基于外包模式下产品包装生产模式选择

目的 包装废弃物容易对环境造成破坏,为鼓励企业生产绿色包装,促进包装循环使用,推动资源再利用,探究3种不同的包装生产方式对供应链决策的影响。方法 在由产品制造商、包装公司和零售商组成的供应链中,引入单位外包价格、消费者对绿色包装的敏感系数、包装绿色度等参数,对比分析自产包装、外包生产普通包装、外包生产绿色包装3种情形下供应链定价决策问题。结果 消费者绿色包装的敏感系数和自愿返还的废旧包装数量对供应链有积极作用;外包生产绿色包装模式的零售价、需求量始终高于外包生产普通包装模式的;当单位外包价格大于某一阈值时,外包生产绿色包装模式的零售价、需求量、供应链各成员利润在3种模式中最高。结论 产品制造商将包装外包给包装公司有利于降低成本、分散风险,获得更高利润,此外提高消费者对绿色包装的认可也有利于供应链成员获利。     

A Supply Chain Perspective on Green Packaging Development‐Theory Versus Practice

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into how companies work during packaging development to reduce negative environmental impact along supply chains, and to compare their practical approaches with the theoretical concepts presented in the literature. The research approach is explorative and based on nine cases in the food and manufacturing industries in Sweden. Data were collected from the managerial perspectives of the packaging manager, the logistics manager and the environmental manager. The findings indicate that companies commonly apply a variety of green packaging approaches with a focus on approaches with clear economic benefits. Moreover, companies seem to lack guidance on how to handle trade‐offs and are unable to fully utilize the theoretical environmental benefits of green packaging approaches because of internal and external barriers. The paper presents five propositions regarding to what extent the theoretical green packaging concepts are applied in practice. To address the gap between theory and practice companies should: develop packaging solutions that contribute to a reduction of environmental impact from the consumer phase (for example through improved apportionment, user‐friendly and informative packaging); use local packaging adaptation as a strategy to address geographically varying transport, handling and waste management conditions; replace brand recognition through packaging size and shape with graphic design, high‐quality materials and printing. The results confirm that internal and external collaborations are important requirements for successful green packaging development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential environmental gains from reducing food losses through development of new packaging – a life‐cycle model

Food losses are seldom included in life cycle analyses of the food packaging system, nor are they included in the debate on sustainable packaging. The development of packaging that decreases food losses does, however, provide an opportunity to reduce the overall environmental impact. In this paper, we present a model that calculates the environmental impact of the food packaging system as a function of food losses. The model can be used to analyse the potential environmental gains from developing packaging that reduce food losses. The model includes food production and processing, transports, packaging, retailer and consumer issues and waste handling. The results show that it can be environmentally motivated to increase the environmental impact of packaging, if necessary, when new packaging design helps to reduce food losses. However, the waste handling systems of food and packaging are important to consider if packaging are developed in order to reduce the environmental impact of the food‐packaging system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Improved Supplier Driven Packaging Design and Development Method for Supply Chain Efficiency

Packaging and the role it plays in supply chain efficiency are overlooked in most design and development research. An opportunity exists to meet the needs of supply chains to increase efficiency. This research presents three propositions on how to reduce the gap between supply chain needs and satisfaction in interaction with the product and packaging system. It also proposes a supply chain focused packaging design and development method to better satisfy supply chain needs placed on packaging. An extensive literature review was conducted, and a Tetra Pak derived case study was developed. The propositions were formulated and became the basis for improving Tetra Pak's existing packaging design and development method by better integrating supply chain needs. This was accomplished by using an expanded operational life cycle perspective that includes the entire supply chain. The resulting supply chain focused packaging design, and development method enables improved supply chain efficiency while considering the product, the processes and cost. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Role of Household Food Waste in Comparing Environmental Impacts of Packaging Alternatives

This paper examines the environmental impacts of food waste and the influence that packaging alternatives can have on causing food waste. This paper presents the results of three life cycle assessment case studies on packed food products. The life cycle assessments were conducted for ham, dark bread and Soygurt drink (fermented soy‐based drink). In each case study, the environmental impacts of the products were assessed with different assumptions about the packaging sizes and alternative materials. The studies especially considered the environmental impacts resulting from food waste generated by consumers as a function of the variable packaging options. The food waste of other parts of the production chain of the studied products was also taken into account. A consumer survey was carried out to estimate the amounts of product waste generated in Finnish households connected to the three investigated products. The environmental impacts of the food products, household food waste and packaging were modelled by scenarios with varying rates of household food waste and different waste management options. The results indicated that the significance of the production and post‐consumer life of packaging was relatively low for climate change, eutrophication and acidification, in comparison with the production chain of the ham, dark bread and Soygurt. According to the results, packaging solutions that minimize the waste generation in households as well as in distribution and retail will lead to the lowest environmental impacts of the entire product‐packaging chain. Therefore, it is important to design packages that protect the food properly and allow the consumer to use the product fully. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging to support decision-making in packaging development

Packaging developers in the food industry must consider several, sometimes conflicting, environmental requirements on packaging along with an already complex combination of marketing, logistics and production requirements. Existing methods for the environmental evaluation of packaging either focus on a limited amount of environmental packaging criteria (such as recyclability or renewable content) or rely on life cycle assessment methodology requiring expert competence. To support the food industry in their efforts toward developing product and packaging combinations that reduce the total environmental impact in food supply chains, this article presents a simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging. The presented tool was developed through an iterative process in a collaborative research project with the food industry. It evaluates packaging systems based on packaging criteria sorted into four areas that represent the life-cycle steps packaging material production, transport, household and end-of-life. A comparison of the tool results and screening LCA results for three packaging cases showed no major differences. From the practitioners' perspective, the main advantages of the suggested tool are that it does not require LCA-competence, that the required input data is commonly available in packaging development projects and that its overall structure invites several functions of the company to participate. The theoretical benefits of the suggested tool are that it allows for a parallel assessment of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness criteria in a life cycle perspective and that it considers littering risk as well as the influence of packaging on food waste in households     

A review of packaging-related studies in the context of household food waste: Drivers,solutions and avenues for future research

Packaging has the potential to reduce food waste and contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goal 12.3. Yet packaging is also a household food waste (FW) driver, necessitating packaging improvements. Through a review of primary consumer studies on household FW and packaging published 2006–2020, this study mapped the effects of packaging functions on different food categories to identify packaging-related FW drivers, solutions and research opportunities. Relevant studies are increasing, yet packaging yields less attention than factors including domestic routines. Many studies limit packaging discussion to the aspects attributed to wasted food, with date-labels and overly large pack sizes the most mentioned. Suggested solutions by extant literature include clearer date-labels and more pack size variety. However, research showing the effectiveness of these suggested solutions in households is lacking. Packaging formats and materials may affect packaging functionality and therefore household FW, but studies are lacking. There is therefore scope for household studies to collect more packaging related FW data. In particular, focussing on the effects of specific packaging functions on domestic food practices, with an effort to gather food-group-specific data. More studies in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Middle East and the Pacific/Oceania will provide insights beyond the current Eurocentric focus. These findings contribute to theory and practice within the focus of household FW and packaging literature, helping to extend existing research to support the development and implementation of packaging that considers regional differences in food systems, food routines and preferences for a better chance at reducing FW.     

Packaging handling evaluation methods in the grocery retail industry

The grocery retail industry, with its large product volumes, low margins and fierce competition, is constantly seeking efficiency improvements in its supply chain. The grocery retail industry uses an immense amount of packaging and is directly affected by packaging logistics activities. There is, therefore, a potential for efficiency improvements in the grocery retail supply chain through the integration and development of new systems of packaging and logistics. Packaging handling is identified as one of the main activities that has a strong impact on the overall logistical cost of a grocery chain. This research article investigates packaging handling evaluation methods and discusses how these are employed to benefit the industry. Case studies, involving six major companies from the Swedish grocery retail industry, have been used to evaluate packaging and logistics activities. This work, together with a literature review, was used to identify the need for evaluative methods and the present availability of such methods. The results indicated a lack of sufficient and usable packaging handling evaluation methods in today's grocery and packaging industry especially from a logistical point of view. The paper also highlights the lack of systematization among the few methods used and discusses how these can be used to build a systematic and multifunctional evaluation model in order to utilize the information from different studies to build a knowledge base for the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards a Conceptual Sustainable Packaging Development Model: A Corrugated Box Case Study

Corrugated package designers are focused on balancing the need for product protection, material use efficiency and the packaging material's impact on the environment in the supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual sustainable packaging model that integrates the variables of technical design, supply chain systems and environmental factors and then use the model to identify to improve upon corrugated container design. A model was developed, from the extant literature, and a case study was performed on a corrugated container. This is believed to be a unique integrated model of most relevant agents related to the design and implementation of a corrugated box through a supply chain from design to potential post‐consumer reuse. From this study, we found opportunities to improve the environmental design of the corrugated container through four ex ante design stages, and two ex post facto supply chain stages. Further, research can evaluate and refine this model via a ‘live supply chain’ for use in guiding corrugated box material selection design and reuse/recycling. Integration of the design criterion for a unit load in the supply chain creates opportunity to observe the packaging system holistically. Waste in the manufacturing process and CO₂ emissions are traced along the material flow until the end of its useful life to provide an overall picture of the packaging system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Circular supply chains in emerging economies – a comparative study of packaging recovery ecosystems in China and Brazil

This paper provides a circular supply chain perspective of packaging recovery ecosystems being implemented by Tetra Pak, a prime global player in the food packaging industry, in two major emerging economies: China and Brazil. The circular supply chain archetype considered in the research allowed a consistent comparative analysis of Tetra Pak's circular supply chains in both countries. Through a case study approach, the research provides theoretical propositions and learning points that are valuable for academics and practitioners interested in the Chinese and Brazilian markets as well as in the supply chains supporting recovery ecosystems in the packaging industry. In particular, the distinct environments in the Chinese and Brazilian markets render Tetra Pak opportunities to design circular supply chains in different ways showing adaptation and learning to local market characteristics. The industrial perspectives from these emerging economies add to the contributions offered in the paper. Overall, the conceptual considerations and practical recommendations presented in the paper provide useful insights for the development of further studies and implementation of industrial practices advocated by the circular economy.     

What drives (food) packaging innovation?

Food packaging technology has gone through a fast and significant development in the past three decades and yet the smartest developments are yet to be seen. This paper explores the charter of food packaging in combination with factors that affect its development and its application. It emphasizes that packaging is more than a clever way of combining materials. Adding value in the food supply chain through the development of partnership relations between the packaging industry and packaging users seems to be the credo for the new millennium. The paper concludes with some examples of recent innovations in packaging material technology and applications. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selection of Packaging Systems in Supply Chains from a Sustainability Perspective: The Case of Volvo

The purpose of this article is to develop an evaluation model for the selection of packaging systems in supply chains from a sustainability perspective. A theoretical evaluation model for comparing cost efficiency and the environmental impact of packaging systems in supply chains are developed from literature. The model is tested in a case study of a supply chain involving Volvo Car Corporation and Volvo Logistics Corporation, comparing the use of newly developed, one‐way packaging with the sustainability of returnable packaging. The model compares the environmental and economic impacts of two packaging systems in a specific supply chain. The criteria used in the model are (i) packaging fill rate, (ii) packaging material, (iii) transport, (iv) material handling, (v) waste handling and (vi) administration. In the case study, the one‐way packaging resulted in fewer economic and environmental impacts, thereby indicating the importance for companies to question their packaging systems. The model has been tested on one component in a case study. It provides a comparison of the packaging choices included using comparative, but not absolute, figures for the economic and environmental impacts. Managers can use the model to compare packaging systems for component supply and determine the most sustainable packaging from environmental and economic perspectives. The case study indicated that the returnable packaging system commonly used in the automotive industry is not always preferable in terms of sustainability. The article fulfils the need to evaluate the impact of packaging systems on supply chain sustainability in terms of economic and environmental criteria. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新零售业态下生鲜包装可持续设计研究

目的 从保障生鲜产品安全、增强消费体验、提升生鲜品牌社会价值的角度出发,探索新零售业态下生鲜包装的可持续发展策略与设计实践模式,以减少资源浪费,促进可持续发展,并满足不同消费者的购买需求。方法 首先,基于生鲜包装污染的问题导向,通过分析国内生鲜包装设计现状,结合理论研究提出新零售业态下生鲜包装的可持续设计策略,即可循环组合的模块化设计、注重情感体验的人性化设计、重视技术创新的智能化包装,以及品牌化设计方案。结果 对“而荔”生鲜品牌的可持续设计实践验证了设计策略的可行性。结论 在新零售业态和疫情防控的环境下,通过对生鲜电商与生鲜包装设计现状的研究与分析,清晰地梳理现阶段生鲜包装所存在的问题,探讨生鲜包装的可持续设计策略,为生鲜的可持续包装提供设计实践参考。     

高档白酒共享快递包装设计

目的 针对高档白酒快递包装在运输、配送、使用、回收等诸环节出现的产品破损及包装资源浪费等问题,结合共享包装的概念与特点,提出一款标准化、可折叠,并具有防伪、防盗功能的高档白酒共享快递包装创新设计方案.方法 通过市场调研深入分析高档白酒快递包装的现状,明确共享理念,并将其融入高档白酒快递包装中,从共享包装造型、结构设计、包装选材、显窃启功能、租赁和回收系统等方面探讨高档白酒共享快递包装设计策略,并进行创新设计实践.结果 方案采用环保材料以及标准化、易折叠的箱体结构设计,提高包装可循环使用频次,降低包装单次周转成本;在功能设计上,以内置气囊替代传统缓冲物,有效解决了内置产品的适配问题,在一定程度上提高了包装缓冲强度;显窃启辅助功能提高了包装的安全防护系数,极大地降低了包裹的失窃概率,使高档白酒快递包装能够做到绿色、安全的共享循环运输.结论 设计方案中的可循环高档白酒共享快递包装在满足快递包装基本功能的同时有效地解决了现有快递包装的资源浪费、安全性及适配性差等问题,为共享包装的创新发展提供良好的借鉴形式.     

Sustainable product‐package design in a food supply chain: A multi‐criteria life cycle approach

This paper presents a multi‐criteria decision‐making approach for the selection of a sustainable product‐package design, accounting for the different actors within a food supply chain. The study extends the focus of sustainable packaging design to the collective of all supply chain actors. Decision criteria are identified via a literature review, and current product‐package alternatives are collected via interviews. With the inputs of these criteria and the alternative designs, a multi‐criteria decision‐making problem is formulated and solved using Best Worst Method (BWM). BWM finds the weights of the criteria. Using these weights, the ranking of the alternatives is found. The implementation of the analysis took place for three selected products of the Kraft Heinz Company. Data on the preferences of the supply chain members of these selected products were collected, and the optimal package designs were selected. It is shown through sensitivity analysis that modifying the weights that decision makers assign to the preferences of the supply chain members and the importance of the dimensions of sustainability have an effect on the selection of the optimal design.     

Elucidating the Indirect Contributions of Packaging to Sustainable Development: A Terminology of Packaging Functions and Features

Packaging has great potential to contribute to sustainable development through its functions. Previous research has indicated a need for increased knowledge among consumers, suppliers, authorities and media of how packaging functions and features influence sustainable development. Previous research also shows the need for a common terminology of packaging functions and features in order to facilitate and improve communication and understanding in development and decision processes. This conceptual paper sets out to identify, collect, analyse and systemize packaging functions and features and evaluate them based on their indirect contributions to sustainable development. The systemized functions and features are expressed in generic terminology. Three clusters of packaging functions were identified from the literature: protect, facilitate handling and communicate. Nineteen packaging features were also identified. They were grouped under the three functions and elaborated based on their indirect contributions to the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development. Fourteen potential positive indirect effects were identified including decreased product waste, reduced risk for human health hazards, increased handling and transport efficiency. Decreased product waste was generated by 13 of the features and was thus the most frequently appearing. Reducing waste is thereby indicated to be a manifold matter, but also one of great potential. The proposed terminology can contribute to an increased understanding of how packaging can actually contribute to sustainable development. In a theoretical context, this paper attempts to complement earlier work in sustainable packaging development by its emphasis on the indirect contributions of packaging to sustainable development.     

以用户为中心的垃圾分类友好型包装设计思维及方法探析

目的 在中国初步进入垃圾分类强制时代的当下,以包装设计师的角度探析提升包装分类友好程度的实操型方法,旨在以包装设计的改进消除用户分类困惑和畏难情绪、引导用户正确分类,进而通过“分类友好”的形象提升用户对产品的价值判断。方法 基于国际上各领域学者对包装设计与用户环保行为的关系、包装设计如何影响消费者购买决策、包装设计中的视觉心理学等方面的研究结果,对比分析国内外市面上产品包装阻碍或促进用户垃圾分类的问题或优势特征。结论 结合设计实例分别从简化包装废弃物分类程序、视觉提示及恰当的图示引导、用设计弥补轻量包装的廉价感等方面阐明更具实操性的包装设计方法。     

基于可持续理念的塑料包装可回收设计策略研究

目的通过设计的力量降低浪费、增进资源应用效率并减少环境污染,探索用可持续理念推动未来塑料包装设计的创新,实现循环经济和可回收的包装设计解决方案。方法从可回收包装设计的基本理念和内涵出发,概括可回收包装设计的基本原则,再结合塑料包装的材料特性、个人案例及优秀塑料包装设计案例,探讨并构建塑料包装可回收设计策略。结论从可回收包装设计的角度出发,探讨塑料包装可持续设计策略,最大限度降低封口与标签等包装精简化设计、消费者可及性设计、激发设计创新、考虑生物降物的材料、消费后回收利用。构建了塑料包装可回收设计策略;有助于包装的设计开发、产品制造商和消费者创造价值,为产业价值链上的每个参与者提供了一个新维度,最终有助于社会可持续理念的普及和实现。     

功能需求与用户体验下的快递包装设计研究

目的针对目前快递包装在功能上发生的新变化,研究基于功能需求与用户体验的快递包装的设计策略,力求增加快递包装的适用性和附加价值,减少包装物废弃和资源浪费。方法秉承减量化和可循环的绿色包装设计理念,分析快递包装的功能变化与用户体验等层次的要求。结论基于功能需求与用户体验来进行的快递包装创新设计,需要外观设计独特,有趣味;信息传达智能化、突出品牌;结构设计注重保护性、针对性和便利性;通过趣味设计,交互体验,情感共鸣,来拓展快递包装的用途。     

可持续发展理念下的包装设计——“归安德化”黑茶包装设计发想

自然环境与社会资源的复杂性,是摆在每个负有责任感的设计师面前的新问题。世界环境与发展委员会（WECD）提出的可持续发展理论模式,从保护环境和发展统一起来的高度提出处理人与大自然的关系。可持续发展理念下的包装设计既要降低商品包装成本,又要降低包装废弃物对环境的污染程度。“归安德化”黑茶包装正是践行可持续发展理念在包装设计整体过程的优化和组织的设计作品。