挤压态AT95–xSb镁合金高温力学性能及组织分析

目的 为使AT95–xSb镁合金获得良好的高温力学性能,对挤压态AT95–xSb(x=0.0,0.3,1.0,x表示质量分数,%)镁合金的高温力学性能及组织进行研究,以解决镁合金塑性变形能力较差的问题,为提高镁合金的高温变形性能提供一些新思路。方法 所用合金材料是采用真空感应熔炼炉熔炼,国产XJ–500卧式挤压机挤压制备的AT95–xSb镁合金棒材,通过XRF–1800 CCDE型X射线荧光光谱仪、Rigaku D/max 2500PC X射线衍射仪、SEM、TEM及CMT–5105电子万能试验机等对挤压态镁合金棒材的成分、物相、显微组织及高温拉伸性能进行分析。结果 Sb元素的添加使得AT95合金的第二相种类增加,数量增多;随着元素Sb含量的增加及拉伸变形温度的升高,AT95–xSb镁合金的高温拉伸强度降低,伸长率和屈强比增大;断口扫描证实拉伸断口主要为韧性断裂,且150 ℃时拉伸断口的第二相颗粒明显比200 ℃时数量更多,尺寸更大。结论 随着元素Sb含量的增加,挤压态AT95–xSb镁合金高温拉伸强度降低,伸长率和屈强比增大,很大程度上能够提高镁合金的塑性变形能力。     

SiC颗粒增强铝合金基梯度复合材料拉伸力学性能及其评价

对SiC颗粒增强铝合金基梯度复合材料的拉伸力学性能进行了研究。提出了一种新的材料力学性能评价指标——梯度系数K_x。理论研究表明,金属基梯度复合材料(MMGC)各组分性能的差异使其在拉伸变形时产生了三轴应力。实验及断口分析表明,由拉伸试验获得的材料平均力学性能指标弹性模量E和屈服强度σ_0.2近似符合ROM法则;此类材料的拉伸力学性能受SiC颗粒梯度分布方式的影响。外层为基体,芯部为高SiC含量的材料拉伸断口具有韧性断裂特征,能发挥其性能优势。反之,断口表现出脆性断裂特征,降低了材料的力学性能;受多种因素影响,裂纹穿过层间界面时,会引起断裂方式和扩展方向的改变。当梯度层间SiC颗粒体积分数相差较大时,材料会产生分层开裂;梯度系数K_σb和K_δ可反映材料的梯度分布方式和性能的优劣程度,梯度系数K_E则反映了材料性能的稳定性程度。     

SiCP/AZ80镁基复合材料的界面与断口特征

本文用SEM,TEM研究了SiC颗粒增强AZ80镁合金复合材料的界面结构和断口形貌。结果表明,SiC颗粒与镁合金界面结合紧密,没有发生界面化学反应,但在界面处可以观察到Mg₁₇Al₁₂共晶相在SiC表面形核生长。对复合材料断口观察表明,SiC颗粒与镁合金界面之间的粘结强度大于基体的撕裂强度,SiC颗粒的聚集、团聚是导致复合材料断裂的主要原因,且复合材料的断裂形式趋向脆性断裂。     

Mg2Si/Al内生颗粒增强复合材料的研究进展

根据铝与Mg₂Si的共晶反应而制备的Mg₂Si/Al内生颗粒增强复合材料具有密度小、热稳定性高、增强体分布均匀、切削加工性和成型性能良好等优点,受到了国内外的广泛关注。这一材料的关键问题在于其中的Mg₂Si相为小晶面长大模式,尺寸粗大、形貌规则,导致复合材料脆性严重,通常情况下其伸长率不足1.5%。本文对这一材料的变质处理、材料体系、成型与制备技术三方面进行了综述。Mg₂Si的变质与细化研究是这一领域最为活跃的方面,研究证明,几乎所有在铝合金中具有变质作用的元素对Mg₂Si都有一定的变质作用,其中变质作用最为显著的是稀土元素、碱金属和碱土金属以及B、Sb、Ti、Mn、Ni等微合金化元素。Al/Mg₂Si的形貌通过恰当的变质处理,铸态Mg₂Si/Al内生颗粒增强复合材料的强度可以达到280 MPa,伸长率可以达到约4%,显著高于基体材料的铸造性能。材料体系的选择方面的研究比较薄弱,主要集中在铝镁硅合金系,Mg₂Si含量以15%的近共晶成分为多,过共晶体系中Mg₂Si含量最高也没有超过30%。材料成型与改性方面的研究也只是刚刚开始,这一材料无一例外都是凝固成型。研究发现,凝固前的熔体过热处理和搅拌等熔体预处理都可以改善Mg₂Si的形貌和尺寸,粗大的初生Mg₂Si的平均尺寸可以细化到约40 μm;低过热浇注及凝固过程加压和快冷可以显著改善Mg₂Si的尺寸和形貌,在快速凝固条件下,Mg₂Si将由小晶面长大模式转变为非小晶面连续长大模式;凝固后的热变形以及热处理也能显著改善其微观组织和性能。内生Mg₂Si/Al复合材料的成型技术研究比较薄弱,其中,挤压铸造Mg₂Si/Al复合材料具有突出的优势,挤压铸造的A380铝合金-Mg₂Si复合材料,平均尺寸由75 μm降为30 μm,形状系数由0.77降为0.22。     

SiC晶须增强铝基复合材料超塑性

采用高温拉伸、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热计和超塑性经典理论,对低压浸渗、小挤压和热轧制备的SiC晶须增强2024Al基复合材料超塑性的力学行为和变形机制进行了研究。研究表明:复合材料的晶粒细小,尺寸约为1 μm;在温度为788 K、初始应变速率为3.3×10-3s-1的拉伸条件下,超塑伸长率为370％;DSC曲线上有一小的初期熔化吸热峰,其温度相应于偏晶反应:Al+Al₂Cu+Cu₄Mg₅Si₄Al_<em>x→液相+Mg₂Si,785 K;超塑性变形的主导机制为传统的晶界扩散机制和适量液相共同控制的晶界(界面)滑动。     

20wt% SiO2/Al-Mg复合材料的界面反应及其微结构

采用粉末冶金法制备了20wt% SiO₂/Al-Mg复合材料。研究了SiO₂和基体元素Al,Mg反应机制,研究表明:在原SiO₂颗粒内,形成MgAl₂O₄,MgO,Mg₂Si和少量Al和Si。MgAl₂O₄呈不规则形状,而且MgAl₂O₄往往和Al相邻;MgO和Mg₂Si形成片层状共析体;经620℃烧结30min,SiO₂被完全反应掉。反应生成物Si多数被排到Al基体中;原Al-Mg基体中主要物相为:Al,Mg₂Si和Si,Mg₂Si颗粒的尺寸小于0.2μm。原Al-Mg基体中,单质Mg已不存在,Mg反应形成Mg₂Si。     

135°ECAP+旋锻变形工业纯钛的热稳定性研究

对经过135°ECAP+旋锻变形后的工业纯钛100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450℃和500℃下保温1h退火。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉伸试验机及显微硬度仪等技术研究ECAP+旋锻变形工业纯钛退火后的组织与性能变化。结果表明:在400℃以下退火时,显微组织中位错密度降低,晶界逐渐清晰,变形组织未发生明显变化,材料的抗拉强度和显微硬度略有降低,伸长率增加不明显;在400℃以上退火时,随着退火温度的升高,发生再结晶,晶粒尺寸明显增大,平均晶粒尺寸约为5μm,材料的抗拉强度和显微硬度均出现明显降低,伸长率增加。拉伸断口表明,ECAP+旋锻变形退火后工业纯钛的拉伸断裂均为韧性断裂。随着退火温度的升高,韧窝尺寸变大,韧窝深度变深。     

CaO对17Ni/(10NiO-NiFe2O4)金属陶瓷的致密化及力学性能的影响

采用冷压-烧结技术制备了CaO掺杂的17Ni/(10NiO-NiFe₂O₄)金属陶瓷惰性阳极。研究了CaO的添加量和烧结温度对17Ni/(10NiO-NiFe₂O₄)金属陶瓷的物相组成、 致密度和力学性能的影响。结果表明, CaO含量在小于5.0wt%范围内, 烧结样品由Ni、 NiO和NiFe₂O₄组成。CaO掺杂对17Ni/(10NiO-NiFe₂O₄)金属陶瓷具有明显的助烧作用。当烧结温度为1250℃时, CaO掺杂量为1.0wt%的样品致密度达到最大值97.87%, 继续增加CaO掺杂量将导致材料致密度的下降。当烧结温度从1250℃提高到1350℃时, 当CaO掺杂量小于0.5wt%时, 样品的致密度随烧结温度的提高而增加; 当CaO掺杂量大于或等于0.5wt%时, 样品的致密度随烧结温度的提高而降低。提高烧结温度和添加CaO均能促进陶瓷相晶粒长大。样品在1250℃烧结时, 其抗弯强度在CaO掺杂量为1.0wt%时达到极大值为150.66MPa。     

硅酸铝短纤维增强AZ91D复合材料的界面微观结构及力学性能

以晶化的硅酸铝短纤维（Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ）_sf为增强体、用磷酸铝为预制体粘结剂,通过挤压浸渗工艺制备了（Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ）_sf /AZ91D镁基复合材料。通过光学显微镜、TEM和HREM分析研究了复合材料的界面微观结构和界面反应产物。结果表明：用挤压浸渗法制备的硅酸铝短纤维增强AZ91D镁基复合材料的界面厚度约为100 nm,界面上除有一定数量的MgO颗粒和少量的MgAl₂O₄和Mg₂Si颗粒外, 还有少量的MgP₄等反应产物存在;硅酸铝增强纤维与镁合金基体之间形成了较强界面结合,界面微观结构比较理想。力学性能测试表明,与AZ91D基体合金相比,复合材料的室温抗拉强度提高了约18%,弹性模量提高了约58%。     

纳米SiC晶须和SiC颗粒混合增韧ZrB2陶瓷性能

分别采用纳米SiC晶须(SiC_W)、SiC颗粒(SiC_P)及SiC_W与SiC_P共同增韧ZrB₂陶瓷,在1950℃、20 MPa压力、氩气气氛下热压烧结制备了致密的SiC/ZrB₂陶瓷材料。研究了SiC_W和SiC_P的添加量对于SiC/ZrB₂陶瓷材料的显微结构、力学性能的影响,并分析了SiC_W和SiC_P对ZrB₂陶瓷力学性能影响的协同作用和增韧机制。结果表明：含15 vol% SiC_W 的复合材料的韧性达到8.08 MPa·m1/2,含15 vol% SiC_P的复合材料的韧性达到8.515MPa·m1/2,共同添加15 vol% SiC_W和15 vol%SiC_P的复合材料的韧性最高达到9.03 MPa·m1/2。SiC/ZrB₂复合材料强度和韧性提高的原因在于SiC_W和SiC_P抑制ZrB₂晶粒长大,促进ZrB₂的致密化,此外,SiC_W和SiC_P的协同作用也有助于材料韧性的提高。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

甲壳素与壳聚糖的改性及应用

甲壳素、壳聚糖及其衍生物是一种天然高分子,随着对其研究的深入发展,涉及的内容和应用范围越来越广泛.概述了甲壳素、壳聚糖的结构、性质及其化学改性和共混改性的方法,简单介绍了它们的应用领域.     

ATP-Responsive and ATP-Fueled Self-Assembling Systems and Materials

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a central metabolite that plays an indispensable role in various cellular processes, from energy supply to cell-to-cell signaling. Nature has developed sophisticated strategies to use the energy stored in ATP for many metabolic and non-equilibrium processes, and to sense and bind ATP for biological signaling. The variations in the ATP concentrations from one organelle to another, from extracellular to intracellular environments, and from normal cells to cancer cells are one motivation for designing ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled systems and materials, because they show great potential for applications in biological systems by using ATP as a trigger or chemical fuel. Over the last decade, ATP has been emerging as an attractive co-assembling component for man-made stimuli-responsive as well as for fuel-driven active systems and materials. Herein, current advances and emerging concepts for ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled self-assemblies and materials are discussed, shedding light on applications and highlighting future developments. By bringing together concepts of different domains, that is from supramolecular chemistry to DNA nanoscience, from equilibrium to non-equilibrium self-assembly, and from fundamental sciences to applications, the aim is to cross-fertilize current approaches with the ultimate aim to bring synthetic ATP-dependent systems closer to living systems.     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.