超声流量计阻流件影响评估软件的设计与开发

多声道超声流量计广泛应用于大口径流量测量,内部流场是影响其测量准确度的一个重要方面,在阻流件附近安装流量计需要评估复杂流场带来的附加误差。在多声道超声流量计阻流件数值模拟数据的基础上,设计与开发了一套多声道超声流量计阻流件影响评估软件,实现了各种安装条件下流量计附加误差的评估,用来指导超声流量计的安装选型与优化设计,也可以检查相应条件下安装的流量计是否工作正常。本文介绍了该评估软件的数据结构和软件构架,特别是插值算法的实现。软件数据库的信息量可以在未来不断扩展,逐渐覆盖流量计可能的安装条件。     

多声道超声流量计阻流件影响数据库的建立

建立了一套基于数值流场的阻流件影响数据库,一方面可以提供不同安装条件下的阻流件附加误差,来指导超声流量计的安装选型与优化设计,另一方面可以提供特定条件下的声道速度分布,来检查相应条件下安装的流量计是否工作正常.阻流件影响数据库的建立避免了数值模拟技术实施难度大的问题.     

扰流流场对超声流量计积分误差的影响分析

对若干典型扰流流场条件下的超声流量计积分误差进行了系统推算,在分析流场结构对积分误差影响的基础上,研究了声路数量对积分误差的统计规律。流量计的积分误差与流场的复杂程度直接相关,流场越复杂积分误差也越大。在统计意义上流量计声路越多则积分误差越小,但对于某特定流场则不存在这种单调性。OWICS积分方案要优于Gauss-Jaccobi方案,尤其在声路数量受限时具有明显优势。     

18声道超声流量计在DN1000三峡流道模型中的测量准确度研究

通过在开封国家水大流量计量站开展DN1000口径三峡模型流道中18声道超声流量计测量准确性实验研究,得到了复杂流场给流量计引入的测量误差,验证了18声道超声流量计即使在复杂流场中依然具有较高的测量准确性.通过分析流量计得到的流速分布图可以推断出模型管道中的流场情况.流量计在正常安装位置旋转90.后测量误差变化不大,流量...     

三峡工程超声流量计的测量准确度评估

采用模型实验与模拟计算相结合的研究方法,评估了三峡电站安装的超声流量计的准确度.搭建了比尺为1:24的模型管路,实验结果表明三峡特殊流场将使流量计示值偏高0.3%左右;模型数值模拟分析结果与实验结果一致性很好.分析了实验结果的不确定度和流量计基本性能,流量计准确度优于1%,流量计满足三峡电站流量测量要求.     

用模型实验方法研究三峡电站流量计准确度

利用水力学相似原理,采用模型实验的方法对安装于三峡电站的超声流量计进行准确度的评估.按照三峡电站的引水钢管结构以124.8的比例设计并加工了500 mm口径的流道系统模型和模型流量计.通过对2组模型实验的结果及不确定度分析,发现由于流道形状特殊对流量计处流场产生影响,使得流量计会产生约0.3%的正向偏差,但流量计准确度水平仍能优于±1%,满足电站进行水轮机效率测量的要求.     

差压式流量计安装中压力位差对流量计量的影响

本文对差压式蒸汽流量计安装中由于压力变送器安装位差不作迁移对蒸汽流量计量带来的误差作了分析,提出了压力变送器安装位差迁移的必要性.     

旋进旋涡流量计的数值模拟研究

通过计算流体力学(CFD)的方法对50 mm口径的旋进旋涡流量计进行了数值仿真.分析了旋涡进动效应下流量计内部流场的演变情况,找出传感器最佳安装位置以减小外界振动与流体脉动噪声对旋进旋涡流量计造成的影响,并且在此基础上对旋进旋涡流量计进行改进——在旋进旋涡流量计前面加导流片.改进后的旋进旋涡流量计压力损失有了较大幅度的减少.     

动量式气体流量计内部流场特性与测量性能研究

采用数值模拟与实验验证相结合的方法,得到了动量式气体流量计内部的流场,分析了流量变化时受力元件阻力系数的变化规律,研究了受力元件的形状、安装误差对测量性能的影响。研究结果表明,动量式流量计的阻力系数在量程范围内有较大变化,必须对阻力系数随雷诺数的关系式予以拟合;长方形受力元件阻力系数的拟合公式计算误差最小,拟合结果与实验数据的最大误差为0.32%,应优先选用;安装误差引起的阻力系数误差不大于0.32%,对测量精度影响较小,动量式流量计适合在线安装。     

差压式流量计安装中压力位差对流量计量的影响

本文对差压式蒸汽流量计安装中由于压力变送器安装位差不作迁移对蒸汽流量计量带来的误差作了分析,提出了压力变送器安装位差迁移的必要性。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.