Electrochemical treatment of simulated textile wastewater with industrial components and Levafix Blue CA reactive dye: optimization through response surface methodology

The electrochemical oxidation of simulated textile wastewater was studied on iron electrodes in the presence of NaCl electrolyte in a batch electrochemical reactor. The simulated textile wastewater was prepared from industrial components based on the real mercerized and non-mercerized cotton and viscon process, being first in literature. The highest COD, color and turbidity removals were achieved as 93.9%, 99.5%, and 82.9%, respectively, at 40% pollution load, 8 V applied potential, 37.5 g/L electrolyte concentration and 30 degrees C reaction temperature. The electrochemical treatment of industrial textile wastewater was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where applied potential and electrolyte concentration were to be minimized while COD, color and turbidity removal percents were maximized at 100% pollution load. In a specific batch run under the optimum conditions of 30 degrees C reaction temperature, 25 g/L electrolyte concentration and 8 V applied potential applied with 35.5 mA/cm2 current density at 100% pollution load, COD, color and turbidity removals were realized as 61.6%, 99.6% and 66.4%, respectively.     

Optimization of electrochemical treatment of industrial paint wastewater with response surface methodology

The electrochemical oxidation of water-based paint wastewater was investigated batch-wise in the presence of NaCl electrolyte with carbon electrodes for the first time in literature. The electrochemical treatment conditions were optimized using response surface methodology where potential difference, reaction temperature and electrolyte concentration were to be minimized while chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and turbidity removal percents and initial COD removal rate were maximized at 100% pollution load. The optimum conditions were satisfied at 35 g/L external electrolyte concentration, 30 degrees C reaction temperature and 8 V potential difference (64.37 mA/cm(2) current density) realizing 51.8% COD and complete color and turbidity removals, and 3010.74 mg/Lh initial COD removal rate. According to these results, the electrochemical method could be a strong alterative to conventional physicochemical methods for the treatment of water-based paint wastewater.     

Response surface optimization of electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater

The electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater containing Levafix Blue CA, Levafix Red CA and Levafix Yellow CA reactive dyes was studied on iron electrodes in the presence of NaCl electrolyte in a batch electrochemical reactor. The wastewater was synthetically prepared in relatively high dye concentrations between 400mg/L and 2000mg/L. The electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where current density and electrolyte concentration were to be minimized while dye removal and turbidity removal were maximized at 28 degrees C reaction temperature. Optimized conditions under specified cost driven constraints were obtained for the highest desirability at 6.7mA/cm(2), 5.9mA/cm(2) and 5.4mA/cm(2) current density and 3.1g/L, 2.5g/L and 2.8g/L NaCl concentration for Levafix Blue CA, Levafix Red CA and Levafix Yellow CA reactive textile dyes, respectively.     

Continuous electrochemical treatment of simulated industrial textile wastewater from industrial components in a tubular reactor

The continuous electrochemical treatment of industrial textile wastewater in a tubular reactor was investigated. The synthetic wastewater was based on the real process information of pretreatment and dyeing stages of the industrial mercerized and non-mercerized cotton and viscon production. The effects of residence time on chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and turbidity removals and pH change were studied under response surface optimized conditions of 30 °C, 25 g/L electrolyte concentration and 3505 mg/L COD feed concentration with 123.97 mA/cm² current density. Increasing residence time resulted in steady profiles of COD and color removals with higher treatment performances. The best column performance was realized at 3 h of residence time as 53.5% and 99.3% for COD and color removals, respectively, at the expense of 193.1 kWh/kg COD with a mass transfer coefficient of 9.47 × 10⁻⁶ m/s.     

活性炭纤维电极法处理含酚废水的研究

以活性炭纤维作为阳极,不锈钢板为阴极,采用电化学氧化法对模拟的含酚废水进行了处理.结果表明,该方法可以有效分解除去水中的苯酚,苯酚和COD的去除率均能达到95%以上,其最佳的操作条件为:pH值为3、进水苯酚浓度为500mg/L、电流密度为26mA/cm2、Na2SO4浓度为15g/L.同时,通过对比不同电极材料的降解效果,证明了具高比表面积的活性炭纤维作为电极材料,能充分将其导电、吸附、催化及稳定性能有效地结合起来,实现高效净化,具有良好的应用前景.     

低温等离子体高效净化含PAM废水工艺研究

采用低温等离子体技术处理含聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)废水,研究了放电电压、放电时间、溶液pH对不同浓度PAM溶液化学需氧量(COD)降解率的影响规律,同时还研究了不放电条件下PAM溶液pH以及放电条件下放电时间对不同浓度PAM溶液黏度去除率的影响,考察了放电条件下pH对质量浓度1.0g/L PAM溶液黏度去除率的影响规律。通过正交试验确定影响PAM溶液COD降解率的主次顺序为:放电时间>放电电压>溶液浓度>溶液pH。在放电时间5h、放电电压40kV、PAM溶液质量浓度1.0g/L、pH=1.5时,COD降解率最佳,可达85.74%。     

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol in a parallel plate reactor using ruthenium mixed metal oxide electrode

In this study, electrochemical oxidation of phenol was carried out in a parallel plate reactor using ruthenium mixed metal oxide electrode. The effects of initial pH, temperature, supporting electrolyte concentration, current density, flow rate and initial phenol concentration on the removal efficiency were investigated. Model wastewater prepared with distilled water and phenol, was recirculated to the electrochemical reactor by a peristaltic pump. Sodium sulfate was used as supporting electrolyte. The Microtox bioassay was also used to measure the toxicity of the model wastewater during the study. As a result of the study, removal efficiency of 99.7% and 88.9% were achieved for the initial phenol concentration of 200 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 480 mg/L, respectively. In the same study, specific energy consumption of 1.88 k Wh/g phenol removed and, mass transfer coefficient of 8.62 x 10(-6)m/s were reached at the current density of 15 mA/cm(2). Electrochemical oxygen demand (EOD), which can be defined as the amount of electrochemically formed oxygen used for the oxidation of organic pollutants, was 2.13 g O(2)/g phenol. Electrochemical oxidation of petroleum refinery wastewater was also studied at the optimum experimental conditions obtained. Phenol removal of 94.5% and COD removal of 70.1% were reached at the current density of 20 mA/cm(2) for the petroleum refinery wastewater.     

Electrolytic treatment of Standard Malaysian Rubber process wastewater

A new method of Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) process wastewater treatment was developed based on in situ hypochlorous acid generation. The hypochlorous acid was generated in an undivided electrolytic cell consisting of two sets of graphite as anode and stainless sheets as cathode. The generated hypochlorous acid served as an oxidizing agent to destroy the organic matter present in the SMR wastewater. For an influent COD concentration of 2960 mg/L at an initial pH 4.5+/-0.1, current density 74.5 mA/cm(2), sodium chloride content 3% and electrolysis period of 75 min, resulted in the following residual values pH 7.5, COD 87 mg/L, BOD(5) 60 mg/L, TOC 65 mg/L, total chlorine 146 mg/L, turbidity 7 NTU and temperature 48 degrees C, respectively. In the case of 2% sodium chloride as an electrolyte for the above said operating condition resulted in the following values namely: pH 7.2, COD 165 mg/L, BOD(5) 105 mg/L, TOC 120 mg/L, total chlorine 120 mg/L, turbidity 27 NTU and temperature 53 degrees C, respectively. The energy requirement were found to be 30 and 46 Wh/L, while treating 24 L of SMR wastewater at 2 and 3% sodium chloride concentration at a current density 74.5 mA/cm(2). The observed energy difference was due to the improved conductivity at high sodium chloride content.     

Hybrid processes for the treatment of cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater using aluminum and iron electrodes

Electrocoagulation (EC) of cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater, which is characterized by (i) high turbidity (up to 340 Nephelometric turbidity units), (ii) increased chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration (4200 mg L(-1)), and (iii) a dark color, was investigated with the purpose of lowering the turbidity and COD concentration to levels below the permitted direct-discharge limits. Iron and aluminum were used as electrode materials. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of current density, initial pH, and supporting electrolyte (Na(2)SO(4)) dosage on the performance of the system. COD removal increased with increase in current density. The original pH of wastewater (7.8) was found to be preferable for both the electrode materials. Higher concentrations of Na(2)SO(4) caused an increase in COD removal efficiency, and energy consumption was considerably reduced with increasing conductivity. Hybrid processes were applied in this work to achieve higher COD removal efficiencies. In the case of aluminum electrode, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as the coagulant aid for the aforesaid purpose. COD removal of 94.4% was obtained by adding 0.75 g L(-1) PAC. This removal efficiency corresponded to effluent COD concentration of 237 mg L(-1), which meets the legal requirement for discharge from slaughterhouses in Turkey. In the case of iron electrode, EC was conducted concurrent with the Fenton process. As a result, 81.1% COD removal was achieved by adding 9% H(2)O(2). Consequently, hybrid processes are inferred to be superior to EC alone for the removal of both COD and turbidity from cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater.     

Removal of COD from laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation/electroflotation

The removal efficiency of COD in the treatment of simulated laundry wastewater using electrocoagulation/electroflotation technology is described. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency was better, reaching to about 62%, when applying ultrasound to the electrocoagulation cell. The solution pH approached neutrality in all experimental runs. The optimal removal efficiency of COD was obtained by using the applied voltage of 5V when considering the energy efficiency and the acceptable removal efficiency simultaneously. The Cl(-) concentration of less than 2500ppm had a positive effect on the removal efficiency. The performance of the monopolar connection of electrodes was better than that of the bipolar connection in this work. In addition, the removal efficiency of using Al electrodes was higher in comparison with using Fe electrodes in the study. The highest COD removal amount per joule was found to be 999mgdm(-3)kWh(-1) while using two Al electrodes, although the removal efficiency increased with the number of Al plates.     

Photoelectrocatalytic decontamination of oilfield produced wastewater containing refractory organic pollutants in the presence of high concentration of chloride ions

The feasibility study of the application of the photoelectrocatalytic decontamination of high saline produced water containing refractory organic pollutants was investigated in the slurry photoelectrocatalytic reactor with nanometer TiO2 particle prepared with sol-gel method using the acetic acid as hydrolytic catalyst. The efficiency of the photoelectrocatalytic decontamination of produced water was determined with both COD removal from the tested wastewater and the decrease of mutagenic activity evaluated by Ames tests. The experimental results showed that the photoelectrocatalysis is a quite efficient process for decontaminating the produced water, although there are high concentration of salt existed in oilfield wastewater. We found that the COD removal efficiencies by photoelectrocatalytic process are much higher than that of by photocatalytic or electrochemical oxidation individually in the photoelectrocatalytic reactor. The COD removal can be substantially improved by the added H2O2 and the generation of active chlorine from high concentration chlorides in the wastewater. The effects of various operating conditions, such as initial COD concentration, applied cell voltage, catalyst amount and initial pH value of solution, on the photoelectrocatalytic efficiencies, is also investigated in detail. The results showed that when the raw produced wastewater was diluted in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio, there is a highest COD removal efficiency. And the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in saline water is much favored in acidic solution than that in neutral and/or alkaline solution.     

Fenton's peroxidation and coagulation processes for the treatment of combined industrial and domestic wastewater

As a consequence of the population growth, major efforts have been made by the Egyptian government to construct new industrial areas. Tenth of Ramadan City is one of the most important industrial cities in Egypt. The wastewater generated from various industrial activities was highly contaminated with organic matters as indicated by COD (1750-3323 mg/L), TSS (900-3000 mg/L) and oil and grease (13.2-95.5 mg/L). All overall appraisals of the analytical data from the industrial wastewater indicate that pretreatment is required for all industrial sectors to achieve compliance with the Egyptian Environmental law which requires effective pretreatment of industrial wastewater prior to its discharge into public sewers. Treatability studies via conventional and Fenton processes have been investigated. The efficiency of conventional treatment methods led to 63% COD and 44% color removal by using FeCl(3) as coagulant. Various coagulant aids and powdered activated carbon (PAC) were added to 400mg/L FeCl(3) in order to enhance the removal of color. It was found that polyacrylamide polymer, bentonite and PAC increased the efficiency of the treatments where the color removal increased to 79%, by cationic polymer, 73% by anionic polymer, 84.5% by bentonite and 95% for 0.4 g/L PAC. Fenton process was investigated which under the operating conditions (pH 3.0+/-0.2, Fe(2+) dose=400 mg/L and H(2)O(2)=550 mg/L), color removal up to 100% and more than 90% of COD removal were achieved.     

Biotreatment of zinc-containing wastewater in a sulfidogenic CSTR: Performance and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling studies

Sulfidogenic treatment of sulfate (2-10g/L) and zinc (65-677mg/L) containing simulated wastewater was studied in a mesophilic (35 degrees C) CSTR. Ethanol was supplemented (COD/sulfate=0.67) as carbon and energy source for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The robustness of the system was studied by increasing Zn, COD and sulfate loadings. Sulfate removal efficiency, which was 70% at 2g/L feed sulfate concentration, steadily decreased with increasing feed sulfate concentration and reached 40% at 10g/L. Over 99% Zn removal was attained due to the formation of zinc-sulfide precipitate. COD removal efficiency at 2g/L feed sulfate concentration was over 94%, whereas, it steadily decreased due to the accumulation of acetate at higher loadings. Alkalinity produced from acetate oxidation increased wastewater pH remarkably when feed sulfate concentration was 5g/L or lower. Electron flow from carbon oxidation to sulfate reduction averaged 83+/-13%. The rest of the electrons were most likely coupled with fermentative reactions as the amount of methane production was insignificant. The developed ANN model was very successful as an excellent to reasonable match was obtained between the measured and the predicted concentrations of sulfate (R=0.998), COD (R=0.993), acetate (R=0.976) and zinc (R=0.827) in the CSTR effluent.     

Application of Fenton oxidation to cosmetic wastewaters treatment

The removal of organic matter (TOC and COD) from a cosmetic wastewater by Fenton oxidation treatment has been evaluated. The operating conditions (temperature as well as ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide dosage) have been optimized. Working at an initial pH equal to 3.0, a Fe(2+) concentration of 200 mg/L and a H(2)O(2) concentration to COD initial weight ratio corresponding to the theoretical stoichiometric value (2.12), a TOC conversion higher than 45% at 25 degrees C and 60% at 50 degrees C was achieved. Application of the Fenton oxidation process allows to reach the COD regional limit for industrial wastewaters discharges to the municipal sewer system. A simple kinetic analysis based on TOC was carried out. A second-order equation describes well the overall kinetics of the process within a wide TOC conversion range covering up to the 80-90% of the maximum achievable conversion.     

Catalytic thermal treatment of desizing wastewaters

In the present study, catalytic thermal treatment (thermolysis) was investigated for the reduction of COD and color of the desizing wastewater under moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions using various catalysts. The experimental runs were performed in a glass reactor equipped with a vertical condenser. The homogeneous copper sulfate catalyst was found to be the most active in comparison to other catalysts under similar operating conditions. A removal of about 71.6% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 87.2% color of desizing wastewater was obtained with a catalyst concentration of 4 kg/m(3) at pH 4. The initial pH value of the wastewater showed a pronounced effect on the precipitation process. During the thermolysis, copper gets leached to the aqueous phase, the residue obtained after the treatment is rich in copper and it can be blended with organic manure for use in agricultural fields. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal oxidation of the solid residue obtained after thermolysis gets oxidized at a higher temperature range than that of the residue obtained from the desizing wastewater. The results lead to the conclusion that thermochemical precipitation is a very fast (instantaneous) process and would need a very small reactor vessel in comparison to other processes.     

Effect of activated carbon fiber anode structure and electrolysis conditions on electrochemical degradation of dye wastewater

The alizarin red S (ARS) in simulated dye wastewater was electrochemically oxidized using an activated carbon fiber (ACF) felt as an anode. The influence of electrolytic conditions and anode structure on the dye degradation was investigated. The results indicated that initial pH, current density and supporting electrolyte type all played an important role in the dye degradation. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of dye solution in neutral or alkaline medium was about 74% after 60 min of electrolysis, which was higher than that in acidic medium. Increasing current density would lead to a corresponding increase in the dye removal. The addition of NaCl could also improve the treatment effect by enhancing the COD removal efficiency 10.3%. For ACF anodes, larger specific surface area and higher mesopore percentage could ensure more effective electrochemical degradation of dye. The data showed that the color removal efficiency increased from 54.2 to 83.9% with the specific surface area of ACF anodes increasing correspondingly from 894 to 1,682 m(2)/g.     

Electrochemical treatment in relation to pH of domestic wastewater using Ti/Pt electrodes

This paper describes an electrochemical treatment of domestic wastewater (DW) using 0.8% (w/v) sodium chloride as electrolyte. In this technique, DW was passed through an electrolytic cell using Ti/Pt as anode and Stainless Steel 304 as cathode. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the chemicals produced (chlorine, oxygen, hydroxyl radicals and other oxidants), the organic pollutants and nutrients (organic nitrogen, phosphorous) were wet oxidized to carbon dioxide, and nitrogen as well as phosphorous was precipitated as Ca(3)(PO(4))(2). Experiments were run in a continuous, laboratory-scale, pilot plant, at 40 degrees C and the efficiency of oxidation was studied in relation to pH. It was found that in alkaline conditions the electrolysis was more efficient. At pH 9, NaCl concentration 0.8% (w/v), current density 0.075 A/cm(2) and for 1h of electrolysis, COD was reduced by 89%, volatile suspended solids (VSS) by 90%, ammonia nitrogen by 82% and total phosphorous by 98%. The efficiency of electrolysis went up to 35 g COD(r)/(hm(2)A) and the energy consumption to 12.4 kWh/kg COD(r). It is concluded that the application of electrolytic oxidation of DW is more advantageous compared to conventional biological treatment especially for small works.     

光催化氧化法处理胶印油墨废水的研究

目的研究光催化氧化法处理胶印油墨废水,实现胶印油墨废水的达标排放。方法首先对胶印油墨废水进行混凝预处理,降低油墨废水浊度,然后采用光催化氧化法降解胶印油墨废水,寻求光催化氧化法处理胶印油墨废水的最优条件。结果在催化剂的质量浓度为0.4 g/L,紫外光照时间为40 min,p H值为5时,采用光催化氧化法降解胶印油墨废水时达到最优,废水中的COD和色度的去除率分别达到90.3%和93.4%。结论光催化氧化处理胶印油墨废水的方法切实可行,符合绿色印刷要求。     

乳状液膜法处理H酸废水的实验研究

以Span-80、FSN-100为复合表面活性剂,TOA为流动载体,研究了乳状液膜处理H酸废水时TOA浓度、内相NaOH浓度、油内比Roi、外相pH、乳水比Rew及搅拌强度等因素对废水COD去除率指标的影响,分析了其内在影响因素的规律性.同时,实验结果表明乳状液膜法处理H酸废水具有较好的应用前景.     

Effect of temperature on wastewater treatment with natural and waste materials

The effect of temperature on the wastewater treatment with waste materials (refuse concrete and refuse waste) and natural material (shell) was investigated. The removal of suspended solid (SS), phosphate ion, nitrate ion, ammonium ion and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were evaluated for the temperature effect. Although the extensive improvement of removal efficiencies for nitrate ion and ammonium ion could not be achieved by increasing the temperature, the significant enhancement of the removal of SS and COD was observed. The present wastewater treatment system is simple, convenient and low-cost. Therefore, the developed methods can be applied to the small-scale plant for the wastewater treatment in the local and nonexclusive areas.