Freestanding hierarchical porous carbon film derived from hybrid nanocellulose for high-power supercapacitors

Nanocellulose is a sustainable and eco-friendly nanomaterial derived from renewable biomass.In this study,we utilized the structural advantages of two types of nanocellulose and fabricated freestanding carbonized hybrid nanocellulose films as electrode materials for supercapacitors.The long cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) formed a macroporous framework,and the short cellulose nanocrystals were assembled around the CNF framework and generated micro/mesopores.This two-level hierarchical porous structure was successfully preserved during carbonization because of a thin atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 conformal coating,which effectively prevented the aggregation of nanocellulose.These carbonized,partially graphitized nanocellulose fibers were interconnected,forming an integrated and highly conductive network with a large specific surface area of 1,244 m2·g-1.The two-level hierarchical porous structure facilitated fast ion transport in the film.When tested as an electrode material with a high mass loading of 4 mg·cm-2 for supercapacitors,the hierarchical porous carbon film derived from hybrid nanocellulose exhibited a specific capacitance of 170 F.g-1and extraordinary performance at high current densities.Even at a very high current of 50 A·g-1,it retained 65％ of its original specific capacitance,which makes it a promising electrode material for high-power applications.     

Construction of hierarchical three-dimensional interspersed flower-like nickel hydroxide for asymmetric supercapacitors

Low-cost and easily obtainable electrode materials are crucial for the application of supercapacitors.Nickel hydroxides have recently attracted intensive attention owning to their high theoretical specific capacitance,high redox activity,low cost,and eco-friendliness.In this study,novel three-dimensional (3D) interspersed flower-like nickel hydroxide was assembled under mild conditions.When ammonia was used as the precipitant and inhibitor and CTAB was used as an exfoliation agent,the obtained exfoliated ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanosheets were assembled into 3D interspersed flower-like nickel hydroxide.In this novel 3D structure,the ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanosheets not only provided a large contact area with the electrolyte,reducing the polarization of the electrochemical reaction and providing more active sites,but also reduced the concentration polarization in the electrode solution interface.Consequently,the utilization efficiency of the active material was improved,yielding a high capacitance.The electrochemical performance was improved via promoting the electrical conductivity by mixing the as-synthesized Ni(OH)2 with carbon tubes (N-4-CNT electrode),yielding excellent specific capacitances of 2,225.1 F·g-1 at 0.5 A·g-1 in a three-electrode system and 722.0 F·g-1 at 0.2 A·g-1 in a two-electrode system.The N-4-CNT//active carbon (AC) device exhibited long-term cycling performance (capacitance-retention ratio of 111.4％ after 10,000 cycles at 5 A·g-1) and a high specific capacitance of 180.5 F·g-1 with a high energy density of 33.5 W·h·kg-1 and a power density of 2,251.6 W·kg-1.     

Ultrathin ZnS nanosheet/carbon nanotube hybrid electrode for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor

Flexible and easily reconfigurable supercapacitors show great promise for application in wearable electronics.In this study,multiwall C nanotubes (CNTs) decorated with hierarchical ultrathin zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanosheets (ZnS@CNT) are synthesized via a facile method.The resulting ZnS@CNT electrode,which delivers a high specific capacitance of 347.3 F·g-1 and an excellent cycling stability,can function as a high-performance electrode for a flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor using a polymer gel electrolyte.Our device exhibits a remarkable specific capacitance of 159.6 F·g-1,a high energy density of 22.3 W·h·kg-1 and a power density of 5 kW·kg-1.It also has high electrochemical performance even under bending or twisting.The all-solid-state supercapacitors can be easily integrated in series to power different commercial light-emitting diodes without an external bias voltage.     

Biowaste derived porous carbon sponge for high performance supercapacitors

Here,an agricultural waste (the stem pith of helianthus annuus,SPHA) is firstly used as the precursor for preparing three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon sponge (PCS).The as-prepared 3D PCS (SPHA-700) pos-sesses unique sponge-like structure,large specific surface area (SSA) and high nitrogen doping level (4.52 at.％),which benefit the enhancement of conductivity (5.8 S cm-1) and wettability.As a binder-free elec-trode for solid-state symmetric supercapacitor,SPHA-700 delivers a relatively high specific capacitance of 137.1 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1.Moreover,activated SPHA-700 (SPHA-ac-700-2) displays an even higher specific capacitance (403.6 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1) in 6.0 M KOH electrolyte.The SPHA-ac-700-2-based symmetrical supercapacitor can offer high specific capacitance (271 F g-1 at 1 A g-1) and good rate capability (82.1％of capacitance retention at 1-80 A g-1) in 6.0 M KOH electrolyte,together with high energy density(23.3 Wh kg-1 at 450 W kg-1) in 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolyte.Such excellent performance of SPHA-ac-700-2 is believed to have originated from the crushed sponge-like structure,O/N-co-doping (10.6 at.％ O and 3.3 at.％ N),high SSA,large total pore volume,and hierarchical pore structure.     

Boosting High-Rate Zinc-Storage Performance by the Rational Design of Mn2O3 Nanoporous Architecture Cathode

Manganese oxides are regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials in rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs)because of the low price and high security.However,the practical application of Mn2O3 in ZIBs is still plagued by the low specific capacity and poor rate capability.Herein,highly crystalline Mn2O3 materials with interconnected mesostructures and controllable pore sizes are obtained via a ligand-assisted self-assembly process and used as high-performance electrode materials for reversible aqueous ZIBs.The coordination degree between Mn2+and citric acid ligand plays a crucial role in the formation of the mesostructure,and the pore sizes can be easily tuned from 3.2 to 7.3 nm.Ascribed to the unique feature of nanoporous architectures,excellent zinc-storage performance can be achieved in ZIBs during charge/discharge processes.The Mn2O3 electrode exhibits high reversible capacity(233 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1),superior rate capability(162 mAh g−1 retains at 3.08 A g−1)and remarkable cycling durability over 3000 cycles at a high current rate of 3.08 A g−1.Moreover,the corresponding electrode reaction mechanism is studied in depth according to a series of analytical methods.These results suggest that rational design of the nanoporous architecture for electrode materials can effectively improve the battery performance.     

PVA-assisted hydrated vanadium pentoxide/reduced graphene oxide films for excellent Li+and Zn2+storage properties

Low-cost,high safety and environment-friendly aqueous energy storage systems(ESSs)are huge poten-tial for grid-level energy storage,but the(de)intercalation of metal ions in the electrode materials(e.g.vanadium oxides)to obtain superior long-term cycling stability is a significant challenge.Herein,we demonstrate that polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-assisted hydrated vanadium pentoxide/reduced graphene oxide(V2O5·nH2O/rGO/PVA,denoted as the VGP)films enable long cycle stability and high capacity for the Li+and Zn2+storages in both the VGP//LiCl(aq)//VGP and the VGP//ZnSO4(aq)//Zn cells.The binder-free VGP films are synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method combination with the filtration.The extensive hydrogen bonds are formed among PVA,GO and H2O,and they act as structural pillars and connect the adjacent layers as glue,which contributes to the ultrahigh specific capacitance and ultralong cyclic performance of Li+and Zn2+storage properties.As for Li+storage,the binder-free VGP4 film(4 mg PVA)electrode achieves the highest specific capacitance up to 1381 F g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 in the three-electrode system and 962 F g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 in the symmetric two-electrode system.It also behaves the outstanding cyclic performance with the capacitance retention of 96.5％after 15000 cycles in the three-electrode system and 99.7％after 25000 cycles in the symmetric two-electrode system.As for Zn2+storage,the binder-free VGP4 film electrode exhibits the high specific capacity of 184 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 in the VGP4//ZnSO4(aq)//Zn cell and the superb cycle performance of 98.5％after 25000 cycles.This work not only provides a new strategy for the construction of vanadium oxides composites and demonstrates the potential application of PVA-assisted binder-free film with excellent electrochemical properties,but also extends to construct other potential electrode materials for metal ion storage cells.     

Facile one-pot synthesis of NiCo<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> hollow spheres with controllable number of shells for high-performance supercapacitors

In this work,single-and double-shelled NiCo2O4 hollow spheres have been synthesized in situ by a one-pot solvothermal method assisted by xylose,followed by heat treatment.Employed as supercapacitor electrode materials,the double-shelled NiCo2O4 hollow spheres exhibit a remarkable specific capacitance (1,204.4 F·g-1 at a current density of 2.0 A·g-1) and excellent cycling stability (103.6％ retention after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A·g-1).Such outstanding electrochemical performance can be attributed to their unique internal morphology,which provides a higher surface area with a larger number of active sites available to interact with the electrolyte.The versatility of this method was demonstrated by applying it to other binary metal oxide materials,such as ZnCo2O4,ZnMn2O4,and CoMn2O4.The present study thus illustrates a simple and general strategy for the preparation of binary transition metal oxide hollow spheres with a controllable number of shells.This approach shows great promise for the development of next-generation high-performance electrochemical materials.     

Hierarchical 3D All‐Carbon Composite Structure Modified with N‐Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors

Flexible supercapacitors have shown enormous potential for portable electronic devices. Herein, hierarchical 3D all‐carbon electrode materials are prepared by assembling N‐doped graphene quantum dots (N‐GQDs) on carbonized MOF materials (cZIF‐8) interweaved with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for flexible all‐solid‐state supercapacitors. In this ternary electrode, cZIF‐8 provides a large accessible surface area, CNTs act as the electrical conductive network, and N‐GQDs serve as highly pseudocapactive materials. Due to the synergistic effect and hierarchical assembly of these components, N‐GQD@cZIF‐8/CNT electrodes exhibit a high specific capacitance of 540 F g^?1 at 0.5 A g^?1 in a 1 m H₂SO₄ electrolyte and excellent cycle stability with 90.9% capacity retention over 8000 cycles. The assembled supercapacitor possesses an energy density of 18.75 Wh kg^?1 with a power density of 108.7 W kg^?1. Meanwhile, three supercapacitors connected in series can power light‐emitting diodes for 20 min. All‐solid‐state N‐GQD@cZIF‐8/CNT flexible supercapacitor exhibits an energy density of 14 Wh kg^?1 with a power density of 89.3 W kg^?1, while the capacitance retention after 5000 cycles reaches 82%. This work provides an effective way to construct novel electrode materials with high energy storage density as well as good cycling performance and power density for high‐performance energy storage devices via the rational design.     

Interface-modulated fabrication of hierarchical yolk–shell Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/C dodecahedrons as stable anodes for lithium and sodium storage

Transition-metal oxides (TMOs) have gradually attracted attention from researchers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their high theoretical capacity.However,their poor cycling stability and inferior rate capability resulting from the large volume variation during the lithiation/sodiation process and their low intrinsic electronic conductivity limit their applications.To solve the problems of TMOs,carbon-based metal-oxide composites with complex structures derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising electrode materials for LIBs and SIBs.In this study,we adopted a facile interface-modulated method to synthesize yolk-shell carbon-based Co3O4 dodecahedrons derived from ZIF-67 zeolitic imidazolate frameworks.This strategy is based on the interface separation between the ZIF-67 core and the carbon-based shell during the pyrolysis process.The unique yolk-shell structure effectively accommodates the volume expansion during lithiation or sodiation,and the carbon matrix improves the electrical conductivity of the electrode.As an anode for LIBs,the yolk-shell Co3O4/C dodecahedrons exhibit a high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability (1,100 mAh·g-1 after 120 cycles at 200 mA·g-1).As an anode for SIBs,the composites exhibit an outstanding rate capability (307 mAh·g-1 at 1,000 mA·g-1 and 269 mAh·g-1 at 2,000 mA·g-1).Detailed electrochemical kinetic analysis indicates that the energy storage for Li+ and Na+ in yolk-shell Co3O4/C dodecahedrons shows a dominant capacitive behavior.This work introduces an effective approach for fabricating carbonbased metal-oxide composites by using MOFs as ideal precursors and as electrode materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of LIBs and SIBs.     

3D Carbon/Cobalt‐Nickel Mixed‐Oxide Hybrid Nanostructured Arrays for Asymmetric Supercapacitors

The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors relies not only on the exploitation of high‐capacity active materials, but also on the rational design of superior electrode architectures. Herein, a novel supercapacitor electrode comprising 3D hierarchical mixed‐oxide nanostructured arrays (NAs) of C/CoNi₃O₄ is reported. The network‐like C/CoNi₃O₄ NAs exhibit a relatively high specific surface area; it is fabricated from ultra‐robust Co‐Ni hydroxide carbonate precursors through glucose‐coating and calcination processes. Thanks to their interconnected three‐dimensionally arrayed architecture and mesoporous nature, the C/CoNi₃O₄ NA electrode exhibits a large specific capacitance of 1299 F/g and a superior rate performance, demonstrating 78% capacity retention even when the discharge current jumps by 100 times. An optimized asymmetric supercapacitor with the C/CoNi₃O₄ NAs as the positive electrode is fabricated. This asymmetric supercapacitor can reversibly cycle at a high potential of 1.8 V, showing excellent cycling durability and also enabling a remarkable power density of ～13 kW/kg with a high energy density of ～19.2 W·h/kg. Two such supercapacitors linked in series can simultaneously power four distinct light‐emitting diode indicators; they can also drive the motor of remote‐controlled model planes. This work not only presents the potential of C/CoNi₃O₄ NAs in thin‐film supercapacitor applications, but it also demonstrates the superiority of electrodes with such a 3D hierarchical architecture.     

高比容纳米Ni（OH）2的制备及其电化学电容性能

以草酸和乙酸镍为原料,通过低温固相法合成前驱体(NiC2O4.2H2O)粉末。用此前驱体粉末与固态NaOH混合并充分研磨制得纳米Ni(OH)2粉末。经SEM、XRD测试表明,制得的纳米Ni(OH)2粉末是平均粒径约为12nm的β-Ni(OH)2。用循环伏安法、恒流充放电测试和交流阻抗谱研究Ni(OH)2电极的电化学电容特性。结果表明在电流密度为1A.g-1时,其比电容高达2271F.g-1,且经多次循环后表现出较好的循环稳定性能。     

Stabilising Cobalt Sulphide Nanocapsules with Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Storage

Conversion-type anode materials with a high charge storage capability generally su er from large volume expansion, poor electron conductivity, and sluggish metal ion transport kinetics. The electrode material described in this paper, namely cobalt sulphide nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon cages(Co9S8@NC), can circumvent these problems. This electrode material exhibited a reversible sodium-ion storage capacity of 705 mAh g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1 with an extraordinary rate capability and good cycling stability. Mechanistic study using the in situ transmission electron microscope technique revealed that the volumetric expansion of the Co9S8 nanoparticles is bu ered by the carbon cages, enabling a stable electrode–electrolyte interface. In addition, the carbon shell with high-content doped nitrogen significantly enhances the electron conductivity of the Co9S8@NC electrode material and provides doping-induced active sites to accommodate sodium ions. By integrating the Co9S8@NC as negative electrode with a cellulose-derived porous hard carbon/graphene oxide composite as positive electrode and 1 M NaPF6 in diglyme as the electrolyte, the sodium-ion capacitor full cell can achieve energy densities of 101.4 and 45.8 Wh kg^-1 at power densities of 200 and 10,000 W kg^-1, respectively.     

In-situ encapsulation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles into ZnFe2O4 micro-sized capsules as high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Transition metal oxides as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries suffer from severe capacity decay,originating primarily from particle pulverization upon volume expansion/shrinkage and the intrinsically sluggish electron/ion transport.Herein,in-situ encapsulation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles into micro-sized ZnFe2O4 capsules is facilely fulfilled through a co-precipitation process and followed by heat-treatment at optimal calcination temperature.The porous ZnFe2C4 scaffold affords a synergistic confinement effect to suppress the grain growth of α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals during the calcination process and to accommodate the stress generated by volume expansion during the charge/discharge process,leading to an enhanced interfacial conductivity and inhibit electrode pulverization and mechanical failure in the active material.With these merits,the prepared α-Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 composite delivers prolonged cycling stability and improved rate capability with a higher specific capacity than sole α-Fe2O3 and ZnFe2O4.The discharge capacity is retained at 700 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 200 mA g-1 and 940 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles at 100 mA g-1.This work provides a new perspective in designing transition metal oxides for advanced lithium-ion batteries with superior electrochemical properties.     

K2Ti6O13 Nanoparticle-Loaded Porous rGO Crumples for Supercapacitors

One-dimensional alkali metal titanates containing potassium,sodium,and lithium are of great concern owing to their high ion mobility and high specific surface area.When those titanates are combined with conductive materials such as graphene,carbon nanotube,and carbon nanofiber,they are able to be employed as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors.Potassium hexa-titanate(K2Ti6O13,KTO),in particular,has shown superior electrochemical properties compared to other alkali metal titanates because of their large lattice parameters induced by the large radius of potassium ions.Here,we present porous rGO crumples(PGC)decorated with KTO nanoparticles(NPs)for application to supercapacitors.The KTO NP/PGC composites were synthesized by aerosol spray pyrolysis and post-heat treatment.KTO NPs less than 10 nm in diameter were loaded onto PGCs ranging from 3 to 5μm.Enhanced porous structure of the composites was obtained by the activation of rGO by adding an excessive amount of KOH to the composites.The KTO NP/PGC composite electrodes fabricated at the GO/KOH/TiO2 ratio of 1:3:0.25 showed the highest performance(275 F g−1)in capacitance with different KOH concentrations and cycling stability(83%)after 2000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1.     

NiCo_2O_4微球的制备及其电化学性能

通过简单的水热法以及后续热处理,成功合成介孔NiCo_2O_4微球。利用FESEM、TEM、XPS和电化学工作站对样品的表面形貌、元素价态和电化学性能进行表征。结果表明:合成的NiCo_2O_4拥有丰富的多孔纳米针状结构,表现出较高的比表面积。由于这种三维多孔纳米结构,当NiCo_2O_4微球作为电极材料时,展现出优异的电容特性,在1A·g-1的电流密度下比电容高达1 554F·g-1,而且当电流密度增加到20A·g-1时,电容保持率为87.5%。另外,在5A·g-1的电流密度下,经过2 000次的充放电循环后,比电容仍能保持初始电容的90.4%。良好的电化学性能表明,NiCo_2O_4微球是一种理想的超级电容器电极材料。     

Robust Electrodes Based on Coaxial TiC/C–MnO2 Core/Shell Nanofiber Arrays with Excellent Cycling Stability for High‐Performance Supercapacitors

A coaxial electrode structure composed of manganese oxide‐decorated TiC/C core/shell nanofiber arrays is produced hydrothermally in a KMnO₄ solution. The pristine TiC/C core/shell structure prepared on the Ti alloy substrate provides the self‐sacrificing carbon shell and highly conductive TiC core, thus greatly simplifying the fabrication process without requiring an additional reduction source and conductive additive. The as‐prepared electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 645 F g^?1 at a discharging current density of 1 A g^?1 attributable to the highly conductive TiC/C and amorphous MnO₂ shell with fast ion diffusion. In the charging/discharging cycling test, the as‐prepared electrode shows high stability and 99% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. Although the thermal treatment conducted on the as‐prepared electrode decreases the initial capacitance, the electrode undergoes capacitance recovery through structural transformation from the crystalline cluster to layered birnessite type MnO₂ nanosheets as a result of dissolution and further electrodeposition in the cycling. 96.5% of the initial capacitance is retained after 1000 cycles at high charging/discharging current density of 25 A g^?1. This study demonstrates a novel scaffold to construct MnO₂ based SCs with high specific capacitance as well as excellent mechanical and cycling stability boding well for future design of high‐performance MnO₂‐based SCs.     

NixMnyCozO Nanowire/CNT Composite Microspheres with 3D Interconnected Conductive Network Structure via Spray‐Drying Method: A High‐Capacity and Long‐Cycle‐Life Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

The combination of high‐capacity and long‐term cycling stability is an important factor for practical application of anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, Ni_xMn_yCo_zO nanowire (x + y + z = 1)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite microspheres with a 3D interconnected conductive network structure (3DICN‐NCS) are prepared via a spray‐drying method. The 3D interconnected conductive network structure can facilitate the penetration of electrolyte into the microspheres and provide excellent connectivity for rapid Li⁺ ion/electron transfer in the microspheres, thus greatly reducing the concentration polarization in the electrode. Additionally, the empty spaces among the nanowires in the network accommodate microsphere volume expansion associated with Li⁺ intercalation during the cycling process, which improves the cycling stability of the electrode. The CNTs distribute uniformly in the microspheres, which act as conductive frameworks to greatly improve the electrical conductivity of the microspheres. As expected, the prepared 3DICN‐NCS demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, showing a high capacity of 1277 mAh g^?1 at 1 A g^?1 after 2000 cycles and 790 mAh g^?1 at 5 A g^?1 after 1000 cycles. This work demonstrates a universal method to construct a 3D interconnected conductive network structure for anode materials     

Ag-doped NiO porous network structure on Ni foam as electrode for supercapacitors

Ag-doped NiO porous network structure grown on Ni foam has been synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method. Then network structure is assembled by numerous interconnected superfine nanowires, and Ag is uniformly distributed in the body of NiO network. The unique porous network structure doped by conductive Ag and the direct integration of electrode materials on Ni foam current collector provide efficient pathways for electron transport and electrolyte ions diffusion. The electrochemical results demonstrate that the Ag-doped NiO electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 570.7 F g^?1 and excellent cycling stability. The Ag-doped NiO electrode with relatively high electrochemical performance is a promising candidate for the supercapacitor electrodes. These results can also provide strategies to develop advanced electrode materials supercapacitor applications.     

Synthesis of NiCo<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> onto carbon current collector films as the flexible electrode material for supercapacitors

NiCo₂O₄ is one of the well-known pseudocapacitive material with higher specific capacitance. In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNT) integrated carbon fibers (CF) are used as the flexible substrate for the growth of NiCo₂O₄ nanoneedle arrays by an in-situ hydrothermal approach to obtain NiCo₂O₄/CC flexible electrode for supercapacitors application. The NiCo₂O₄ nanoneedles with diameters of 40–50 nm were formed on the hydroxyl-functionalized CC. This hybrid electrode NiCo₂O₄/CC not only exhibits a high specific capacitance of 249.69 F g^?1, but also shows a favourable cycling stability of 63.3% retention after 1000 cycles at high mass loading. In addition, the proposed method provides a simple and effective strategy for preparing flexible electrode materials for supercapacitor and enables the perfect combination of pseudocapacitance and double layer capacitance.     

Encapsulation of MnS Nanocrystals into N,S-Co-doped Carbon as Anode Material for Full Cell Sodium-Ion Capacitors

Sodium-ion capacitors(SICs)have received increasing interest for grid stationary energy storage application due to their affordability,high power,and energy densities.The major challenge for SICs is to overcome the kinetics imbalance between faradaic anode and nonfaradaic cathode.To boost the Na+reaction kinetics,the present work demonstrated a high-rate MnS-based anode by embedding the MnS nanocrystals into the N,S-co-doped carbon matrix(MnS@NSC).Benefiting from the fast pseudocapacitive Na+storage behavior,the resulting composite exhibits extraordinary rate capability(205.6 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1)and outstanding cycling stability without notable degradation after 2000 cycles.A prototype SIC was demonstrated using MnS@NSC anode and N-doped porous carbon(NC)cathode;the obtained hybrid SIC device can display a high energy density of 139.8 Wh kg−1 and high power density of 11,500 W kg−1,as well as excellent cyclability with 84.5%capacitance retention after 3000 cycles.The superior electrochemical performance is contributed to downsizing of MnS and encapsulation of conductive N,S-co-doped carbon matrix,which not only promote the Na+and electrons transport,but also buffer the volume variations and maintain the structure integrity during Na+insertion/extraction,enabling its comparable fast reaction kinetics and cyclability with NC cathode.