乳腺X射线基准装置半值层的测量

用工业钼靶X射线光机作为基准的辐射源,自行设计了一种圆柱形自由空气电离室作为基准电离室。参考国际标准建立了4个规范辐射质,采用曲线拟合的方法测量了各辐射质的半值层、第二半值层和同质系数,并求出了各规范辐射质的有效能量。与国际计量局乳腺X射线基准的半值层数值进行对比,偏差在1%左右。     

曲线拟合法计算X射线半值层的探讨

<正>X射线半值层是指一束X射线的空气比释动能减弱到其初始值一半所需的标准物质的厚度。它直观的反映了X射线束的穿透能力,是医用X射线诊断辐射源的重要性能指标。根据JJG744-2004《医用诊断X射线辐射源检定规程》,半值层对于所有的X射线辐射源的首次和后续检定都是必检项目。但遗憾的是,JJG744-2004中对     

热释光剂量计测量X射线半值层法初步探讨

随着国内X光机数量的迅速增多,简易有效的X光机半值层(HVL)质量检测方法也越来越重要。使用Penelope软件模拟N80(65keV)、N100(83 keV)、N150(118keV)、N200(164keV)重过滤窄谱辐照场中氟化锂热释光(LiF(Mg,Cu,P))剂量计在不同铜过滤片厚度下的能量沉积,分析计算得到X光机HVL; 通过实验测量LiF在N100(83keV)3m处窄谱标准辐照场的X光机HVL,对模拟程序进行了验证。对模拟结果与标准实验室电离室测量结果进行比较表明:对于低能N80(65keV)、N100(83keV)辐照场,LiF剂量计测量X射线半值层的方法具有可行性;N150(118keV)、N200(164keV)辐照场中模拟结果与实验室给出电离法测量得到的半值层值相对误差较大,不建议直接使用LiF测量半值层。     

医用诊断X射线半价层的测量

介绍了医用诊断X射线半价层测量的原理与曲线拟合法、平均值法、内插法、作图法等四种测量方法,结合实验数据分析了平均值法、内插法和拟合法的特点。医用诊断X射线束通常为“宽束”,曲线拟合法测量半价层需考虑积累因子的影响,通过调整吸收片厚度能快速计算出半价层;平均值法对于宽束X射线在较大的吸收片厚度范围内多次测量不能减小误差;内插法测量时内插间距的选择直接影响测量结果;采用平均值法和内插法时,所选吸收片厚度应使K/K0分布在1/2两侧。     

医用诊断X辐射源辐射输出的空气比释动能率测量不确定度评定

一、概述 1.测量标准和设备 依据JJG744-2004<医用诊断X射线辐射源>检定规程,在规定的测最条件下,使用不确定度小于5%的医用诊断X射线辐射源检定装置(其配套设备有非介入电压表、非介入电流表、半值层仪、星卡、分辨力卡、空盒气压表等),对工作级医用诊断X射线辐射源进行检定.     

诊断水平X参考辐射质的建立

参照IEC 61267-2005《医用诊断X射线测量特性使用的辐射条件》关于辐射质测量与计算的方法,通过实际测量与计算确定符合JJF 1621-2017 《诊断水平剂量计校准规范》对参考辐射质要求的纯铝过滤片厚度,制作了所需的纯铝过滤片并用半值层测量装置验证了辐射质,建立了校准诊断水平剂量计的X参考辐射质。     

钨靶光管钼过滤X射线空气比释动能的量值复现北大核心CSCD

基于低能钨靶X射线光机,配置钼过滤材料参考建立了管电压为23kV、25kV、28kV、30kV、35kV的辐射质,其附加过滤均为0.06mm的钼片。测量了5个辐射质的半值层,结果显示,半值层值在0.346mmAl到0.405mmAl之间。有效能量在15.4~16.4keV之间,明显高于相同管电压激发钼靶光管产生的X射线辐射质。对乳腺X射线自由空气电离室进行了各个修正因子的测量,完成了空气比释动能的测量工作。     

医用电子加速器X射线剂量测量

文章详细的介绍了医用电子直线加速器X射线辐射源在检定过程中的原理,方法。阐述了规程中对于剂量计算中的计算方法,介绍了治疗水平电离室剂量校正因子(Nx、ND、DW)。结合实例对加速器X射线吸收剂量测量及其计算问题进行探讨。     

225 kV X光机管电压、管电流及固有过滤的研究北大核心CSCD

X光机的管电压、管电流及固有过滤是X射线光机质量控制的重要参数。X光机管电压、管电流以及固有过滤的测量,对于X光机的性能评价和参考辐射质的建立是非常必要的。以一台管电压上限为225kV的X光机为例,用能谱终点法测量对X光机的管电压进行测量,得出X光机能在±0.2%的范围内显示管电压值;用指型电离室PTW30013测量了高能X光机管电流的线性,测量得到的X光机的的管电流性能良好;用半值层法测量X光机的固有过滤,固有过滤为0.058mmAl.     

医用诊断X射线辐射源空气比释动能率测量结果不确定度评定

一、概述1.测量依据JJG744-2004《医用诊断X射线辐射源》检定规程。2.环境条件检定的环境温度是诊断X射线机的常规使用条件,相对湿度:<85%。3.测量标准剂量计和电离室的不确定度Urel=2.0%,包含因子kp=2。4.被测对象医用诊断X射线辐射源空气比释动能率,X射线管的峰值电压范围为(30～150)kV,空气比释动能的不确     

医用诊断半值层测量仪校准影响因素的研究

在各种诊断X射线辐射源检定规程或校准规范中都对半值层测量提出了要求,半值层测量仪也得到广泛应用,但半值层测量仪的校准方法一直未明确。探讨在校准半值层测量仪过程中的主要影响因素,结果表明探测器角度对测量结果影响最大,因此校准时要将被校半值层测量仪置于测试平面中心位置,角度偏差不应超过±1°。     

Forward-scattered radiation from the compression paddle should be considered in glandular dose estimations

From major protocols on dosimetry in mammography, there is no doubt that the incident air kerma should be evaluated without backscattered radiation to the dosemeter. However, forward-scattered radiation from the compression paddle is neglected. The aim of this work was to analyse the contribution of forward-scattered radiation for typical air kerma measurements. Measurements of forward-scatter were performed with a plane-parallel ionisation chamber on four mammography units. The forward-scatter contribution to the air kerma was 2-10 % and increased with the compression paddle thickness, but also with the half-value layer value. For incident air kerma in mammography, it can be as important to consider forward-scattered as backscattered radiation. If an ionisation chamber is used, the compression paddle should be in contact with the chamber; otherwise the air kerma and absorbed dose will be underestimated. If a dosemeter based on semiconductors with much less sensitivity to scattered radiation is used, it is suggested that a forward-scatter factor (FSF) is applied. Based on the results of this work, FSF = 1.06 will lead to a maximum error of ~4 %.     

纳米抗菌剂/ 羊毛纤维复合新方法

运用紫外光辐射的方法对超细羊毛纤维表面进行刻蚀、糙化, 并在其表面接枝载银纳米SiO₂ 抗菌剂制备抗菌羊毛纤维。通过SEM、IR 等, 对其物理性能进行了表征; 同时测试了其抗菌和耐洗涤性能。结果表明, 制备的抗菌羊毛纤维表面形成了约200 nm 的抗菌层, 羊毛纤维与纳米抗菌剂以价键形式结合而非单纯的物理吸附,其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率达96 %以上, 经20 次以上洗涤, 抗菌率仍能达到90 %以上。      

Calibration of KVp meter used in quality control tests of diagnostic X-ray units

In diagnostic radiology, the tube voltage [peak kilovoltage (kV(p))] is one of the most important parameter affecting both radiation exposure and image contrast. So, an accurate kV(p) meter is necessary to control kV(p) in the medical radiography practice with the overall uncertainty less than ± 5 % according to IEC 61676. Therefore, both invasive and non-invasive calibration methods of kV(p) meter were established and applied to different kinds of commercial quality control instruments for diagnostic radiology. Calibration of kV(p) meter by the invasive method is the most accurate (with uncertainty of 1.67 %, k=2); however, the non-invasive method also provides good results (with uncertainty of 3.12 %, k=2). Due to their detailed design, the commercial kV(p) meters have various responses with X-ray beam, so the working regime of a particular device type must be appropriately selected with a specific X-ray machine used for calibration of kV(p) meter.     

Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe

Patients are exposed to X rays when undergoing medical examinations in diagnostic radiology. Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 +/- 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was approximately 136 million, i.e. approximately 1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of approximately 6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. Corresponding data are presented and comments are made on the international situation of non-harmonised data collection on patient exposure as well as of parameters affecting the assessment of exposure and risk.     

碳/铝复合材料界面反应对抗拉强度的影响

本文对Ti-B法制备的碳—铝合复材料经各种处理后产生的不同程度的界面反应与其纵向抗拉强度的关系进行了研究。碳—铝界面反应主要从三方面影响复合材料的抗拉强度:①界面结合强度;②界面脆性层;⑨纤维损伤。这三者的作用程度与界面反应程度有关。界面反应不严重时,主要是界面结合强度起作用;反应较严重时,界面脆性层的影响增大;反应很严重时,纤维发生严重损伤,对材料的抗拉强度产生很大的影响。      

Optical performance of extreme ultraviolet lithography mask with an indium tin oxide absorber

In this study, we propose a new extreme ultraviolet (EUV) binary mask with an indium tin oxide (ITO) absorber. The optical constant of ITO film at 13.5 nm wavelength in the EUV regime was determined by means of X-ray reflectivity measurements and the chemical composition was determined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The reflectance of a binary mask with an ITO absorber layer at various thicknesses was also measured to investigate the optical performance in the EUV regime. It was found that the extinction coefficient of ITO film is higher than that of a typical absorber layer, TaN, and that the reflectance of the ITO absorber in the binary mask at a wavelength of 13.5 nm is reduced to 0.62% at a thickness of 45 nm. Therefore, it is expected that the ITO film can be employed as a thin absorber of a binary mask to reduce the geometrical shadow effect in extreme ultraviolet lithography.