行图像处理拟合中心位置,从而实现对靶标的自动测量。通过测试,在135 m的观测距离内,利用该文的自动照准,图像全站仪可以达到mm级别的测量精度。     

基于Canny算子的椭圆拟合算法在数字相机标定中的应用

精确获取靶标在数字相机CCD靶面上成像中心的像点坐标是决定数字相机校准精度的主要因素之一。本文研究了靶标像中心定位精度对数字相机校准精度的影响,得出数字相机校准对靶标像中心定位精度的要求为优于0. 23像素。采用基于Canny算子的椭圆拟合定位算法,对不同尺寸的星点靶标板,在不同相机视场角分别进行了目标像定位,并对实验结果进行了分析,实验结果表明椭圆拟合算法定位精度达到了0. 05像素,满足数字相机校准的精度要求。     

基于成像测量的车辆前照灯配光屏幕标定方法

根据基于面阵CCD摄像机成像测量的车辆前照灯配光性能测试系统的特点,提出一种成像测量与图像处理相结合的车辆前照灯配光屏幕照度测试靶标标定方法。该方法直接利用车辆前照灯配光性能成像测试系统对车辆前照灯配光屏幕上不同照度测试位置处分别放置的直线靶标进行成像,获取各直线靶标图像。在图像处理中,采用图像差分法及二值化方法提取各直线靶标,通过对各直线靶标的细化操作,获得各单直线图像,最后,采用本文提出的“粘贴”和“裁剪”方法将各单直线图像融合成一幅车辆前照灯配光屏幕照度测试位置靶标图像。该标定方法不仅能在车辆前照灯配光性能成像测量中使配光屏幕上的照度测试位置用照度测试位置靶标图像中对应的成像位置来定位,而且还能保持配光屏幕的均匀反射率特性。因此,该标定方法有利于实现配光屏幕上各处照度的同时成像测量。实验结果得出:文中标定系统的标定准确度为93.53%,符合车辆前照灯配光性能测试的要求。     

中型材远程计量无人值守系统

文章简要介绍了利用称重、监控设备对济钢中轧厂第二条矫直生产线钢材计量过程进行监控和录像，并对被监视目标的计量数据、动态图像传输到数百米外原中轧钢材秤操作室内，通过对监控图像监视和控制，在同一主机完成新、旧两台秤的钢材称重操作及数据的自动汇总打印，实现了中型材远程计量无人值守且双秤合一，在提高精度、增加产量、降低成本方面取得良好效果。     

Far-field optical superlens

Far-field optical lens resolution is fundamentally limited by diffraction, which typically is about half of the wavelength. This is due to the evanescent waves carrying small scale information from an object that fades away in the far field. A recently proposed superlens theory offers a new approach by surface excitation at the negative index medium. We introduce a far-field optical superlens (FSL) that is capable of imaging beyond the diffraction limit. The FSL significantly enhances the evanescent waves of an object and converts them into propagating waves that are measured in the far field. We show that a FSL can image a subwavelength object consisting of two 50 nm wide lines separated by 70 nm working at 377 nm wavelength. The optical FSL promises new potential for nanoscale imaging and lithography.     

Three-dimensional optical tomography: resolution in small-object imaging

Near-infrared (NIR) optical tomography provide estimates of the internal distribution of optical absorption and transport scattering from boundary measurement of light propagation within biological tissue. Although this is a truly three-dimensional (3D) imaging problem, most research to date has concentrated on two-dimensional modeling and image reconstruction. More recently, 3D imaging algorithms are demonstrating better estimation of the light propagation within the imaging region and are providing the basis of more accurate image construction algorithms. As 3D methods emerge, it will become increasingly important to evaluate their resolution, contrast, and localization of optical property heterogeneity. We present a concise study of 3D reconstructed resolution of a small, low-contrast, absorbing and scattering anomaly as it is placed in different locations within a cylindrical phantom. The object is an 8-mm-diameter cylinder, which represents a typical small target that needs to be resolved in NIR mammographic imaging. The best resolution and contrast is observed when the object is located near the periphery of the imaging region (12-22 mm from the edge) and is also positioned within the multiple measurement planes, with the most accurate results seen for the scatter image when the anomaly is at 17 mm from the edge. Furthermore, the accuracy of quantitative imaging is increased to almost 100% of the target values when a priori information regarding the internal structure of imaging domain is utilized.     

Three-dimensional terahertz wave imaging

Pulsed terahertz (THz) wave sensing and imaging is a coherent measurement technology. Like radar, based on the phase and amplitude of the THz pulse at each frequency, THz waves provide temporal and spectroscopic information that allows us to develop various three-dimensional (3D) terahertz tomographic imaging modalities. The 3D THz tomographic imaging methods we investigated include THz time-of-flight tomography, THz computed tomography (CT) and THz binary lens tomography. THz time-of-flight uses the THz pulses as a probe beam to temporally mark the target, and then constructs a 3D image of the target using the THz waves scattered by the target. THz CT is based on geometrical optics and inspired from X-ray CT. THz binary lens tomography uses the frequency-dependent focal-length property of binary lenses to obtain tomographic images of an object. Three-dimensional THz imaging has potential in such applications as non-destructive inspection. The interaction between a coherent THz pulse and an object provides rich information about the object under study; therefore, 3D THz imaging can be used to inspect or characterize dielectric and semiconductor objects. For example, 3D THz imaging has been used to detect and identify the defects inside a Space Shuttle insulation tile.     

高速旋转物体的频闪结构光三维面形测量系统

提出了一个用于测量高速旋转物体三维面形的频闪结构光照明系统。系统自动跟踪检测旋转物体的转动信息,再用该信息同步控制光源发光和摄像系统工作,记录下旋转物体在闪光时刻的瞬间“静止”图像。使用该系统产生持续时间为424s的同步频闪结构光,对转速为每分钟1080转的家用电风扇旋转叶片三维面形进行测量,证明该系统能够准确地获得旋转叶片的瞬间静止图像,便于重建旋转叶片每个瞬间时刻的三维面形。同时,该系统还具备人工设定光源发光频率的功能,可以拓宽应用到无重复特征信号的高速运动物体三维面形测量。     

基于快速散斑结构光三维重建的在线测量系统

在流水生产线中实现工件表面三维信息的快速获取及尺寸的快速测量是当前辊压成形等制造业智能化升级过程中的迫切需求。基于散斑投影的三维重建方法仅需利用单幅物体散斑图像即可重建出物体表面的三维数据,在流水线工件快速测量中具有一定优势。本文对散斑三维重建中较为耗时的对应点搜索算法进行了优化,并在此基础上研制出适用于辊压成形制造生产线的工件快速三维测量系统。实验结果显示,该系统具有较快的三维数据重建速度,测量误差在0.035 mm范围内,能够满足辊压成形工件三维结构尺寸的快速在线测量需求。     

Research on the application of single camera stereo vision sensor in three-dimensional point measurement

A single camera stereo vision sensor model based on planar mirror imaging is proposed for measuring a three-dimensional point. The model consists of a CCD camera and a planar mirror. Using planar mirror reflections of a scene, a picture with parallax is obtained by shooting the target object and its virtual image. This is equivalent to shooting the target object from different angles with the camera and the virtual camera in the planar mirror, so it has the function of binocular stereo vision. In addition, the measurement theory of the three-dimensional point is discussed. The mathematical model of a single camera stereo vision sensor is established, the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calibrated, and the corresponding experiment has been done. The experimental results show that the measuring method is convenient and effective; it also has the advantages of simple structure, convenient adjustment, and is especially suitable for short-distance measurement with high precision.     

由序列图像进行三维测量的新方法

目前的三维测量方法都需要专门的测量设备且存在着种种限制,为此提出了一种基于图像序列进行三维测量的新方法。将由数码相机围绕被测物体拍摄的多幅图像导入计算机,利用图像处理知识得到特征的二维信息;采用计算机视觉方法,对特征从射影空间到欧式空间分层逐步重建即可完成三维测量。设计一套特征标志组合,作为辅助测量工具避免了特征匹配难题。确立了一套图像分割与识别策略获得特征标志二维信息,识别率可达到95%以上。采用基于模约束的摄像机分层自标定方法得到特征在欧式空间下的三维信息,并通过多种优化方法减少误差的影响。该方法在硬件上实现简单,对测量条件要求不高。实际试验表明,相对误差可达到1.48%,重投影误差为0.3864像素。     

Singular-value decomposition for through-focus imaging systems

Singular-value decomposition (SVD) of a linear imaging system gives information on the null and measurement components of object and image and provides a method for object reconstruction from image data. We apply SVD to through-focus imaging systems that produce several two-dimensional images of a three-dimensional object. Analytical expressions for the singular functions are derived in the geometrical approximation for a telecentric, laterally shift-invariant system linear in intensity. The modes are evaluated numerically, and their accuracy confirmed. Similarly, the modes are derived and evaluated for a continuous image representing the limit of a large number of image planes.     

Three-dimensional matching by use of phase-only holographic information and the Wigner distribution

Matching of three-dimensional (3-D) objects is achieved by Wigner analysis of the correlation pattern between the phase-only holographic information of a reference object and that of a target object. First, holographic information on the reference object and on the target object is extracted by use of optical scanning holography as a form of electrical signal. This electrical information is then stored in a computer for digital processing. In the digital computer, the correlation between the phase-only information of the hologram of the reference object and that of the target object is calculated and analyzed by use of a Wigner distribution. The Wigner distribution yields a space-frequency map of the correlation pattern that indicates whether the 3-D image of the target object matches that of the reference object. When the 3-D image of the target object matches that of the reference object, the Wigner distribution gives a well-defined line that directly indicates the 3-D location of the matched target object. Optical experiments with digital processing are described to demonstrate the proposed matching technique.