几何结构参数对喷射器性能影响实验研究

在自行搭建的喷射器性能测试实验台上,以CO_2、N_2及R290为工质,通过改变喷射器喷嘴临界截面直径,总结喷射器喷射系数在不同的引射流体入口压力、工作流体入口压力及工质种类条件下的变化规律。实验设定工作流体温度为90℃,喷射器背压为3. 9 MPa,工作流体入口压力变化范围为8. 0—10. 0 MPa,引射流体入口压力变化范围为2. 4—2. 9 MPa,喷嘴临界截面直径变化范围为0. 68—0. 72 mm。实验结果表明:当保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变,引射流体入口压力为一定值时,喷射器喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的减小而逐渐增大;当保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变,工作流体入口压力为一定值时,喷射器喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而逐渐减小;在相同工作压力下,喷射系数大小依次是N_2、CO_2、R290;在相同引射压力下,N_2、CO_2先达到稳定状态;在保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变时,工作流体入口压力及引射流体入口压力的提高对喷射器喷射系数均有提升作用。     

蒸汽喷射器设计的数值验证及性能研究

介绍蒸汽喷射器的结构特点和主要性能。根据工程要求,设计了喷射系数为10的蒸汽喷射器,并建立蒸汽喷射器的二维CFD模型对所设计的喷射器进行分析验证。研究了工作参数(工作流体压力、混合流体压力等)变化对蒸汽喷射器性能的影响。     

可调式蒸汽喷射器的三维数值模拟及分析

在实际工业中,工作蒸汽压力经常波动,传统喷射器由于其结构固定,在操作工况偏离设计值时,性能往往会严重恶化。本文借助数值模拟工具STAR-CCM+,采用有限体积法、壁面函数修正法和标准k-ε湍流模型,对可调式蒸汽喷射器的超音速混合过程进行了三维数值模拟。分析了操作参数(背压pC、工作蒸汽压力pP和引射蒸汽压力pH)和结构参数(面积比Ar)对喷射器工作性能的影响。结果表明:1在变工况条件下,可调式喷射器能够削弱进出口参数对喷射器性能的影响,拓宽喷射器的可操作范围;2在给定工况条件下,存在一个最佳面积比A*r,使喷射系数达到最大值;3临界背压pc*随面积比的增大而降低。     

热压机喷射性能计算及探究

热压机技术作为电站灵活性改造的重要手段,其极限喷射能力的大小对电站改造方案的可行性评估意义重大。本文通过对热压机内部涉及的物理过程进行理论推导,建立了计算热压机可达最大喷射系数的理论模型。研究结果表明,当前计算模型可以很好地描述热压机的喷射能力,在最大喷射系数的计算方面具备较高的精度和适用性。与此同时,模型计算结果表明,热压机喷射能力随工作蒸汽和引射蒸汽压力的增加而增大,随压缩蒸汽压力的增加而减小;工作蒸汽过热度的增加对喷射能力的提升起积极作用,而引射蒸汽的过热度变化不会引起喷射能力出现显著改变。     

扩压器等直段直径对蒸汽喷射器性能影响的实验研究

建立了由喷射器、蒸发器、发生器和冷凝器等组成的蒸汽喷射制冷循环系统。研究了不同的扩压器等直段直径对喷射器抽气性能的影响。当扩压器等直段直径由24mm增加到28mm后,喷射器的引射系数显著增加,喷射器的抽气效率得到了提高,但临界背压降低。分析和讨论了在不同操作参数下扩压器等直段直径对喷射器性能的影响。结果表明,随着工作蒸汽压力的升高,引射系数呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,在达到0.36MPa时喷射器的引射系数值最大为0.53。当背压值小于临界背压值时喷射器的引射系数保持不变,当背压值大于临界背压值时引射系数减小直至背压为7000Pa时引射系数为0。在一定的操作参数条件下,扩压器等直段直径存在最佳值使喷射器的抽气效率达到最高。     

喷嘴位置对喷射器的性能影响的研究

喷射器内部的流动非常复杂，其流动现象很难通过实验观察，并且喷射器的加工精度要求非常高，这些对于喷射器的设计理论发展是个很大的障碍。本文选用k-ε模型，运用CFD技术对喷射器进行模拟，主要研究不同的喷嘴位置对喷射器的影响。选择喷嘴出口距离混合室入口距离分别为0mm、3mm、5mm、7mm、9mm和11mm时，发现在7mm的时候能够达到一个最大的喷射系数，当距离大于7mm时，会造成工作蒸汽的回流，而使得喷射系数降低。当小于7mm时，虽然喷嘴出口的压力变化不会太大，但是工作蒸汽进入混合室前没有足够的距离来引射蒸汽，喷射系数还是比较低。     

低温多效海水淡化用蒸汽喷射器的优化设计

提高蒸汽喷射器性能,能够降低低温多效海水淡化系统能耗,采用理论推导和数值模拟相结合的方法对喷射器性能进行研究。在喷射器索科洛夫设计方法的基础上,修正了喷射器最大可达喷射系数的计算模型。利用改进的喷射器设计模型对某低温多效海水淡化用蒸汽喷射器进行优化设计,喷射系数达到1.35,优于原方法计算结果 0.96。并对喷射器几何模型进行CFD数值模拟验证,结果表明喷射器的可达喷射系数及结构尺寸处于最优值,验证了改进的喷射器设计模型的可靠性。     

两相喷射器对压缩-喷射制冷系统性能的影响研究

采用等面积混合模型,以R134a制冷剂为工质,对两相喷射器建立热力学模型,并用Matlab7.1软件进行编程计算,相关的工质热物性参数,通过调用Refprop7软件获取。分析比较了各混合压力下喷射器内压力变化趋势,喷射器混合压力、系统蒸发温度、冷凝温度以及喷射器等熵效率的变化对两相喷射器性能、制冷系统性能的影响。结果表明:对于所研究的工质和工况,热力学分析方法采用等面积混合模型比较合理;混合压力在理论取值范围内存在一个最优点;随蒸发温度的升高或冷凝温度的降低,喷射器最优混合压力的取值点越靠近引射压力,喷射系数增加,系统COP升高,但是相对于传统压缩制冷循环的性能提高率减小;喷射器及系统性能对喷射器进口段等熵效率的变化较敏感。因而,选取恰当的混合压力值,设计制造等熵效率较高的工作喷嘴对于压缩-喷射制冷系统的性能优化至关重要。     

几何结构对喷射器性能影响的CFD分析及实验研究

通过采用CFD模拟,并结合实验,考察了以R236fa为工作流体的喷射器性能。研究了喷射器结构对其性能的影响。模拟所需的喷射器几何结构简化为三维中心对称结构,计算选用Shear Stress Transport(SST)模型。经研究表明:在给定工作参数条件下,喷嘴出口端长度D1以及喷射器喷嘴出口与混合段出口之间距离D2均存在一个最佳值,此时喷射系数达到最大;而喷射器性能随其扩散室出口角度α的增加而降低。     

强化研磨微纳加工参数对轴承套圈滚道表面硬度的影响

目的 探明不同加工参数对加工表面平均硬度的影响规律。方法 用强化研磨微纳加工技术对6012深沟球轴承内圈滚道表面进行强化处理,通过设置不同的喷射压力、加工时间、喷射角度及钢珠配比获得加工试样。采用洛氏硬度计分别检测加工前后套圈滚道表面硬度,并分析其随各参数变化的规律。结果 加工时间为5 min,喷射角度为45°,喷射压力为0.4～0.6 MPa时,表面硬度随喷射压力的增大而增大,0.6 MPa后维持在HRC61.60附近;喷射压力为0.6 MPa,喷射角度为45°,加工时间为1～5 min时,表面硬度及其增量随时间增加而增大,其后在HRC61.50附近徘徊;喷射压力为0.6MPa,加工时间为5min,喷射角度为35°～55°时,试样表面硬度及其增量先减小后增大,喷射角度达50°后,表面硬度达最大值HRC63.45;钢珠配比则对试样表面硬度影响不大,加工所得试样在HRC61.67～HRC61.80之间。结论 试样表面硬度及其增量随喷射压力、加工时间及喷射角度的增加而增加,且受加工时间影响最大。当加工时间为5 min,喷射压力为0.6 MPa,喷射角度为50°时,可获得较高的平均表面硬度。     

Experimental study on key geometric parameters of an R134A ejector cooling system

Ejector geometric parameters largely depend on condensation pressure of working fluids. The area ratio of the ejector is much smaller than that of ejector cooling systems using lower condensation pressure working fluids when R134A is used as working fluid. Consequently, it deserves to study other key geometric parameters when using this working fluid. In this paper, the ejector cooling system with R134A was established first. Next, the influence of three geometric parameters such as nozzle exit position, the length of constant-area section and diverging angle of primary nozzle on the ejector performances was investigated via experimental methods. The results showed that the influence of nozzle exit position on ejector performance is evident as compared to the other two. Moreover, optimal geometric parameters and dimensionless parameters between them were obtained and compared to those of lower condensation pressure systems. This provided simple but practical ejector design guidelines for real engineering applications.     

Numerical study on optimization of ejector primary nozzle geometries

In an ejector refrigeration system (ERS), ejector acts as a compressor but without using any moving parts. To some extent, ejector performances are subjected to primary nozzle's geometries with the action of shock waves. In this paper, CFD simulation was conducted to improve the ejector performance by varying the following ejector primary nozzle's geometries and surface roughness: two angles of convergent and divergent portion, three lengths and surface roughness of throat, convergent and divergent portion. The CFD model was validated with the test results of an ERS experimental rig with working fluid of R134a. The optimum geometric parameters and surface roughness of the primary nozzle were obtained with the CFD analysis. The simulation results revealed that the throat and divergent portion of the primary nozzle should be paid more attention when designing ejector since the entrainment ratio of the ejector is rather sensitive to the length and surface roughness of these two portions.     

两级蒸发对跨临界CO_2引射制冷系统影响的实验研究

两级蒸发引射制冷循环中通过二级蒸发器不仅能调节引射器出口干度还能提高系统效率。通过改变第二蒸发器冷冻水流量对两级蒸发引射制冷系统进行实验研究,并与改变引射器面积比的调控效果进行比较。结果表明:在实验工况范围内,气冷器压力、第一蒸发器压力和压缩机流量都随第二蒸发器冷冻水流量的增加而增大;而且引射器面积比越大,气冷器压力越高而蒸发器压力和压缩机流量越低。同时,系统引射系数随第二蒸发器冷冻水流量的增加而降低,而制冷量和COP则升高,尤其是在小引射系数下,系统制冷量和COP提高的更为明显。本研究为引射循环提供了另外一种良好的调控思路。     

Maximum mass flow ratio due to secondary flow choking in an ejector refrigeration system

The occurrence of flow choking in an ejector of an ejector refrigeration system (ERS) was analysed and a model for predicting the maximum flow ratio of the ejector was developed. The multi-parameter equation to calculate the mass flow ratio takes into account the performance of the primary nozzle, the flow entrainment and mixing relating to ejector geometry and operating conditions. We validated the model using the reported experimental data of refrigerant R113, R141b and steam ERS. The present model was shown to provide better accuracy compared with results obtained by applying the existing 1-D ejector theory. We discussed the application of the model and highlighted the significance of the parameters for future work.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of a variable area ratio steam ejector

In the present paper, experimental and CFD results for a 5 kW capacity steam ejector with variable primary nozzle geometry are presented and compared. The variable geometry was achieved by applying a movable spindle at the primary nozzle inlet. Operating conditions were considered in a range that would be suitable for an air-conditioning application, with thermal energy supplied by vacuum tube solar collectors. The CFD model was based on the axi-symmetric representation of the experimental ejector, using water as working fluid. The experimental entrainment ratio varied in the range of 0.1–0.5 depending on operating conditions and spindle tip position. It was found that the primary flow rate can be successfully adjusted by the spindle. CFD and experimental primary flow rates agreed well, with an average relative error of 7.7%. CFD predicted the secondary flow rate and entrainment ratio with good accuracy only in 70% of the cases.     

Experimental investigation on ejector performance near critical back pressure

Critical back pressure plays a crucial role in the performance of ejector systems; however, few systematical investigations have been conducted to study an ejector operating near the critical point. In this paper, the effects of critical back pressure with variations of primary pressure on ejector performance were investigated in an ejector refrigeration system. Furthermore, an optimum primary pressure model was proposed, based on experimental results and validated by seven groups of experimental data reported in the literature. An optimum entrainment ratio model, verified by the same experiments, was proposed to predict the entrainment ratio of the ejector that operates at critical back pressure. The minimum coefficients of the determination of the two models are 0.9871 and 0.9625, respectively.     

The effect of operating conditions on the performance of a supersonic ejector for refrigeration

A previously developed one-dimensional model, based on a forward marching solution technique of the conservation equations has been used to study ejector operation and performance in a large range of refrigeration working conditions. Several important features of ejector operation characteristics were simulated. Global parameter values, their local distributions along the ejector including the temperature, the pressure and the Mach number were calculated for design and off design conditions. Operation parameters such as the entrainment ratio ω, compression ratios P_exit/P_ev, P_g/P_exit and the geometric ratio (D/D_c)² were found to significantly affect performance. The impact of the generator, the evaporator, the condenser and related thermodynamic parameters, which have been assessed in this study, are summarized as:

Fluid mixing conditions dictated by the fluid type, the mixing chamber geometry, the inlet and outlet constraints, may lead to off design operation with related stability and performance deterioration

Internal superheat generation, due to inefficient mixing and normal shock waves is very important in off design operation

Some degree of inlet superheat (around 5 °C) is necessary to prevent internal condensation but excess superheat is detrimental to the condenser efficiency at exit

Generator pressure conditions and the evaporator temperature significantly affect ejector performance.

Drop-in replacement in a R134 ejector refrigeration cycle by HFO refrigerants

The present work reports a numerical analysis of a single-phase supersonic ejector working with R134a as well as hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze(E). Comparisons were made regarding the ejector performances under varying operating conditions and refrigerant mixture proportions. The calculations have been then extended to an existing ejector heat driven refrigeration cycle (EHDRC). R1234yf appears to be a good candidate for drop-in replacement of R134a in a real EHDRC, while using R1234ze(E) would induce some modifications due to its thermodynamic properties. Maintaining the same pressure ratio for the ejector would lead on one hand to better entrainment ratio using R1234ze(E) and on the other hand to reduced coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling power by 4.2% and 26.6% in average, respectively. Using R1234yf under the same conditions induces a decrease of 5.2% for the entrainment ratio, 9.6% for the COP and 19.8% for the cooling power in average.     

Experimental evaluation of an ejector as liquid re-circulator in a falling-film water chiller

To experimentally evaluate the performance of an ejector working as a liquid re-circulator in a horizontal-tube falling-film evaporator with R134a, experimental tests are performed using a horizontal-tube falling-film water chiller prototype. Experimental observations on intertube liquid flow pattern of tube bundle validate the feasibility of the liquid re-circulation system using a liquid–liquid ejector. The analysis results show that the influence of the motive flow rate on the entrainment ratio of the ejector is small, and the average entrainment ratio of the ejector is about 2.03. With the increase of the valve opening of the regulating valve, the evaporating capacity of the falling-film water chiller rises 4.8%, from 940.2 kW with the re-circulation ratio of one, to 985.5 kW with the re-circulation ratio of 1.135. The COP of the falling-film water chiller reaches a maximum and then drops down with the increase of the re-circulation ratio, and the optimal re-circulation ratio is 1.135.     

Performance analysis of a combined system for cold and power

This paper presents a theoretical study of a combined thermal system, which combines the Rankine cycle and the ejector refrigeration cycle. This combined cycle produces power and refrigeration simultaneously. The thermal system could use low temperature heat sources. A simulation was carried out to evaluate the cycle performance using several working fluids as R123, R141b, R245fa, R601a and R600a. A one-dimensional mathematical model of the ejector was developed using the equations governing the flow and thermodynamics based on the constant area ejector flow model. The ejector is studied in optimal operating regime. The influence of thermodynamic parameters on system performance is studied. The results show that the condenser temperature, the evaporation temperature, the extraction ratio, the fluid nature and the generating temperature have significant effects on the system performances (the coefficient of performance of the combined cycle and the entrainment ratio of the ejector).