溶胶-凝胶法制备Ag~+掺杂Bi_2WO_6及其可见光光催化性能研究

以硝酸铋[Bi(NO3)3·5H2O]和偏钨酸铵[(NH4)6H2W12O40·XH2O]为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Bi2WO6及系列Ag+掺杂Bi2WO6新型光催化剂,通过降解罗丹明B发现当Ag掺杂为0.8%时,催化效果最好;并通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、比表面积测试仪和红外光谱仪等技术对其进行了表征。结果表明:Ag+掺杂前后Bi2WO6均为斜方晶系,无其他杂质相生成。Ag+掺杂Bi2WO6光吸收性能发生红移,改善了其晶粒的分散性且其表面积也有所增加。Ag+掺杂有效提高了Bi2WO6的可见光催化活性,当掺杂量为0.8%(摩尔分数),罗丹明B溶液呈酸性时,135min内对罗丹明B的降解率达到95.40%。     

Bi_2WO_6催化剂的合成及光催化性能的研究

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2WO4·2H2O为原料,采用水热法制备Bi2WO6催化剂,在λ420nm的可见光区降解模拟罗丹明B(RhB)废水,研究前驱物pH值、水热反应温度和时间对Bi2WO6催化性能的影响;通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和比表面积(BET)表征,考察前驱物pH值对催化剂晶型、形貌、吸光性和比表面积的影响。结果表明,前驱物pH值为Bi2WO6光催化活性的关键影响因素,且对产物微观结构影响较大。当pH值=4.5时合成的产物光催化活性最佳,反应90 min RhB溶液降解率达到99.90%,经重复使用4次,其光催化效果无明显降低,表明该Bi2WO6是一种有效稳定的可见光催化剂。     

Bi_2WO_6-NiFe_2O_4磁性可见光催化剂的制备及其性能研究

采用水热法制备Bi2WO6-NiFe2O4磁性可见光催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和磁学性质测量系统(MPMS)对所合成材料进行分析和表征。最后以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物,考察不同pH值条件下,Bi2WO6-NiFe2O4复合可见光催化剂对污染物的降解效率。结果表明,罗丹明B溶液pH值为5时,Bi2WO6-NiFe2O4具有最大降解效率2 h达98%。Bi2WO6-NiFe2O4在外加磁场下能快速的从溶液中分离。     

Ag和介孔碳改性Bi_2WO_6光催化剂的合成及其可见光下的光催化性能

采用水热法合成了花球状的Bi2WO6和介孔碳CMK-3/Bi2WO6的光催化剂,然后通过光还原得到了Ag负载的Ag/Bi2WO6和Ag-CMK-3/Bi2WO6,制备出可见光下具有高活性的光催化剂。利用紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对制备的样品进行表征,评价样品在可见光照射下降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化活性。并研究了CMK-3和Ag负载在Bi2WO6上都能提高其光催化活性的机制。结果表明:CMK-3或Ag负载在Bi2WO6上都能大幅提高Bi2WO6的光催化活性,Ag-CMK-3/Bi2WO6光催化剂的光催化性能优于Ag/Bi2WO6和CMK-3/Bi2WO6光催化剂。     

氮掺杂Bi2O3光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

以硝酸铋和六次甲基四胺为原料,采用沉淀法合成了不同氮掺杂量的Bi2O3(N-Bi2O3)粉体,并采用XRD、FT-IR、XPS、UV-Vis、PL手段对其晶相结构和光谱特征等进行了表征.研究结果表明,未掺杂Bi2O3为单斜相α-Bi2O3,氮掺杂Bi2O3则为四方相β-Bi2O3和Bi5O7NO3组成的混晶,氮原子替代了Bi2O3晶格中部分氧原子,形成了Bi N键而稳定存在.氮掺杂能促进β-Bi2O3的生成.与未掺杂Bi2O3粉体相比,氮掺杂样品的吸收带边发生了明显红移,荧光强度明显减弱.甲基橙在可见光下的降解实验表明,氮掺杂Bi2O3具有良好的可见光催化活性.     

绣球状钨酸铋纳米晶体生长机理的研究

以Bi(NO3)3.5H2O、Na2WO4.2H2O为原料,NaOH为矿化剂,采用水热法合成Bi2WO6纳米晶体,并使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其进行表征,分析了反应时间和温度对晶体生长的影响。利用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程对不同温度下Bi2WO6的水热晶化过程进行动力学模拟分析。结果表明,120～200℃范围内的Avrami指数n随水热反应温度的升高而增长,n介于0.5～1之间。Bi2WO6纳米晶体的水热晶化过程表现为较低温度下的扩散控制生长以及较高温度(T>160℃)下的相界控制生长。同时,Bi2WO6纳米晶体的生长经历了一个成核、积聚和熟化的过程。     

微乳液水热法制备钨酸铋光催化剂及性能研究

采用微乳液介导水热法制备Bi2WO6和Fe/Bi2WO6光催化剂,并研究水热反应温度、前驱体pH值、水相与表面活性剂的摩尔比ω值和Fe3+掺杂量对光催化剂结构、形貌和光催化活性等方面的影响.结果表明:合成的Bi2WO6为15～25 nm的纳米球状结构;当前驱体pH=1、水热温度为150℃下合成的Bi2WO6催化剂对亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解率达到93.8%;当ω=27时合成的Bi2WO6对MB光催化降解率达到了97.8%.研究发现当掺入1.03%的Fe3+的Bi2WO6比纯Bi2WO6对MB的降解率提高了2倍,达到90.2%.     

溶剂对钨酸铋/石墨烯形貌结构和光催化性能的影响

本工作采用溶剂热法通过乙二醇、乙二胺、水-乙二醇、水-乙二胺、水和水-乙酸不同溶剂制备可见光催化剂Bi2 WO6/RGO,并对其形貌结构和光催化性能进行表征.研究结果表明,溶剂对Bi2WO6/RGO的形貌和光催化性能有显著影响.在可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下,以水为溶剂制备的样品对罗丹明B(RhB)的光催化降解性能最佳,20 min内降解率达到98％,且经过五次循环降解后光催化效果基本保持不变.Bi2 WO6/RGO的光催化性能增强可归因于在水溶剂下形成的Bi2 WO6分级结构微球为光催化反应提供更多的反应活性位点,同时石墨烯的引入增大了材料的比表面积,进一步促进了电子-空穴对的有效分离.自由基捕获实验表明,复合材料光降解RhB过程中光生空穴(h+)起主要作用,·O2-和·OH起次要作用.     

pH值和无机盐添加剂对水热合成钨酸铋的影响

在170℃的温和水热条件下,用Na2WO4·2H2O、Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为原料,硝酸钠为添加剂辅助制备了三维(3D)花球状钨酸铋粉体。通过改变添加剂的浓度,发现硝酸钠在诱导花球状钨酸铋的生长和自组装过程中起到关键作用。在合适添加剂浓度的基础上,pH值的变化会对产物的物相和微观形貌有很大的影响。研究结果表明,当pH值≤10.8时,产物为Bi2WO6,当pH值=12.4时,产物转变为Bi3.84W0.16O6.24。当pH值=1.2,硝酸钠浓度为4 mol/L时,获得粉体的比表面积为33.427m2/g。     

氧化钨及其水合物光催化性质研究

钨粉和双氧水过氧聚钨酸法制备出了WO3及其水合物WO3·0.33H2O、WO3·H2O纳米材料。紫外-可见光催化降解甲基橙溶液测试表明WO3·0.33H2O具有优越的紫外光催化性能和明显的可见光催化能力。通过XRD、FT-IR、XPS、电化学、紫外光催化等测试手段对物质的晶相、晶体结构和性能进行分析。结果表明WO3·0.33H2O和WO3·H2O具有不同于WO3的WO双键结构;但是WO3·0.33H2O具有更宽的带隙和更负的氧化还原电位,解释了其独特的光催化性能产生的原因。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.