空调制冷铜管“铜铝渗蚀”开裂失效分析

空调换热器制冷铜管在安装数月后出现开裂泄漏制冷剂现象。对开裂的管材进行化学成分、力学性能、断口及金相检验分析。结果表明,Al-Cu渗蚀导致铜管底壁变薄,装配、运转应力导致开裂。追踪生产过程,发现火焰自动钎焊工艺中存在的Al-Cu渗蚀现象为铜管底壁变薄主要原因,据此提出相应的有效解决方案。     

Broadening the lens for the governance of emerging technologies: Care ethics and agricultural biotechnology

In this paper we argue that insights from feminist perspectives, particularly in the form of an ethics of care, have a number of advantages when used as a lens through which to consider questions relevant to the governance of emerging technologies. We highlight how an emphasis on central themes of importance in feminist theory and care ethics such as relationality, contextuality, dependence, power, affect, and narrative can shine a light on a number of salient issues that are typically missed by the dominant and largely consequentialist risk assessment frame. We argue that the care ethics lens is a better fit when technologies are understood not simply as devices designed to create a certain end experience for a user but as transformative systems that smuggle in numerous social and political interests. The advantages of these care ethics themes for emerging technologies are illustrated through a detailed consideration of agricultural biotechnology. We show how the feminist care ethics lens might have anticipated the very questions that have proved themselves to be the sticking points for this technology. We therefore suggest that applying a care ethics lens can significantly broaden the frame of appraisal processes used for the governance of emerging technologies and usefully grant legitimacy to questions and concerns that are prominent in public discourse but typically left out of practices of risk assessment.     

Environmental ethics for engineers

In the past engineers have generally sought and implemented technical solutions to problems posed by other people and not considered ethical issues related to the environmental and social impacts of solving these problems. Engineering ethics has largely been concerned with professionalism and responsibility for technical competence rather than wider social and environmental issues. This article considers the role and relevance of environmental ethics for engineers, criteria that a code or other system of environmental ethics should meet and how best the engineering profession can be encouraged to adopt environmental ethics     

The ethical issues of social assistive robotics: A critical literature review

Along with its potential contributions to the practice of care, social assistive robotics raises significant ethical issues. The growing development of this technoscientific field of intelligent robotics has thus triggered a widespread proliferation of ethical attention towards its disruptive potential. However, the current landscape of ethical debate is fragmented and conceptually disordered, endangering ethics’ practical strength for normatively addressing these challenges. This paper presents a critical literature review of the ethical issues of social assistive robotics, which provides a comprehensive and intelligible overview of the current ethical approach to this technoscientific field. On the one hand, ethical issues have been identified, quantitatively analyzed and categorized in three main thematic groups. Namely: Well-being, Care, and Justice. On the other hand –and on the basis of some significant disclosed tendencies of the current approach–, future lines of research and issues regarding the enrichment of the ethical gaze on social assistive robotics have been identified and outlined.     

Ethics Teaching in Undergraduate Engineering Education

This paper asks how undergraduate engineering education supports students' ethical development, broadly defined, in a diverse sample of U.S. engineering schools and offers an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of those efforts. The paper draws on observational case studies that were based on site visits to undergraduate mechanical and electrical engineering programs at seven universities or engineering schools in the U.S. It begins by proposing professional codes of ethics in engineering as a useful framework for thinking about the goals for student learning in the area of ethics and professional responsibility. The paper then discusses how and to what degree these goals are being addressed in the case study schools, with additional context provided through reference to published research in the field. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening the teaching of engineering ethics and professional responsibility.     

Developing a roadmap for the moral programming of smart technology

Smart technology is increasingly integrated in our ethical decision making. This raises questions as to how we should morally program technology. Deciding on moral programming depends on the moral intensity of the ethical issue. A moral intensity dashboard for engineers can help allocate the most suitable moral authority for a particular moral programming. Technology is not capable of ‘doing’ ethics the way humans do. This leaves forms of consequentialism and deontology as the most reasonable programming alternatives, using deontic logic as a starting point. Furthermore, it is very likely that in the more complicated settings, technology should have elements of meta ethics in its moral programming to adequately deal with scenarios that lead to conflicts in moral programming. We propose to use the calculation methods that stem from a comparative approach or the Expected Moral Value approach. All this has considerable consequences in how we should see moral programming in technology-driven ethical decision-making processes. We will therefore propose a roadmap for the moral programming of smart technology.     

Ethics and policy: dealing with public attitudes

The current trend towards ethical scrutiny and oversight is very much a social trend. Many of the results of this trend are perfectly reasonable but some go harmfully too far. In this paper, caution is advocated about public attitudes and social trends. Although there is often a degree of truth in them, there is an inevitable simplification of the issues involved. The more specific danger for the professions is to think that public attitudes and social trends simply deliver 'the ethical'. In this context a more adequate account of ethics is considered-one that is relevant for professions like radiology confronting the demands of ethical scrutiny and oversight. The paper concludes with some suggestions about how to incorporate the important aspects of public attitudes and social trends without being subservient to them.     

开展工程伦理学研究 增强工程师责任意识

工程伦理学是20世纪后期兴起的一门交叉学科。文章首先分析了把技术开发与技术使用分开，从而回避工程师责任的做法，进而剖析了认为工程是科学的应用和工程是实现社会价值的简单工具等观点，指出工程与伦理密切相关，工程师应当增强责任意识。     

Social impact assessment and ethical research principles: ethical professional practice in impact assessment Part II

This paper considers a range of ethical issues in social impact assessment (SIA) providing a commentary from a professional practice perspective. Drawing on its companion paper (Vanclay et al. 2013 Principles for ethical research involving humans: Ethical professional practice in impact assessment Part I. Impact Assess Proj Appraisal, 31(4):243–253), the 18 principles of ethical research are discussed as they pertain to SIA practice. While the ethical principles are highly relevant and align well with good practice SIA, there will be situations where the specific requirements suggested by the principles need to be carefully thought through by practitioners. Although making some general conclusions, the paper’s main purpose is to stimulate further debate about ethical issues within the impact assessment profession. Key recommendations that emerge for SIA practice include the need for SIA practitioners to use information sheets routinely, and to increase the use of signed consent forms. It is also recommended that the International Association for Impact Assessment provide a service to allow practitioners to gain ethical approval for their projects in non-routine cases.     

现代设计的伦理道德的演化和意涵研究

设计受伦理道德观念的影响,设计创作需要关注自然和社会的道德取向。在研究设计伦理道德演化过程的基础上,得出现代设计诉求的伦理道德意涵,并从设计的功能道德、时代道德和社会价值等方面阐述现代设计诉求的伦理道德的特征。     

Instructor perceptions of engineering ethics education at Chinese engineering universities: A cross-cultural approach

During the past decade, governmental agencies, universities and programs, policymakers, and educators in China have been striving for reforming and “globalizing” the engineering ethics curriculum. Chinese scholars have proposed strategies for improving the teaching effectiveness of engineering ethics that integrate “global forms” derived from the “American-style engineering ethics” into the Chinese context. Nevertheless, limited empirical research is available that examines the alignment of these strategies and the cultures of engineering education in China (e.g., instructor perceptions of engineering ethics education). We argue that understanding how Chinese instructors perceive engineering ethics instruction is critical for designing instructional strategies sensitive to the Chinese sociocultural context. In this study, we reviewed the literature on teaching engineering ethics (primarily after the 2000s) and teased out a set of most “contested” questions concerning American educators since the emergence of engineering ethics education as an academic discipline. By using these questions as a guideline, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 Chinese engineering ethics instructors trained in three different fields: STS and philosophy of science and technology, engineering, and Marxist studies and ethical theories. This paper also briefly discussed how the ways Chinese instructors perceived engineering ethics education are connected to and distinct from the views held by American educators discussed in the literature review section. This paper is expected to shed light on the cultures of engineering ethics education in China and provide insights into formulating effective policies and teaching strategies sensitive to the Chinese context.     

人工智能产品设计伦理探究

目的 分析当今人工智能产品设计伦理.方法 运用文献法和案例分析方法从设计的伦理出发,分析当代设计中与人工关智能产品的设计伦理问题.从弱人工智能产品和强人工智能产品两个层面来探究产生的影响,从设计师和设计伦理准则以及人工智能产品三者的协同关系做出思考,同时给出相关问题的具体建议.结论 人工智能产品无法替代设计师的全部功能,设计师应该参与人工智能产品设计伦理,设法赋予其对人类友善的动机,使其具备特定的道德品质,做出合乎道德的行为.     

基于设计伦理理念的公共服务设施探析

目的从设计伦理学的角度对公共服务设施设计艺术进行研究。方法以设计伦理为基础,针对当前市场经济主导下的社会发展中出现的、在公共服务设施设计中存在的伦理问题,展开产品设计与伦理观念的矛盾研究,运用一定的伦理学观念与发展规律,研究公共服务设施设计艺术与伦理之间的辩证关系,并通过伦理标尺和道德砝码来衡量和评价公共服务设施的设计成果。结论从伦理学角度来对公共服务设施设计艺术进行重新审视,用伦理道德来规范和引导人的行为,将伦理问题作为设计的限制因素来制约影响设计艺术,从而引导产品设计者,肩负起社会责任,遵循伦理道德标准,站在以人为本的立场,树立人性化设计理念,使公共服务设施的产品设计达到人与自然、环境、资源利用的和谐统一。     

Engineering Ethical Curricula: Assessment and Comparison of Two Approaches

The paper assesses two approaches for delivery of engineering ethics: a full semester ethics course and an engineering course that includes an ethics module. The Defining Issues Test was used to compare the improvement of a student's moral reasoning ability in each class as compared to a control class. Our findings were that the module approach used did not provide any improvement in moral reasoning. In addition, although the ethics course showed improvement when compared to the module, it was not significantly different from the control class. We also found that there was little distinction between males and females and no distinction by age, although education level did have an impact. The results suggest that to improve a student's moral reasoning and sensitivity to ethical issues, engineering ethics must be integrative, delivered at multiple points in the curriculum, and incorporate specific discipline context.     

Local information services in Medellin: Technology,institutions, communities and power

This article examines the politics of technology and information by exploring a case study of local information service provision in Medellin, Colombia. Local Information Service (LIS) is defined as a community centre where information deemed relevant to local communities is generated, stored, organized and disseminated through print and digital means. Using a social construction of technology approach, the article attempts to deconstruct the implementation and delivery of LIS in Medellin, Colombia and analyse how empowering and disempowering discourses form through relationships between institutions and citizens laden with social and economic inequality. The article analyses the development and deployment of this artefact and positions LIS as a socio-technical system, embedded with political, social, cultural, and economic values. We describe the unintended consequences of this deployment through a multilevel perspective of the head organisation and the smaller 195 local institutions that support it. The article challenges and operationalises the social construction of ‘local’ in local information by highlighting practices of social exclusion and resistance embedded within the design of the service. This case provides a vantage point from which to examine how relevant social groups interpret and engage with technological devices and the implications of this for the communities the device is intended to serve.     

设计生态观三题:设计伦理、公民精神与可持续发展

设计生态观与生态设计存在相关性,但设计生态观属于更为广阔的设计伦理议题范畴。设计生态观倡导在可持续发展观的引导下,通过以设计伦理为核心的设计教育和社会教育,改善长期以来在现代技术构建的商业社会中产生的设计发展不均衡现象,使人与自然通过设计的能动作用和谐共生;并主张以问题意识为切入点,通过高技术与低技术并存,全球化与地域化共生的设计手段,为人类创造更为合理的物质生活与精神生活方式。目的是从设计伦理、公民精神与可持续发展的 3个维度,讨论设计生态观在当下社会的重要意义。     

工业设计伦理学思想探析

以可持续发展与环境保护为启示,分析了以工业化大生产为物质基础的现代设计,在适应工业生产要求的同时,日益表现出过度功利化的趋势;论述了引入设计伦理价值来重新构建设计艺术的审美观念,以及中国传统文化的生态观念对于中国工业设计的发展所具有的重要作用。在此基础上,提出通过设计伦理拓展设计艺术的文化属性,并调整现代设计的价值追求。     

Book review

This article outlines how adolescents are currently overlooked as a specific user group of medical devices and positions the contribution that ergonomics (human factors) can make in mitigating this issue. Details are provided of the current barriers to adolescent inclusion in medical device design research. The discussion then provides guidance and suggested strategies for researchers, clinical staff and medical device developers about how to overcome difficulties such as ethical considerations and gaining access to this specific population. This is tackled through discussion of: informed consent, assent, gatekeepers, confidentiality, appropriateness of topics and proxies. The overall aim of this article is to raise awareness about adolescents in ergonomics research, specifically for the elicitation of requirements for medical devices.