用LES和无限元耦合方法预报潜艇流噪声

为了系统地研究潜艇流噪声的特点,采用大涡模拟(LES)与声学无限元方法耦合,对潜艇进行频域噪声数值预报。在潜艇水动力性能及压力分布的计算后,再与试验结果对比分析,验证了水动力计算方案的准确性。在此基础上,结合声学无限元方法,对潜艇流噪声进行数值模拟,并对特征点进行频域分析。经噪声分布云图和远场特征点频谱曲线的详细分析后,可发现随着频率增加,辐射区间均会增多,而相同频率下四极子噪声辐射区间要多于偶极子。相比于面声源,体声源在总声级中的贡献度较小,可以忽略不计。由于计算的特征点总声压级与文献所提供结果吻合,验证了所采用噪声预报方法的准确性。     

基于CFD的船用核动力装置边界电磁阀泄漏流噪声场仿真研究

在分析阀门泄漏流噪声机理的基础上,采用计算流体仿真软件CFD,对船用核动力装置边界电磁阀内漏的流场和声场进行稳态和非稳态模拟,获得电磁阀内漏的流场和声场分布规律,并研究流体介质、工作压力、空化效应等因素对电磁阀内漏流声场的影响。研究表明,阀门工作压力、阀门流体种类以及阀门空化等因素与阀门内漏的流声场直接相关。研究对于船用核动力装置边界电磁阀泄漏流噪声特征,对于电磁阀泄漏的智能检测具有重要的借鉴价值,对于保障船用核动力装置系统的运行安全具有重要的参考价值。     

圆柱绕流气动噪声数值分析

为了快速预测刚性圆柱绕流的气动噪声,研究了一种将离散涡方法(DVM)和涡声理论结合起来计算低马赫数、高雷诺数流场气动噪声的方法。首先用Oseen粘性涡模型改进了离散涡方法并模拟了圆柱绕流,分析结果与实际情况相符。根据流场计算的结果,应用涡声理论进一步计算了远场的声压。测点的总声压级与实验值及其他数值计算结果都比较吻合。最后绘制了声场的指向性特性曲线,表明圆柱绕流声场明显的偶极子特性。     

吸油烟机气动噪声的数值模拟

基于混合CAA(Computational Aeroacoustics)方法,对某型号吸油烟机的气动噪声进行了数值模拟研究.首先,利用CFD软件Fluent对吸油烟机的非稳态流场进行计算,得到吸油烟机非稳态流场的压力和速度分布.然后,利用Lighthill声类比方法和Curle方程,采用声学软件Actran计算得到吸油烟机的声场.最后,分析了吸油烟机内声源频域结果和声场的声压级云图,得到了吸油烟机噪声传播指向特性.研究结果表明,吸油烟机噪声主要为中低频噪声,且以离散噪声为主.在叶片通过频率下,吸油烟机噪声具有明显的指向性特征,噪声主要由吸油烟机内离心风机主次进风口向外部传播.     

不同雷诺数下圆柱绕流气动噪声数值模拟

基于大涡模拟和声类比相结合的混合方法对不同雷诺数下二维圆柱绕流的远场气动噪声进行预测.预测值与试验数据吻合良好.根据预测结果分析圆柱绕流气动噪声的声场特性,研究流场振荡规律对远场噪声的影响和圆柱绕流气动噪声的辐射特性,并寻找降低圆柱绕流气动噪声的途径.结果表明:随着雷诺数的增加,远场各测量点的总声压级增大;声场的最大声...     

基于大涡模拟和声比拟的喷射流噪声时域预测方法

结合大涡模拟(LES)湍流模型和声比拟(AA)方法,对排气喷射流噪声进行了全尺寸三维仿真研究,该方法兼顾了计算量与求解精度的需求,弥补了二维仿真模型在非均匀流场描述能力上的不足,并通过试验验证了仿真结果的正确性。排气喷射流噪声以低频噪声为主,其声场具有较为明显的空间指向性,形态与喷射流场相吻合,越靠近势核和湍流混合区域,噪声越强。排气尾管的管口形式对流噪声具有明显的影响,相同流速下,由于扩张管式尾管的尾流沿径向扩散,使得其管口附近的流噪声要高于普通直管3~5dB。     

基于致动线/BPM模型结合的风力机气动噪声研究

结合致动线模型和BPM半经验模型为声学扰动方程提供声源,计算NREL5MWRef风力机的声场传播。为提高效率采用声场与流场混合求解方法,对声场基于带有声源项的声学扰动方程进行微分计算,模拟点声源扩散并与声学理论对比,验证模型及方法的正确性。基于致动线模型进行风力机流场及声场的模拟计算,该模型建模与网格划分简单,并通过在声学扰动方程中添加基于BPM半经验模型的翼型自噪声源,来弥补致动线模型缺失翼型自噪声声源的不足。结果表明,结合致动线模型和BPM半经验模型,基于声学扰动方程计算风力机声场的方法正确、高效。     

消声器气流再生噪声测试技术研究

摘 要：基于双传声器传递函数法,发展了一种采用传声器间距组合的消声器气流再生噪声测量方法。通过对三种取样管声场和流场分析,重点比较了其导流透声效果,分析表明选取的取样管能真实反映主管道内的声压,且导流透声结构对主管道内声场和流场的影响较小。在无气流条件下,试验验证了声场仿真计算的结果。在设计的试验台上对一穿孔管消声器测试表明：研究的测量方法以及研制的试验台能够较准确的测试消声器在不同气流速度下的气流再生噪声。     

基于大涡模拟的水下射流噪声计算方法分析

在前期对低马赫数下气动噪声计算方法的研究基础上,建立大涡模拟(LES)和Lighthil声类比水动力噪声混合计算方法,并通过参考文献中的水下射流声学实验结果对该方法进行验证。首先,参考试验模型尺寸建立三维模型,分别划分流场计算和声学计算所需结构网格,通过试算确定外流域大小和网格划分方式;接着,采用LES对射流流场进行计算,通过压差、压力脉动、速度不均匀度等指标对湍流流场特性和计算稳定性进行分析;随后,将流场计算结果作为声源项插值到声学网格,基于Lighthill声类比理论,对水下射流噪声进行计算;最后,对比水下射流声学试验数据与流噪声计算结果,验证和分析该混合计算方法计算水下射流噪声的可行性和正确性。结果表明,所建立的LES和Lighthill混合计算方法能较好地模拟水下射流噪声,可用于水动力噪声的研究。     

调节阀空化噪声数值分析

针对工程实际应用中调节阀普遍出现的空化及其产生的噪声问题,采用基于流声场声振耦合的数值分析方法,研究了不同开度与不同压差对空化噪声的影响。调节阀的空化噪声是阀门产生噪声的原因之一,传统的方法很难准确的分析和预测这种噪声。首先利用CFD软件计算调节阀内的三维瞬态流场,然后将瞬态流场的计算信息作为声场计算的激励信号施加到调节阀阀体上,最后基于声振耦合的方法对其进行声学响应计算。结果表明：本文所研究的调节阀空化噪声随着开度的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;当调节阀进出口压差增大时,空化噪声也随之增大,在出口压力为0.45MPa时,噪声达到了93.2dB;通过数值模拟得到云图可作为分析噪声产生位置的依据,计算得到的噪声大小可作为判断空化程度的依据,为声学检测阀门空化程度提供数据支持。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.