复杂截面型材力控制拉弯成形数值模拟分析

复杂截面挤压型材的高精度拉弯成形是制造框架式车身的关键技术.本文基于动态显式有限元软件PAM-STAMP,针对一种典型的框架武车身用复杂截面挤压型材,对其力控制方式的直进台面式拉弯成形进行了数值模拟研究,对比分析了两种截面形状的型材截面畸变和回弹随补拉力增大的变形规律,并得到了摩擦系数对成形精度的影响.数值模拟结果表明,增加型材截面的变形刚度,可以显著地减小截面畸变和回弹;增加补拉力,增大了截面畸变但减小了回弹;增大摩擦系数,截面畸变量减小而回弹增加.     

焊管冷弯回弹曲线方程构建及工艺优化

目的 研究316L奥氏体不锈钢板材JCOE弯曲卸载回弹和应力分布特征,对预弯曲量实施相应补偿,以提高弯曲成形精度。方法 基于弹塑性变形理论,利用有限元模拟研究各关键成形参数对板材弯曲卸载回弹的影响规律,将影响指标线性/非线性拟合叠加,构建回弹曲线方程。结果 板料回弹量与上模下压量、下模开口量呈线性关系,与上模下行速度、摩擦因数呈指数关系。结论 优化后的最佳冷弯成形工艺参数如下:上模下压量为12 mm,下模开口量为150 mm,上模下行速度为4 mm/s,摩擦因数为0.15。对于径壁比值≤10的板料成形,理论计算得到的弯曲回弹量与实测平均值吻合较好,构建的模型可以为实际生产奠定理论基础。     

拼焊板U形件弯曲成形回弹补偿和焊缝移动规律研究

为了提高预测回弹的准确性,选用了拼焊板U形件作为研究对象,运用Dynaform软件,进行冲压成形和回弹的有限元数值模拟研究,得出了压边力、板料强度以及板料厚度对焊缝移动的影响规律,并探讨了焊缝、压边力、材料性能参数和板料厚度对回弹的影响,最终进行回弹补偿与实验验证.研究结果表明随着压边力的增大,焊缝向厚侧移动;板料强度不同时,焊缝向强度高的一侧移动;厚度不同时,焊缝向板料厚的一侧移动;焊缝会令板料的回弹量增大;随着压边力的增大,回弹量减小;弹性模量相同的条件下,材料屈服极限σs越高,回弹角越大;材料硬化指数n越小,回弹角越大;保持厚侧板料不变的情况下,另一侧板料越薄,回弹量越大.     

铝型材构件多点变曲率拉弯制件回弹研究

目的 研究不同预拉伸量和补拉伸量对矩形变曲率构件回弹的影响,以提高柔性三维拉弯成形精度。方法 用有限元模拟了矩形变曲率铝型材三维拉弯成形过程,并用试验验证了有限元模拟的精度,设计了5组不同的预拉伸量参数和补拉伸量进行三维拉弯成形有限元模拟。结果 大曲率和小曲率段试验和有限元模拟的回弹误差小于2 mm,表明有限元模拟分析可以很好地对矩形变曲率构件进行模拟。得出的数据表明预拉伸量对于小曲率弧段回弹的影响比对大曲率弧段的影响更大,当预拉伸量增长到1.0%以后,回弹的下降幅度不再明显;随着补拉伸量的增大,变曲率拉弯制件两段的回弹均得到较好的抑制,当补拉伸量为1.4%时,制件靠近夹钳端出现了缩颈缺陷,产生了较大的质量缺陷。结论 研究证明适量增加预拉量和补拉量能有效减小柔性三维拉弯成形回弹。     

铝合金型材拉弯成形回弹的有限元模拟

对回弹进行有效预测与控制是提高型材弯曲件精度的关键.为了分析轴向作用力对拉弯制件回弹的影响,采用动力显式有限元仿真软件Pam-Stamp2000对中空矩形截面铝型材AA6082(T5)转臂式拉弯成形过程进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果表明:增加预拉可以减小制件的回弹,但预拉达到一定水平后,继续加大预拉力对减小回弹将基本不起作用;当预拉不充分时,增加补拉同样有利于减小制件的回弹,但过大的补拉力对于减小回弹几乎没有任何帮助.可见,型材拉弯成形制件的回弹不仅与加载顺序及加载程度密切相关,同时也受到材料应变硬化特性的制约.     

型材拉弯的力学与回弹分析

回弹是弯曲成形中普遍存在的现象,是由卸载过程中内力重新分布引起的,回弹的存在直接影响弯曲件的成形精度.本文针对转台拉弯成形过程,对等边型材等曲率拉弯进行了应力-应变分析,并按照卸载预拉力与不卸载预拉力两种情况对工件回弹进行了研究与探讨,得到两组半径回弹率理论曲线.通过与试验结果对比,不卸载拉力计算的结果与试验值比较吻合.     

基于不同强化模型的GTN损伤模型及其在板料回弹有限元分析中的应用

为了进一步提高板料成形中的回弹预测精度,分别建立了基于Ziegler 线性随动强化模型、Lemaitre-Chaboche 非线性随动强化以及非线性混合强化模型的Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)细观损伤本构模型,并给出有限元数值积分方法。通过用户自定义材料子程序VUMAT 将损伤模型嵌入到有限元软件ABAQUS 中,以NUMISHEET’93 板料U 型弯曲考题为例,应用显隐相结合的方法模拟分析了不同材料强化模型和损伤对板料回弹量的影响。结果表明:在相同GTN 损伤模型情况下,线性随动和非线性随动强化模型预测得到的板料回弹量较小,等向强化预测的板料回弹量偏大,非线性混合强化预测的板料回弹量介于它们之间。材料模型在考虑损伤因素后,预测的回弹严重程度比无损伤情况时略小,与实验值更相近。     

基于Oyane韧性断裂准则的板料成形极限预测

本文基于Oyane韧性断裂准则,结合数值模拟方法,预测板料不同应变状态下的极限应变.准则中的材料参数通过单向拉伸和平面应变拉伸试验确定.在模拟胀形试验获得每一时间步应力、应变值的基础上,应用韧性断裂准则预测板料的成形极限.模拟结果表明用韧性断裂准则和数值模拟相结合的方法能成功获得板料的成形极限图.     

汽车转向节臂端部冷精整工艺优化

目的 得到单向压缩冷精整的精整量与预变形孔半径和深度之间的变化规律,以及摩擦因数大小同回弹量之间的关系。方法 对转向节臂端部锻件上下表面进行预变形凹槽孔处理,并建立锻件单向压缩冷精整的弹塑性有限元模型,利用ABAQUS有限元软件进行数值模拟仿真,分析摩擦因数对表面质量的影响,得到优化后的工艺参数,并进行实验验证模拟结果的准确性。结果 摩擦因数越大,冷精整后的转向节臂端部锻件的鼓形越明显。在精整量为1 mm的情况下,当预变形凹槽孔的半径为4 mm、深度为0.3 mm、单向压缩量为1.1 mm、摩擦因数为0.2时,能够得到最好的表面质量。结论 当摩擦因数相同时,预变形凹槽孔的半径越大,径向位移越小,而回弹量基本保持不变。     

铝合金板材磁脉冲辅助U形弯曲过程回弹数值模拟分析

目的揭示铝合金板材磁脉冲辅助弯曲成形对回弹的影响机理。方法基于两种磁脉冲辅助成形方案,采用数值模拟软件LS-DYNA,建立磁脉冲辅助U形弯曲的有限元模型。结果与准静态成形相比,磁脉冲辅助U形弯曲成形能减小板料圆角区的残余应力,方案Ⅰ板料圆角区等效塑性应变大于方案Ⅱ板料圆角区的等效塑性应变;电磁体积力能有效减小回弹,且放电能量越大,回弹角越小;磁脉冲辅助U形弯曲成形能减小板料的弹性应变能。结论相同放电电压下,方案Ⅰ的回弹控制效果好于方案Ⅱ的回弹控制效果。磁脉冲辅助U形弯曲减小回弹的主要原因是板料圆角区残余应力的减小和弹性应变能的降低。     

An analytical model for predicting springback and side wall curl of sheet after U-bending

An analytical model for predicting sheet springback after U-bending is proposed in this paper based on Hill48 yielding criterion and plane strain condition. The model takes into account of the effects of deformation history, thickness thinning and neutral surface shift on the sheet springback of U-bending. Three rules for material hardening – kinematic, isotropic and combined hardening – have been used to consider the effect of complex deformation history that has undergone stretching, bending, and unbending deformations on the sheet springback. The model is applied to the benchmark of NUMISHEET’93 2-D draw bending problem. It indicates that the springback is overestimated when isotropic hardening is applied, while is underestimated when kinematic hardening is applied. For reverse loading problem, the combined hardening is a good approach to the practical material. In addition to that, the effects of blank holding force, friction coefficient between sheet and tools, sheet thickness and anisotropy have been investigated. When the shifting distance of neutral surface exceeds one-fourth of sheet thickness, the springback can be reduced effectively by increasing the blank holding force and friction between sheet and die. And the springback increases with anisotropy and friction between sheet and punch, and decreases with the sheet thickness.     

宽板大曲率半径纯弯曲回弹量理论分析

针对各向异性板料的大曲率弯曲回弹问题,建立了服从Hill屈服准则和指数强化模型的平面应变纯弯曲的回弹理论模型。应用该模型计算了Numisheet’2002无约束柱面弯曲回弹的考题,与实验结果和其它理论模型计算值的对比表明,模型的回弹结果与实验值很接近,其精度优于其它算法。同时还表明,屈服准则的选取对预测板料回弹量有着较大影响,而强化模型的影响则不是很显著。     

超高强QP980钢冲压成形性能

目的研究宝钢新一代先进高强钢QP980与第一代先进高强钢DP980的冲压成形性能。方法采用单向拉伸、光学应变分析和帽型拉弯成形等试验方法,分析两种超高强钢在加工硬化、成形极限、拉弯成形侧壁减薄和回弹等性能特性。结果 QP980的伸长率达到21.6%,与DP980钢相比有更高的强塑积,在变形过程中能够维持较高的瞬时n值,进而提高了材料的成形极限。帽型拉弯试验中,在不同的流入距离条件下,QP980钢的侧壁减薄率均低于DP980钢。在不同压边力条件下,QP980(厚度1.0 mm)材料的回弹量大于DP980(厚度1.2 mm)材料。结论 QP980在梁型件成形过程中具有优良的抗减薄特性,采用QP980钢进行冲压成形时应考虑比同级别DP980钢更大的回弹补偿量,或者采用更大变形量的工艺设计。     

板料弯曲回弹影响因素的有限元模拟研究

通过静态力学、动态力学实验方法,研究了热致性液晶聚合物(LCP)的种类对环氧树脂共混物在不同温度下的拉伸强度和应力-应变曲线的影响,通过TEM观察了共混物的相形态结构.结果表明,反应型液晶聚合物(LCPU)比其它种类的液晶聚合物对环氧树脂的改性效果更好;在不同温度下,其拉伸强度和应力～应变行为均比其它材料优越;固化物的动态力学结果表明:反应型的液晶聚合物键入了固化网络,出现新的松弛,TEM结果表明,反应型的液晶聚合物在基体材料中形成大小在nm数量级的液晶聚集微区,没有反应基团的液晶聚合物PHBHT在10%的加入量下,与环氧的共混物结构也有液晶聚集微区产生,但是聚集区大小在微米量级.     

An analytical model for bending and springback of bimetallic sheets

Springback is an inevitable phenomenon due to elastic redistribution of internal stresses occurring in sheet metal forming operations. Most of the research reported in this area has been concerned with the components formed from single metal. This article deals with the analytical solution for prediction of springback in bending of bimetallic sheets. A mathematical model is derived based on Woo and Marshall's constitutive equation, considering logarithmic strain (nonlinear) distribution across the thickness and thickness change during bending. Analytical modeling, based on logarithmic strain distribution across the thickness, can be used for accurate springback predictions in the case of smaller bend radius to the thickness ratio. The results of the springback and thickness change are validated using experimental results for the aluminum sheet layered with steel. Further, springback variation in bimetallic sheets is studied, with a change in material properties and thickness of each layer.     

考虑材料参数变化的高强钛管数控弯曲回弹行为研究

目的研究钛管数控弯曲回弹角、回弹半径的变化规律,揭示回弹角和回弹半径变化特征的形成机制。方法基于有限元软件平台,建立考虑收缩应变比-弹性模量变化的Ti-3Al-2.5V钛管数控弯曲成形及回弹全过程的有限元模型。结果回弹角随弯曲角和相对弯曲半径的增加而增加;回弹半径在弯曲角小于30°时,随弯曲角的增加而先变化很小,后显著增加;弯曲角大于30°时,回弹半径随弯曲角的增加而逐渐减小。回弹半径随相对弯曲半径的增加而增加。弯曲角越大,应力分布区域越大,回弹变形越大;相对弯曲半径越大,弯管中处于弹性变形的区域占总变形区域的比例较大,回弹变形越大。结论考虑两参数变化时对回弹角和回弹半径的变化趋势无显著影响,但获得的回弹角和回弹半径均大于忽略两参数变化时的值;考虑收缩应变比-弹性模量变化时,弯曲变形区沿外脊线的拉应力大于忽略两参数变化时的拉应力,卸载回弹时,管材发生大的弹性恢复,表现为回弹角和回弹半径的增加。     

考虑初始残余应力的板料弯曲回弹理论分析

在实际弯曲加工过程中,板料内部如果带有初始残余应力,将与弯曲应力发生叠加,对板料的回弹产生一定的影响。由于传统的回弹理论都没有考虑初始残余应力的影响,该文基于平面应变假设,采用服从Mises屈服准则和线性强化材料模型,推导了考虑初始残余应力的板料弯曲回弹角近似公式并基于有限元软件ABAQUS进行了残余应力板料弯曲回弹仿真对比分析。理论计算与仿真结果具有较好的一致性,验证了理论模型的正确性。研究结果表明,残余应力和厚度对板料回弹均有较大影响:沿宽度方向,不同初始残余应力处的板料回弹并不均匀;增大初始残余应力峰值和减小板料厚度均使不同初始残余应力处板料的回弹差值增大。     

Twist springback characteristics of dual-phase steel sheet after non-axisymmetric deep drawing

This paper aims to investigate the twist springback characteristics of advanced high strength steel sheet subjected to deep drawing. A C-rail benchmark, which leads to a particularly pronounced twist springback characteristics, was developed. For an accurate numerical modeling of the process, a non-quadratic anisotropic yield criterion integrated with combined isotropic and kinematic hardening model was used to describe the strain-stress behavior including anisotropy and Bauschinger effects. The corresponding mechanical experiments, namely uniaxial tension and forward-reverse simple shear tests were performed to determine the material parameters. The digital image correlation technique was applied for component tests as well as the deformation and stress-strain analysis. The experimental validation of the elastic-plastic finite element model was assessed by comparing maximum in-plane strain, thickness reduction distribution and twist springback of the drawn rail. To explore the source of twist springback, the deformation associated with in-plane stress and bending moment was analyzed. The results indicate that the bending moment before springback caused by non-symmetric stress states play an important role in twist springback and control. Certain regions of the die radius were varied in a numerical analysis to control the bending moment for the minimization of twist springback as well as the preliminary results of the relationship between the ratio of variable die radius and twist springback.     

Influence of size effect on the springback of sheet metal foils in micro-bending

To analyze the unloading springback of sheet metal foils after micro-bending process, a constitutive model is proposed based on the surface layer model by which the sheet foil is divided into surface layer and inner portions. For the inner portion, each grain is envisaged as a composite, comprised of grain interior and grain boundary work-hardened layer. The classical composite model is then used to calculate its flow stress. For the surface layer portion, a model without grain boundary strengthening is constructed to represent the flow stress in this zone. The developed method is verified through the comparison of the calculated strain–stress curves with the tensile test results of four kinds of pure copper sheet foils with different thicknesses ranging from 0.1 mm to 0.6 mm. To investigate the effect of thickness and grain size on the springback of pure copper sheet foils, three-point bending tests are carried out. A finite element (FE) model for predicting the springback in micro-bending process is further developed, which takes into account the deformation behavior and orientation of each grain. The influences of grain size and thickness on the springback of sheet foils are investigated. The research results show that the decrease of sheet foil thickness or the increase of grain size results in a big springback. The scatter of springback angle is mainly attributed to the elastic anisotropy of surface grains and increases with the reduction of grains along the thickness direction. A good agreement between the experimental results and the analytical calculations shows that the developed FE model can predict the springback of sheet metal foils well in micro-bending process.