地源热泵空调系统生命周期碳排放研究

基于生命周期评价理论,将地源热泵空调系统生命周期划分为生产加工、运输安装、运行使用、拆除回收四个阶段,建立了地源热泵空调系统生命周期内各阶段碳排放核算模型。结合工程案例,用温度频率法(BIN)核算地源热泵空调系统生命周期各个阶段碳排放量,数据显示运行阶段碳排放量占绝大部分。用当量满负荷运行法计算运行阶段各设备碳排放情况,数据显示采用变频技术将减少生命周期碳排放。     

典型锂电池中间相炭微球负极材料生产的能耗与碳排放分析

中间相炭微球(MCMB)负极材料作为新型材料受到了社会的关注,同时其制造所带来的环境污染也逐渐增加。本工作针对锂电池MCMB材料开展了全生命周期能耗与碳排放研究, 功能单位定义为生产1 t MCMB负极材料产品,系统边界包括原料获取、能源供应与材料生产阶段,分析了MCMB材料全生命周期的能耗结构,辨识了碳排放的关键影响因素。能耗分析结果显示,1 t MCMB负极材料的全生命周期能耗为149.37 GJ,初级能耗结构为原煤(82.82%)、原油(11.03%)、天然气(6.15%),能源生产阶段对生命周期能耗的贡献度为80.81%。碳排放分析结果显示,生产1 t MCMB负极材料的碳排放总量为11 824.61 kg CO₂-eq,电力、中温沥青和焦炉煤气消耗量对碳排放计算结果的影响最为显著,调整能源结构是降低MCMB负极材料生产碳排放的有效手段。     

基于LCA的化学建材生产碳排放量研究分析

运用生命周期评价方法,讨论了水性涂料、聚丙烯(PP-R)管、改性沥青基防水卷材3种常用化学建材的碳排放量。研究范围包括原材料生产阶段、原材料运输阶段、产品生产阶段,并将能源上游阶段纳入评价范围。结果表明:水性涂料、聚丙烯(PP-R)管、改性沥青基防水卷材的生命周期碳排放量分别为:1.01kg CO2/kg、3.28kg CO2/kg和4.01kg CO2/m2。其中,原材料生产阶段所占比例最大,分别为96.7%、77.4%和82.9%。     

基于LCA的啤酒发酵罐绿色管理策略

目的为了减少啤酒发酵罐全生命周期的碳排放,研究切实可行的啤酒发酵罐绿色管理策略。方法运用生命周期评估和AHP分析方法对啤酒发酵罐的原材料收集阶段、制造阶段、运输阶段、使用阶段及回收阶段进行分析,得出啤酒发酵罐全生命周期碳排放指标的影响度。结果啤酒发酵罐全生命周期各阶段的碳排放指标影响度分别为0.0801,0.0477,0.3092,0.4811,0.0819。结论通过分析得出啤酒发酵罐全生命周期的各阶段间信息集成、信息互通及信息反馈机制较弱,使得啤酒发酵罐全生命周期内碳排放核算困难、资源能源利用率低,并提出了基于模块化的啤酒发酵罐绿色设计、基于互联网+的啤酒发酵罐智能制造系统及基于回收再利用的二氧化碳回收系统这3个啤酒发酵罐绿色管理策略。     

基于生命周期评价的智能电表碳足迹研究

采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法研究智能电表整个生命周期的碳足迹.研究结果表明,智能电表在其生命周期内产生的碳足迹总量为315.321 kg,产品生产制造阶段、运输阶段、使用阶段和废弃物处理阶段产生的碳足迹分别为2.281 kg、0.167 kg、313.608 kg和-0.735 kg.根据生命周期各阶段的碳足迹数据,提出了准确的碳减排措施,使得产品更加绿色环保.研究结果能够为企业的产品碳足迹评估提供参考.     

燃气机驱动C02跨临界循环热泵系统

以天然气为能源,以CO2为工质的燃气机驱动CO2跨临界循环热泵系统可以最大限度地降低总有效温室效应指数,提高一次能源利用率,减小对环境的污染,而且其运行费用也低于普通电动热泵,具有很好的发展前景.     

燃气机驱动CO2跨临界循环热泵系统

以天然气为能源，以CO2为工质的燃气机驱动CO2跨临界循环热泵系统可以最大限度地降低总有效温室效应指数，提高一次能源利用率，减小对环境的污染，而且其运行费用也低于普通电动热泵，具有很好的发展前景。     

燃气机热泵机组的研制与实验研究

设计开发了一台面向商用的天然气发动机驱动风冷热泵冷热水机组(简称"燃气机热泵").对燃气机热泵的设计方法和安装问题进行了介绍.重点对系统设计中的机组型式的选择、热泵(制冷)系统的设计要点、发动机和压缩机的匹配,以及余热回收和散热系统的设计这四个方面进行了论述.对机组在不同环境温度、不同出水温度和不同转速下冷热量和一次能耗进行了测试.     

基于基准线情景的智能家电碳排放责任核算方法研究及应用

智能家电除了在生产过程中的碳排放外，使用过程中产生的碳排放也不容忽视。在产品全生命周期过程中，涉及原材料采购、生产、运输、销售、使用、回收及报废等各个环节。本文试图以基准线原则、责任原则、利益原则等准则作为分配的理论依据，对智能家电全生命周期的各个环节展开分析，研究、总结、探索基于基准线情景的智能家电碳排放核算方法，使生产者、消费者共同参与减少智能家电的碳排放行动，为家电行业的碳减排提供核算方法、依据，为中国“30·60”双碳战略的顺利实现作出贡献。     

空气缓冲包装袋的生命周期评价研究

采用生命周期评价法研究了空气缓冲包装袋的全生命周期情况,整个生命周期过程中的能耗和环境污染物质排放量的数据根据现场调研和参考文献获得。整个生命周期包括六个阶段,分别为原材料的获取,原材料的运输、空气缓冲包装袋的生产、产品的运输及使用、包装产品的运输、包装废弃处置。结果表明,在整个生命周期中,能耗最大的阶段为原材料获取阶段,占整个生命周期能耗的89.2%左右,环境影响最大的阶段为运输阶段,占整个生命周期环境影响的43%左右。     

循环包装箱全生命周期碳足迹计算方法研究

目的 针对目前循环箱碳足迹的计算缺乏统一标准且相关研究较少，使循环箱的环保价值存疑的问题，本文对循环包装箱的碳足迹进行研究，旨在建立一种适用于循环包装的基于生命周期评价(LCA)方法的碳排放计算模型。方法 基于全生命周期评价方法，参考国内A循环包装企业B2B应用场景，采用eFootprint软件及数据库量化分析。由于聚丙烯材料具有可循环利用的特点，在快递循环包装中广泛应用，本文以聚丙烯材料的循环箱为例进行碳足迹的研究。以1 m²的循环快递包装箱为功能单位，采用“从摇篮到坟墓”的方法对其生产、运营、回收等过程的物耗、能耗及环境排放进行环境影响量化比较。结果 研究评价分析了各个单元过程中对全球变暖潜值这一环境指标的贡献值。结果显示，循环包装箱碳排放贡献主要来源于4个方面:循环使用过程运输排放，约占总排放的57.95%;其次为原材料聚丙烯，约占总排放的24.25%;电力排放包括生产、清洗2个阶段的电力，占总排放的11.71%;报废后垃圾焚烧处理过程排放，占总排放的5.33%。使用近50次的二氧化碳当量为9.854 1 kg/m²。结论 循环包装单次使用排放低于相同面积单位5层瓦楞纸箱的碳排放，说明在理想条件下循环包装具有较高的环保价值。     

A novel parallel-type hybrid-power gas engine-driven heat pump system

This paper presents a novel concept to integrate a heat pump system and a power system which form a hybrid-power gas engine-driven heat pump (HPGHP) system. The power system of the HPGHP system includes an engine, a motor, a set of battery packs, a continuous variable transmission device and a power-control module. The engine in the power system is capable of operating constantly with high thermal efficiency and low emissions during the four different operating modes: for operating mode A, the ICE powers directly to match the compressor's demand load by throttling the natural-gas flow or adjusting the speed of the ICE, correspondingly the battery packs are disengaged and the ICE operates alone; for operating mode B, the ICE operates in the unique condition with the lowest fuel consumption ratio, meanwhile, the battery packs discharge to provide the supplementary power by the power-control module; for operating mode C, the ICE operates in the unique condition with the lowest fuel consumption ratio, and the redundant power provided by the ICE is converted by the motor to charge the battery packs, here, the motor is used as a generator; for operating mode D, the ICE is disengaged and the battery pack is used alone. Simulation results of the power system showed that for a conventional gas engine-driven heat pump (GHP) system the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies of the power system are 33% and 22%, respectively; compared with the conventional GHP system, the power system in the novel HPGHP system has superior performance with the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies of 37% and 27%, respectively.     

燃气发动机热泵及性能分析

介绍了燃气发动机热泵系统的构成及其工作原理，说明燃气发动机热泵的使用可减少空调／供热的用电量，缓解由空调／供热引起的电力紧张状况，降低电网的峰谷差，同时可调节燃气消耗量的季节不均衡性，并有利于环境保护。根据空调／供热系统的不同方式，给出了比较这些系统能源利用率的统一指标——次能源利用率，并利用一次能源利用率分析了六种供热系统的能源利用率，分析结果表明燃气发动机热泵的一次能源利用率最高，可节省能源。文章对燃气发动机热泵的性能进行了测试，一次能源利用率达到1．76。     

Modern trends in heat pump development

Modern trends in heat pump development are discussed. Motor/compressor units are now being designed specifically for heat pumps. The use of solar heat, direct fired domestic heat pumps (eg with natural gas), the Stirling engine and Rankine cycle heat pump are being investigated.     

Stirling engine heat pumps

A Stirling engine is a thermal system that may be used to produce power from a high temperature heat source or as a refrigerator and heat pump to deliver energy at a higher temperature than abstracted from the source. A Stirling engine may therefore be used as the driver for natural gas heated air conditioning/heat pump Rankine cycle vapour compression systems or itself be used as the refrigerating/heat pump system requiring an input of work. Two Stirling systems, one acting as the driver, the other as the heat pump may be combined into the Stirling-Stirling or duplex Stirling arrangement. This paper touches briefly on a number of topics about fundamental aspects and recent developments in this field.     

Exergy analysis of electrically- and thermally-driven engines to drive heat pumps: An exhaustive comparative study

The choice of driving a heat pump with an electrically- or a thermally-driven engine is a vexing question complicated by the carbon footprint and environmental impact of using electricity versus natural gas (or waste heat) as the main driver for the respective engines. Useful work generated by these two distinct engines is the focal point of this paper, addressing a key question: which engine presents a better choice for a given heat pumping application within the constraints of energy and environmental stewardship? We examine this question comprehensively through the methodology of energy, exergy, and availability analysis, explaining clearly, why the output of work from these two distinct engines is inherently vastly different. Thermodynamic consistency is guaranteed by satisfaction of the First and Second Laws applied to closed systems and their subsystems. The general conclusion is that thermally-driven engines are not industrious converters of heat to mechanical work, for heat pumps.     

Thermal modeling of gas engine driven air to water heat pump systems in heating mode using genetic algorithm and Artificial Neural Network methods

The gas-engine driven air-to-water heat pump, type air conditioning system, is composed of two major thermodynamic cycles (including the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and the internal combustion gas engine cycle) as well as a refrigerant-water plate heat exchanger. The thermal modeling of gas engine driven air-to-water heat pump system with engine heat recovery heat exchangers was performed here for the heating mode of operation (in which it was required to model engine heat recovery heat exchanger). The modeling was performed using typical thermodynamic characteristics of system components, Artificial Neural Network and the multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization method. The comparison of modeling results with experimental ones showed average differences of 5.08%, 5.93%, 5.21%, 2.88% and 6.2% which shows acceptable agreement for operating pressure, gas engine fuel consumption, outlet water temperature, engine rotational speed, and system primary energy ratio.     

Accounting for indirect land-use change in the life cycle assessment of biofuel supply chains

The expansion of land used for crop production causes variable direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and other economic, social and environmental effects. We analyse the use of life cycle analysis (LCA) for estimating the carbon intensity of biofuel production from indirect land-use change (ILUC). Two approaches are critiqued: direct, attributional life cycle analysis and consequential life cycle analysis (CLCA). A proposed hybrid ‘combined model’ of the two approaches for ILUC analysis relies on first defining the system boundary of the resulting full LCA. Choices are then made as to the modelling methodology (economic equilibrium or cause–effect), data inputs, land area analysis, carbon stock accounting and uncertainty analysis to be included. We conclude that CLCA is applicable for estimating the historic emissions from ILUC, although improvements to the hybrid approach proposed, coupled with regular updating, are required, and uncertainly values must be adequately represented; however, the scope and the depth of the expansion of the system boundaries required for CLCA remain controversial. In addition, robust prediction, monitoring and accounting frameworks for the dynamic and highly uncertain nature of future crop yields and the effectiveness of policies to reduce deforestation and encourage afforestation remain elusive. Finally, establishing compatible and comparable accounting frameworks for ILUC between the USA, the European Union, South East Asia, Africa, Brazil and other major biofuel trading blocs is urgently needed if substantial distortions between these markets, which would reduce its application in policy outcomes, are to be avoided.     

Minimization of life cycle CO2 emissions in steam and power plants

A methodology is presented to minimize life cycle CO₂ emissions through the selection of the operating conditions of a steam and power generation plant. The battery limits of the utility plant are extended to include CO₂ emissions of: (1) extraction and transport of natural gas burned in its boilers, (2) generation of imported electricity by nuclear, hydroelectric and thermoelectric plants and (3) exploration, extraction and transport of natural gas, oil, coal and uranium consumed by thermoelectric and nuclear plants. The operating conditions of the utility plant are selected optimally to minimize the life cycle CO₂ emissions. There are continuous operating conditions such as temperature and pressure of the high, medium and low pressure steam headers and binary operating conditions to represent discrete decisions to select optional pumps drivers between electrical motors and steam turbines or whether some equipment is on or off. A Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming problem is formulated and solved in GAMS. Significant reductions in life cycle CO₂ emissions, natural gas consumption and operating cost are achieved simultaneously in the steam and power generation system of an ethylene plant. This is an important tool to support a decision making process to reduce CO₂ emissions in a key industrial sector. An erratum to this article can be found at