2024铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊热力耦合仿真分析

目的 优化搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数,以提高接头的力学性能。方法 基于ABAQUS软件建立了热力耦合有限元模型,使用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法对典型的航空航天用板材2024铝合金的水下搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行了仿真研究。分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中板材的温度场分布和材料变形情况,同时研究了前进侧和后退侧相应位置材料的流动特征,进一步讨论了搅拌头冷却速度和摩擦因数对焊接温度和材料流变场的影响。结果 当摩擦因数较小时,针对焊接过程的有限元模拟将会失败;前进侧和后退侧材料变形和流动差异显著;焊接温度和等效应变随摩擦因数的增大而升高,随冷却速度的增大而降低。结论 当摩擦因数为0.8时,能较好地完成焊接。相对于空冷,水冷能明显缩短高温持续时间。     

纯铝板搅拌摩擦焊温度场数值模拟

建立了搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS模拟了搅拌摩擦焊的温度场,研究了焊接速度、搅拌头轴肩尺寸和垫板材质对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中试板的温度场的影响。结果表明：随着焊接速度的提高,焊件上各点的峰值温度降低,经历高温区的时间减少;轴肩摩擦热是热输入的主要来源,随着搅拌头轴肩尺寸的增加,焊缝中心高温区同一等温线上宽下窄的分布特征越来越明显;垫板材质明显影响焊件底部的温度和分布;适当的焊接参数、搅拌头尺寸及散热条件对获得较好的焊缝质量极为重要。     

搅拌摩擦焊接全过程热力耦合有限元模型

利用ALE网格自适应技术及相应边界条件处理,建立搅拌摩擦焊接全过程(下压阶段和稳定焊接阶段)热力耦合有限元模型。采用6061铝合金焊件验证模型。结果表明:整个焊接过程温度场最高温度在463℃左右,低于材料熔点;稳定焊接6s后,焊件后方横截面上等效塑性应变区近似呈"V"形分布,前进边侧变形程度较返回边侧剧烈,变形范围更大。     

柱形光头搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接铝锂合金接头组织及力学性能

采用柱形光头搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接5mm厚的铝锂合金轧制板,并对接头组织和力学性能进行了分析.焊后接头形成了三个组织差异明显的区域:焊核区,热机影响区和热影响区.焊核区微观组织呈鱼鳞状;热影响区组织在焊接热循环作用下,发生回复反应,形成棒状的回复晶粒;前进侧和后退侧热机影响区内为颗粒较大的等轴晶晶粒,且后退侧晶粒尺寸大于前进侧.力学性能测试结果表明,焊接速度υ＝40mm/min时,接头获得最高拉伸强度(296MPa);焊接速度υ＝80mm/min时,接头获得最大延伸率(8.6%).硬度测试结果表明,焊缝区发生了软化,前进侧和后退侧材料的软化区间大致相同,但后退侧软化程度高于前进侧.     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。     

异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微观组织与力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对4mm厚的5083铝合金与6082铝合金进行了焊接,对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,焊核区由细小的等轴再结晶组织构成,6082铝合金在前进侧的抗拉强度大于5083铝合金在前进侧的抗拉强度,正弯试验与背弯试验角度都达到180°。     

轴肩直径对6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊轴向力的影响

目的 降低搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的轴向力,选择直径合适的轴肩,提高搅拌摩擦焊的焊接效率以及接头性能。方法 设计并使用了3种不同轴肩直径的搅拌头（9,12,15 mm）对6061铝合金进行焊接,记录并分析焊接轴向力的变化,观察焊缝表面形貌及微观组织,选择合适的轴肩直径。结果 “轴向力-时间”曲线上下起伏,当轴肩直径为15 mm时,曲线呈现较大的起伏;随着轴肩直径的减小,焊接轴向力也随之减小,当焊接速度为95 mm/min,搅拌头旋转速度为1500 r/min时,轴肩直径为9 mm的搅拌头所产生的平均轴向力最小,最小值约为2311 N;9 mm轴肩焊接所形成的焊缝表面形貌光滑,飞边量少;轴肩直径越小,焊核区晶粒尺寸越细小,当轴肩直径为9 mm时,焊核区晶粒尺寸为9.77 μm。结论 在相同的焊接参数下,选用9 mm轴肩所产生的轴向力小,焊缝表面形貌优,焊核区晶粒尺寸细化,接头力学性能好。     

包铝层对搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

为提高2024航空铝合金材料的抗腐蚀性能,在其表面通常包有一层高纯铝或含Zn 1%(质量分数)的锌铝合金,包铝层在搅拌摩擦焊时会对接头的性能产生较大的影响.本研究采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对不同表面带有包铝层的2024-T3铝合金薄板进行了焊接,测试了其力学性能,并进行了金相组织观察.研究结果表明,包铝层的存在明显降低了2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能;去掉包铝层后接头的性能显著提高;下表面包铝层对接头性能的影响大于上表面包铝层;当2024-T3铝合金表面带有包铝层进行搅拌摩擦焊接时,在搅拌头的旋转和搅拌作用下,包铝层被卷入焊缝中,形成类似于熔焊的"夹杂",从而使得接头的力学性能下降.     

异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为研究

采用异种铝合金交替排列的方法,研究了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的变形和流动行为。结果表明:采用垂直焊缝交替排列的焊缝表面形成了两套弧纹,其中粗大弧纹是由于在焊接方向上两种铝合金交替排列而产生的周期性变化所致;受焊速和转速的影响,材料在前进侧流动剧烈且混合均匀,而后退侧因材料流动较弱仍与母材保持连续分布状态;由于材料塑性变形程度的差异,在轴肩影响区、搅拌针影响区和母材之间形成了明显的分界面。     

静止轴肩对FSW温度与应力影响的数值模拟

目的研究外部辅助静止轴肩对搅拌摩擦焊接过程温度场以及应力场的影响。方法建立有限模型并采用热机耦合的方法分析常规与静止轴肩辅助工艺下7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程,得出不同工艺下的焊接温度与应力分布状态。对比常规与静止轴肩工艺下的温度与应力结果,得出静止轴肩对焊接过程中温度与应力的影响规律。结果焊缝横截面的高温区域均呈现出上宽下窄的碗型分布。相比于常规工艺,静止轴肩辅助工艺的焊缝区域温度具有上升速度较慢、下降速度较快的特点,且温度峰值低了55.7℃。静止轴肩具有随焊碾压的作用,在焊接过程中为焊缝区域提供一个额外的压应力,抵消焊接过程中产生的拉应力,焊后残余应力降低了17.4%。结论静止轴肩辅助工艺对焊缝区域的温度峰值以及残余应力峰值的降低均具有明显效果。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of bonding interface behavior in stationary shoulder friction stir lap welding

Stationary shoulder friction stir lap welding (SSFSLW) was employed to weld 2024 aluminum alloy. A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) model was developed to investigate the lap interface behavior during SSFSLW. Numerical results of material movement and equivalent plastic strain were in good agreement with the experimental work. With increasing welding speed, the distances from the hook tip to the top surface of the upper workpiece on the retreating side (RS) and the advancing side (AS) increase, while the distance between two wave-shaped alclads decreases. A symmetric interface bending is observed on the AS and the RS during plunging, while the interface bending on the AS is bigger than that on the RS during welding. The peak temperature of the interface on the AS is higher than that on the RS. The equivalent plastic strain gradually increases as the distance to the weld center decreases, and its peak value is obtained near the bottom of the weld.     

Process optimization in the self-reacting friction stir welding of aluminum 6061-T6

Self-reacting friction stir welding (SR-FSW), also called bobbin-tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), is a solid state welding process similar to friction stir welding (FSW) except that the tool has two opposing shoulders instead of the shoulder and a backing plate found in FSW. The tool configuration results in greater heat input and a symmetrical weld macrostructure. A significant amount of information has been published in the literature concerning traditional FSW while little has been published about SR-FSW. An optimization experiment was performed using a factorial design to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the weld temperature, surface and internal quality, and mechanical properties of self-reacting friction stir welded aluminum alloy 6061-T6 butt joints. The parameters evaluated were tool rotational speed, traverse speed, and tool plunge force. A correlation between weld temperature, defect formation (specifically galling and void formation), and mechanical properties was found. Optimum parameters were determined for the welding of 8-mm-thick 6061-T6 plate.     

铝合金薄板搭接高速 FSW 缺陷及断裂行为

目的 为了拓展搅拌摩擦焊技术应用,对薄板搭接结构高速搅拌摩擦焊工艺优化与工程应用提供 借鉴与指导。方法 采用圆锥无螺纹搅拌针,进行了 6061 铝合金薄板搭接高速搅拌摩擦焊接,对接头界 面缺陷及其断裂模式进行分析,探讨了转速对 6061 铝合金薄板搭接接头成形及性能的影响规律。结果 发现在无螺纹圆锥搅拌针、高转速（6000~9000 r/min）条件下,接头塑性金属在后退侧易形成飞边流出, 导致下板前进侧出现孔洞缺陷,且随转速增大,界面缺陷尺寸逐渐增大,当转速达到 10 000 r/min 时, 孔洞尺寸有所减小,此时接头拉剪强度最高,为 123 MPa。对试样拉剪断裂位置分析发现,高速搭接接 头断裂位置主要有两种,分别断裂在结合界面处或在前进侧下板,且转速在 9000 r/min 以上越趋向于在 结合界面断裂。结论 高转速搭接焊接必须协调轴肩相貌、焊接工装约束等条件,保证接头塑性金属充 分流动而不流失,才能获得成形良好无缺陷的接头。     

Natural aging in friction stir welded 7136-T76 aluminum alloy

The long term natural aging behavior of friction stir welded aluminum 7136-T76 extrusions was investigated. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties in the as-welded, three years naturally aged and six years naturally aged conditions were studied and correlated to a coupled thermal/material flow model of the joining process. Hardness profiles taken along the mid-plane thickness of the workpiece displayed the characteristic W-shape typical to friction stir welded aluminum alloys. In the as-welded condition, however, the profile was skewed to the advancing side, such that the advancing side hardness was lower than that on the retreating side. With natural aging, hardness recovery occurred on both sides of the weld, but the position of the hardness minima, particularly on the advancing side, shifted away from the weld centerline. The numerical simulation demonstrated that the temperature profile is also skewed to the advancing side with greater processing temperatures occurring on this side of the weld. When compared to the dissolution temperature of the equilibrium phases, the extent of dissolution was greater on the advancing side and occurred to a greater distance from the centerline than on the retreating side. The hardness behavior upon natural aging, therefore, correlated to the temperature profile developed during welding and the degree to which phase dissolution occurred in the regions adjacent to the stir zone.     

轴肩下压量对搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊缝界面迁移的影响

采用左螺纹圆柱搅拌针对2mm厚的LF6铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊搭接实验,研究了轴肩下压量对搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊缝界面迁移的影响.结果表明:焊缝返回边和前进边的搭接界面均向焊缝上表面迁移,在返回边,界面迁移至焊缝顶部时,水平向焊缝中心迁移,最大可延伸至前进边;而前进边的界面仅分布在前进边侧.返回边的界面迁移高度随轴肩下压量增加...     

Effect of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy

Underwater friction stir welding (underwater FSW) has been demonstrated to be available for the strength improvement of normal FSW joints. In the present study, a 2219 aluminum alloy was underwater friction stir welded at a fixed rotation speed of 800 rpm and various welding speeds ranging from 50 to 200 mm/min in order to clarify the effect of welding speed on the performance of underwater friction stir welded joint. The results revealed that the precipitate deterioration in the thermal mechanically affected zone and the heat affected zone is weakened with the increase of welding speed, leading to a narrowing of softening region and an increase in lowest hardness value. Tensile strength firstly increases with the welding speed but dramatically decreases at the welding speed of 200 mm/min owing to the occurrence of groove defect. During tensile test, the joint welded at a lower welding speed is fractured in the heat affected zone on the retreating side. While at higher welding speed, the defect-free joint is fractured in the thermal mechanically affected zone on the advancing side.     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy Joints by Self-support Friction Stir Welding

The majority of this research has concentrated on developing the self-support friction stir welding（SSFSW） tool which consists of a big concave upper shoulder and a small convex lower shoulder, and procedures for making reliable welds in aluminum hollow extrusion. The 5-mm-thick 6082-T6 aluminum alloy was self-support friction stir welded at a constant tool rotation speed of 800 r/min. The effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results of transverse tensile test indicated that the tensile strength of joints increased and the elongation decreased with increasing welding speed. The whole values of microhardness of SSFSW joints increased with increasing welding speed from 10 to 200 mm/min. The defectfree joints were obtained at lower welding speeds and the tensile fracture was located at the heat-affected zone（HAZ） adjacent to the thermo-mechanically affected zone（TMAZ） on the advancing side. The investigation of the flow pattern of the softened metal around the SSFSW tool revealed that the flow pattern of the softened metal was driven by two shoulders and the stir pin. The failure of specimens in tension presented the ductile fracture mode.     

定量研究2024-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中的时效相行为

采用差示扫描量热法研究了2024-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中时效相回溶或粗化的相对值,给出了一种定量研究搅拌摩擦焊接过程中时效相行为的方法.结果表明:相对于母材,焊缝不同区域时效相的回溶或粗化值可通过公式f=Sx/SBM-1来计算;当搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头转速为700r·min-1,焊接速度为200mm·min-1时,...     

Flow patterns in friction stir welds of AA5083 and AA6082 alloys

The flow patterns in dissimilar friction stir welds of AA5083-O and AA6082-T6 alloys have been studied. It was observed that material flows (pushes but does not mix) more from the advancing side into the retreating side. Material flow from the retreating side to the advancing side only occurs in the tool shoulder domain, and the pull is greatest at the transition region between the tool shoulder domain and the tool pin domain. It was also observed that materials tend to extrude out only in the thermomechanically affected zone of the retreating side, which was influenced by rotation of both the tool shoulder and the tool pin. The finest grains were present in the regions closest to the tool edge in the retreating side. The volume fraction of recrystallized grains increases down into the deeper part of the nugget from the flow arm region. Microhardness measurements revealed that regions of lowest hardness values were the nugget and the heat affected zone of the AA6082-T6 alloy side. The welding speeds had no influence on the microhardness values per se, but affected the mixing proportions in the flow arm and in the nugget stem.