缝合层合板的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性研究

通过缝合的方法改善织物增强复合材料层合板的层间断裂韧性.采用双悬臂梁(DCB)试验测试和研究了缝合层合板的层间断裂韧性与断裂行为.为了评价缝合工艺参数(缝合密度)对层间断裂韧性的影响,用改进的插入型夹具在实测不同缝合工艺层合板的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性值(G_IC)的基础上,分析和阐明了缝合工艺参数(缝合密度)与G_IC间的关系;以提高层合板的平均层间断裂韧性值为目标,以拉伸和弯曲强度为约束条件优化了缝合工艺;采用摄影显微镜对分层断裂面进行了观察,分析和考察了缝合对其它性能的影响.结果表明:改进的插入型夹具可方便地完成缝合层合板的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性测试;缝合后裂纹不连续扩展,缝合密度对裂纹扩展行为有较大影响;随着缝合密度的增大,层间断裂韧性值增大,但拉伸和弯曲强度降低,缝合密度存在最佳值.     

缝合复合材料II型层间断裂特性研究

分别采用测量ENF试样加载点位移与测量其端部剪切位移CSD(Crack Shear Displacement)的试验方法,研究了缝合复合材料层合板的II型层间断裂韧性以及缝合密度,缝合线的直径等缝合参数对于缝合复合材料层合板II型层间断裂韧性和分层模式的影响。结果表明,缝合降低了层合板初始分层韧性G_IIi,但对于分层的扩展有良好的抑制作用。缝合参数对此有较大影响。      

苎麻短纤维层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料

采用热压机层压成型工艺制备了苎麻短纤维(SRF)层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂(CF/EP)复合材料层压板,研究了SRF的长度、面密度及其表面偶联处理对CF/EP复合材料层间断裂韧性的影响,并进一步研究了SRF的铺入对复合材料弯曲、拉伸性能的影响。研究结果表明,层间SRF的铺入明显改善了CF/EP复合材料的I型和II型层间断裂韧性(G_(IC)和G_(IIC)),当表面偶联处理的纤维长度为6mm、面密度为12g·m~(-2)时,增韧效果最佳,GIC由497.48J·m~(-2)增加到667.54J·m~(-2),提高了34.24%;GIIC由508.52J·m~(-2)增加到862.11J·m~(-2),提高了69.54%。此外,铺入SRF对复合材料的弯曲、拉伸性能也有一定程度的提高。通过SEM观察发现,SRF的增韧机制与其层间桥联以及裂纹扩展过程中从基体中拔出与劈裂等现象有关。     

缝合/RTM复合材料层合板的力学性能研究

分别采用高强玻璃纱、Kevlar-29纤维和T300 3K纤维为缝合线对玻璃纤维方格布进行缝合,研究了缝合/RTM复合材料层合板的面内拉伸性能和层间剪切性能.研究结果表明,与未缝合复合材料层合板相比,缝合复合材料层合板面内拉伸性能有所降低(碳纤维缝合复合材料除外),在给定缝合密度下最大降幅为14%;缝合复合材料层合板的层间剪切性能较未缝合层合板都有不同程度的提高,在给定缝合密度下最大达到了40%,缝合可显著提高复合材料层合板的层间性能.     

平纹织物结构对织物增强复合材料层间断裂韧性影响的研究

本文采用粘贴片式双悬臂梁(DCB)试件和端部切口弯曲(ENF)试件研究了平纹织物的经纬纱密度对玻璃平纹织物/环氧树脂复合材料的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型层间断裂韧性的影响。实验结果表明织物的密度对层间断裂韧性有显著的影响。提出了在织物增强复合材料层合板中,基体在织物孔洞中形成层间铆接,并且就其与层间G_IC和G_IC的关系进行了研究。      

基于断裂韧性预报复合材料层合板的开孔拉伸强度

开孔层合板的强度预报往往取决于孔边的临界长度,它不仅与材料性能,而且与铺层、孔径都有关。本文基于线弹性断裂力学,提出了一种预报对称铺层层合板开孔拉伸强度的新方法,只需提供正交层合板的断裂韧性和无缺口层合板的拉伸强度,显著降低对实验数据的依赖性。首先,将临界长度表作为层合板断裂韧性和无缺口拉伸强度的函数,再通过正交层合板[90/0]_8s的紧凑拉伸试验和虚拟裂纹闭合技术,确定出0°层断裂韧性,进而计算得到任意对称铺层层合板的断裂韧性。本文测试了T300/7901层合板[0/±45/90]_2s和[0/±30/±60/90]_s的开孔拉伸强度,孔径分别为3 mm、6 mm和9 mm。理论预报结果与试验值吻合较好,最大误差为15.2%,满足工程应用需求。      

PEI纳米纤维层间增韧碳纤维环氧复合材料性能研究

基于聚醚酰亚胺优越的力学性能和纳米纤维膜高比表面积、高孔隙率的特性,利用气泡静电纺丝工艺制备不同厚度的纳米纤维膜改善碳纤维环氧复合材料的层间韧性。结果发现不同膜厚度增韧的双悬臂梁(DCB)试件的I型层间断裂值(GIC)均有所提高,特别是膜厚为0.058±0.007 mm时,层合板的增韧效果最好,比未增韧试件提高了114.55%。通过复合材料层间断裂界面的SEM照片证实了纳米纤维膜在界面处通过桥联约束效应及钉锚作用有效提高了复合材料的层间断裂韧性。     

碳纤维增强树脂复合材料-热成型钢超混杂层合板层间力学性能

通过双悬臂梁试验(DCB)研究了金属表面处理和界面插层协同作用对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)-热成型钢超混杂层合板层间力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,采用金属表面处理与界面插层协同增韧方案,可以极大地提升层合板的I型层间断裂韧性。其中,喷砂/界面胶膜插层试件(GB36#/AF)的I型层间断裂韧性相比于脱脂试件提高了343%;喷砂/界面纯树脂插层试件(GB36#/EP)相比于脱脂试件,其Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性提高了129%。并基于内聚区模型对CFRP-热成型钢超混杂层合板分层失效进行了有限元模拟。最后借助激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LSM)、接触角测量仪(CAG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对热成型钢表面形貌和试件的断裂面进行了表征并揭示了层间增韧的机制。      

缝合密度对缝合/VARI成型复合材料力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用改进锁式缝合和真空辅助树脂注射(VARI)成型工艺制备不同缝合密度的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,研究缝合行距和缝合针距对复合材料力学性能的影响,得出最佳缝合密度。结果表明:随着缝合行距的增大,拉伸性能和弯曲性能均有所提升,层间剪切强度先增大后减小;随着缝合针距的增大,拉伸性能和弯曲性能均有提高的趋势;当缝合密度为5 mm×8 mm时,缝合复合材料具有最佳的综合力学性能,与未缝合复合材料相比,拉伸强度和模量分别下降了13.3%和12.7%,弯曲强度和模量分别下降了23.0%和25.2%,层间剪切强度提高了11.3%。     

铺层方向和裂纹混合比对复合材料层压板混合型断裂韧性影响的试验研究

试验研究了复合材料层压板的铺层方向以及裂纹混合比对层间裂纹分层扩展的影响规律。试验结果显示: 在非0°单向板的 Ⅰ 型层间裂纹分层扩展过程中, 会出现层间裂纹穿过分层开裂面的铺层而偏离到相邻铺层间扩展的现象, 而0°铺层具有阻止该裂纹偏离扩展的作用; 在不同裂纹混合比的层压板分层开裂试验中, 相应的0°单向板的断裂韧性均可以作为下限值而偏安全; 混合断裂韧性( Ⅰ 型断裂韧性+ Ⅱ 型断裂韧性)随着裂纹混合比的变化呈现类似正弦曲线的变化规律。      

Effect of mendable polymer stitch density on the toughening and healing of delamination cracks in carbon–epoxy laminates

This paper presents an investigation into the effect of stitch density on the delamination toughening and self-healing properties of carbon–epoxy laminates. The stitches provide the laminate with the synergistic combination of high mode I interlaminar fracture toughness to resist delamination cracking and healing properties to repair delamination damage. The results show that the fracture toughness of the laminate increased with stitch density, due to higher traction (crack closure) loads exerted by the stitches bridging the delamination. During the healing process these bridging stitches first melt and then flow into the delamination, leading to self-healing with full restoration of the mode I fracture toughness. Furthermore, the stitches were capable of repairing delamination cracks many times larger than the original size of the stitches. The effect of stitch density on the healing process of delamination cracks and restoration of fracture toughness was found to remain approximately the same under multiple repair operations.     

Prediction of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched flax fiber composites

This paper aims to propose a simulation procedure to predict the interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched flax fiber composites through a virtual double cantilever beam test. The proposed procedure is constituted of two steps. First, the interlaminar failure of unstitched flax fiber laminate, as the parent laminate, is modeled using cohesive elements with a nonlinear softening law in order to model the large-scale fiber bridging occurred during delamination. The experimental results are used to calibrate the parameters of the cohesive law. Second, two-node beam elements are superposed onto the cohesive interface of the parent laminate at a prescribed stitch density and distribution to model the bridging stitches present in the validation samples. The stitch material behavior and properties are obtained from the tensile test of impregnated stitch fibers. The out-of-plane flax yarn stitching was found to generate a twofold increase in the delamination resistance of the composite laminate at a medium stitch density. The FE analysis results agreed well with the experimental results, where a good fit between the predicted and experimental R-curves was achieved.     

Experimental investigation of bridging law for single stitch fibre using Interlaminar tension test

In this study, a novel Interlaminar tension test (ITT) method was performed to experimentally investigate the bridging and fracture process of a single stitch fibre used to improve the delamination strength of composite laminates. Kevlar-29, of various thread thicknesses (44, 66, 88 and 132 tex), was used as the through-thickness stitch fibre in the ITT experiments. Key empirical force and displacement parameters, which governed the stitch fibre bridging law, were characterised and identified. Relationships of such parameters with thread thicknesses were determined. Fibre fracture load and fibre fracture energy are found to increase with increasing thread thickness. Frictional pull-out force greatly depends on the type of stitch fracture modes, which can be grouped into three categories. This paper aims to provide better physical understanding of the mechanics and mechanisms of stitch fibre fracture. By correlating critical stitch fracture parameters with stitch fibre thicknesses, the results expect to provide useful reference, which is essential and important for accurate stitch computational modeling and strength prediction of composites using stitching as the interlaminar reinforcement technique.     

Traction law for inclined through-thickness reinforcement using a geometrical approach

Stitching of laminated composites is a proven way to improve damage tolerance and increase interlaminar fracture toughness. However, the size and shape of various composite parts manufactured across many industries has limited possible applications of stitching. Innovative one-sided stitching techniques incorporating inclined stitches have emerged to overcome these limitations.Models for determining traction laws for individual stitches including inclined stitches have progress over the years but with limitations. A model for analysing a stitch, pin or other through-thickness reinforcement in a composite laminate has been developed and validated with finite element analysis (FEA). This model is formulated based on treating the stitch as a rope supported by a plastic foundation, with pull-out resisted by frictional stresses. A new approach was taken to determine the displacement by integrating the function describing the shape of the stitch. The model accurately predicts the traction law of a stitch and is most accurate for cases where μ and θ₀ are small. This model can be incorporated with FEA to simulate the delamination of laminates. This reduces the need for expensive experimental testing and allows for the most effective stitching parameters to be determined, resulting in optimal design.     

缝合复合材料层板三维纤维弯曲模型及压缩强度预报

提出了三维纤维弯曲模型, 基于有限元法和周期性边界条件建立了缝合层板压缩强度分析方法, 采用桥联模型和最大应力判据分析损伤扩展并获得压缩强度, 预报结果与试验吻合较好。详细探讨了缝合参数对层合板压缩强度的影响规律, 结果表明: 缝合方向与表面纤维方向一致时, 较小的缝合针距和行距、较大的缝合线半径对压缩强度较为有利; 缝合方向与表面纤维方向垂直时, 较小的缝合针距和缝合线半径、较大的缝合行距对压缩强度较为有利。      

A review of the effect of stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites

This paper reviews over fifty studies into the effect of through-the-thickness stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Reviewed are the in-plane tensile, compressive, flexure, interlaminar shear, creep, fracture and fatigue properties, although little work has been undertaken on the last three properties. When comparing studies it is apparent that many contradictions exist: some studies reveal that stitching does not affect or may improve slightly the in-plane properties while others find that the properties are degraded. In reviewing these studies it is demonstrated that predicting the influence of stitching on the in-plane properties is difficult because it is governed by a variety of factors, including the type of composite (eg. type of fibre, resin, lay-up configuration), the stitching conditions (eg. type of thread, stitch pattern, stitch density, stitch tension, thread diameter), and the loading condition. The implications of these findings for the use of stitching in lightweight engineering structures are discussed.     

Interlaminar fracture (model II) of commingled yarn-based GF/PP composites

A 5050 wt % mixture of commingled glass/polypropylene fibre system was selected to study the correlations between the morphological details, mode II interlaminar fracture toughness and corresponding failure mechanisms. Mode II interlaminar fracture tests were performed by using the end-notched flexure test procedure. Compared to conventional composite laminates, mode II interlaminar crack extension in these commingled yarn-based composites was very stable, and extensive fibre nesting occurred along the main crack plane. Crack jumping and non-broken matrix links were observed.R-curve behaviour for these materials was identified and the toughness for initiation was much lower than that for propagation. Compared to mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, similar trends in effects of cooling rates and isothermal crystallizations on mode II interlaminar fracture toughness were observed. However, the effects were not as significant as those found for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness.Alexander von Humboldt Fellow.