充冷过程中冷板内特性研究

针对机械冷板冷藏车冷板充冷时间长的问题,根据热量守恒原理建立了冷板内共晶冰冻结过程的数学模型,并对影响冷板充冷过程的关键因素进行了讨论,用准静态方法对蒸发盘管外共晶冰的形成过程进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,随着盘管周围共晶冰厚度的增加,共晶冰冻结缓慢;降低蒸发温度,减少冷板外热负荷,可以明显减少共晶冰的冻结时间;冻结过程中,冷板内的逐时蓄冷量基本不变.     

冷板内共晶冰融解过程数值计算

机械冷板冷藏车冷板的放冷是保证货物质量的一个关键,而放冷过程受到多种因素的影响,从而造成冷板放冷不均匀的现象。本文建立了冷板放冷的数学模型,采用显热容法对冷板放冷的过程进行了分析；指出了冷板内共晶溶液的传热性能不佳是影响冷板放冷不充分的主要因素,并探讨了解决冷板放冷过程中出现的放冷不均匀现象的方案。     

机械冷板冷藏车冷板放冷数值模拟

机械冷板冷藏车冷板的放冷是保证货物质量的一个关键，而放冷过程受到多种因素的影响，从而造成冷板放冷不均匀的现象。本文建立了冷板放冷的数学模型，采用显热容法对冷板放冷的过程进行了分析。指出冷板内共晶溶液的传热性能不佳，是影响冷板放冷不充分的主要因素，并探讨了解决冷板放冷过程中出现的放冷不均匀现象的方案。     

冷板冷藏车内冷冻板冻结过程数学模型的建立

目前冷板的充冷时间长,延长了货物运转周期.本文通过建立冷板冷藏车内冷冻板冻结过程数学模型,并采用C语言编程,计算了不同外气温度、太阳辐射、车厢漏冷、调温孔口等对冷板充冷时间的影响程度,为进一步研究冷板的充冷过程提供了理论参考.     

蓄冷板冻结与释冷的实验研究

通过实验的方式,分别研究了初始温度为30℃的Na Cl蓄冷板在-25、-35和-40℃的环境中的冻结过程以及初温度为-25℃的Na Cl蓄冷板在-10、-5和0℃环境中的释冷过程。实验结果表明:在冻结过程中,当环境温度低于Na Cl共晶液的共晶温度-21.2℃时,环境温度对共晶液开始结晶的时间有较大影响,而对共晶液从开始结晶至完全冻结过程所需时间影响较小;释冷过程中,环境温度高于Na Cl共晶液共晶温度-21.2℃时,外界环境对蓄冷板释冷所需时间以及共晶冰开始融化到完全融化的过程影响较大。     

冷板冷藏车放冷时间影响因素探讨

本文根据热平衡原理对冷板放冷时间进行了分析计算,讨论了共晶溶液融解潜热、质量、以及环境温度、太阳辐射、车门漏冷、车体蓄冷、货物呼吸热和共晶冰过冷等对冷板放冷时间的影响.研究表明:共晶冰融解潜热是影响冷板放冷时间的关键因素,并提出了延长冷板放冷时间的措施和办法,为今后冷板冷藏车的运用和冷板的设计提供了重要理论依据.     

不同管材盘管蓄冰性能的模拟研究

为探究不同管材对盘管蓄冰性能的影响,采用CFD方法对单根蓄冰盘管的三维非稳态模型进行数值模拟,得出纳米导热复合材料、石墨烯复合塑料、钢3种管材盘管蓄冰的温度场与液相率分布。结果表明:在蓄冰过程中盘管外温度场和所结冰层均呈近似圆环状,越靠近盘管温度越低,盘管进口比出口所结冰层更厚;纳米导热复合材料、石墨烯复合塑料、钢这3种管材的蓄冰完成时间分别为8 h、7.4 h、6.9 h;管材导热系数在一定范围内增加,盘管蓄冰效果会更好,但过大的导热系数对蓄冰效果的促进作用不明显;随着蓄冰过程的进行,各管材的蓄冰速率都有所减缓。     

冷冻干燥过程中溶液冻结特性的DSC研究

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了蔗糖水溶液的冻结特性,分析了溶液浓度和热历史对冻干过程的影响.DSC实验结果表明,过冷度和最大冻结浓缩溶液的玻璃化转变温度Tg'均与热历史有关;降温时溶液中的水分能否充分结晶受浓度和降温速率的共同影响.降温过程中的结晶热可用来确定溶液降温后的冻结水含量以及最大冻结浓缩溶液中的水分含量.     

冷板侧置时铁路冷板冷藏车车内温度场模拟

应用有限元法,对冷板侧置及在不同冷板冻结温度和储藏食品温度下的车厢内温度场进行了三维模拟计算研究,得出了车厢内温度场分布和变化的规律及影响因素.结果表明:无论运输冻货还是果蔬都是车门附近的截面上紧靠车门的1点附近温升过高,其余各点温升均能保证运输货物的温度要求,应在车门附近的顶部增加两块顶置式冷板.     

机械冷板冷藏车冷板融冰过程数值计算

用焓法模型建立了冷板融冰过程的数学模型，采用控制容积法对方程进行离散化，并用三对角矩阵算法求解出各节点的焓值和温度，分析了冷板厚度和车内空气温度对冷板融冰过程的影响；结果表明，冷板中心融解缓慢，冷板厚度对融冰过程影响比车内空气的影响大，减少冷板厚度将大大减少融冰时间。     

薄板在周期热流作用下的热响应(Ⅰ):温度响应

基于具有热流延迟相的双曲型热传导方程,研究了薄板在周期热流作用下的温度响应。首先采用分离变量法,求解了以热流矢量为基本未知量的热传导方程,得到了板内热流场分布,然后再利用能量守恒方程,获得了板内温度响应的解析表达式。通过计算,分析了板内温度响应随不同热流矢量延迟相以及边界热流频率的变化趋势,并与经典的Fourier热传导方程所得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明,在高频热流加热下,双曲型热传导模型所给出的温度响应与经典的Fourier热传导模型具有显著的差别。     

Control of the freezing interface motion in two-dimensional solidification processes using the adjoint method

The aim of this work is to calculate the optimum history of boundary cooling conditions that, in two-dimensional conduction driven solidification processes, results in a desired history of the freezing interface location/motion. The freezing front velocity and heat flux on the solid side of the front, define the obtained solidification microstructure that can be selected such that desired macroscopic mechanical properties and soundness of the final cast product are achieved. The so-called two-dimensional inverse Stefan design problem is formulated as an infinite-dimensional minimization problem. The adjoint method is developed in conjunction with the conjugate gradient method for the solution of this minimization problem. The sensitivity and adjoint equations are derived in a moving domain. The gradient of the cost functional is obtained by solving the adjoint equations backward in time. The sensitivity equations are solved forward in time to compute the optimal step size for the gradient method. Two-dimensional numerical examples are analysed to demonstrate the performance of the present method.     

液氮冻结装置中液氮耗量与冷冻能力的分析

建立了焓法数学模型，利用数值诸方法计算了模拟对象黄瓜片冻结前后的能量变化量和冻结时间，分析了三种不同装置五种冻结条件下的液氮冷量利用量、液氮耗量、冷冻能力以及冻前预冷的影响作用，提出了更合理的装置使用方案和经济性措施。     

Generalized analytical solution to wave interaction with submerged multi-layer horizontal porous plate breakwaters

This study deals with the flow induced by a rigid flat plate of finite length, initially touching a horizontal water surface, when it starts to move upwards with constant acceleration. In the present model, negative hydrodynamic pressures on the lower (wetted) surface of the plate are allowed, and thus, the water follows the plate due to the resulting suction force. The acceleration of the plate and the plate length are such that gravity, surface tension and viscous effects can be neglected during the early stages of the motion. Under these assumptions, the initial two-dimensional, potential flow caused by the plate lifting is obtained by using the small-time expansion of the velocity potential. This small-time solution is not valid close to the plate edges, as it predicts there singular flow velocities and unbounded displacements of the water-free surface. It is shown that close to the plate edges the flow is nonlinear and self-similar to leading order. This nonlinear flow is computed by the boundary-element method combined with a time-marching scheme. The numerical time-dependent solution approaches the self-similar local solution with time.     

Silicon segregation in aluminium casting alloy

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to find an explanation for the observation made by earlier researchers that the distribution of silicon across dendrite branches in an aluminium–silicon casting alloy is sometimes anomalous, in that the concentration gradient is in the opposite direction to that predicted by solidification theory. Small specimens of aluminium alloy A356 were solidified to give a similar dendritic microstructure. One specimen was quenched from a temperature just above the eutectic temperature, giving the silicon distribution expected from theory, while a second specimen was cooled more slowly to give the anomalous silicon distribution, suggesting that it is caused by something occurring in the solid state. It was noted that there is a rapid decrease in solubility of silicon in aluminium with decreasing temperature below the aluminium–silicon eutectic temperature, so that a substantial amount of silicon is expected to come out of solution at temperatures above 500°C on cooling. An estimate of the diffusion rate of silicon in aluminium showed that, for normal cooling rates, this can occur by diffusion of silicon to the interdendritic silicon particles formed during the final stages of freezing, thereby removing silicon directionally from the dendrite branches and producing the observed anomalous silicon distribution.     

On reducing the size of liquid separators for injector circulation plate freezers

Liquid separators for injector plate freezers are large because the liquid level rises towards the end of the freezing process. To calculate the volume of liquid being collected in the separator during freezing the freezing time and the heat removed must be evaluated. A simple method of freezing time estimation based on the progression of a phase change front is proposed. The size of separators can be reduced considerably by letting part of the liquid feed by-pass the injector during initial freezing. With this arrangement the injector dimensions are based upon a refrigerating capacity lower than the maximum.     

Effects of Solution Treatment Time and Sr-Modification on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Al-Si Piston Alloy

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of solution treatment time and Sr-modification on the microstructure and property of the Al-Si piston alloy.It was found that as-cast microstructures of unmodified and Sr-modified Al-Si alloys consisted of a coarse acicular plate of eutectic Si,Cu_3NiAl_6 and Mg_2Si phases in theα-Al matrix but different in size and morphology.Both size and inter-particle spacing of Si particles were significantly changed by increasing the solution treatment time.After a short solution treatment,the coarse acicular plate of the eutectic Si appears to be fragmented.Fully modified microstructure of Sr-modified alloy can reduce the solution treatment time compared to unmodified alloy.The maximum of a peak hardness value is found in the very short solution treatment of both Al-Si piston alloys.Compared to 10 h solution treatment,the solution treatment of 2-4 h is sufficient to achieve appropriate microstructures and hardness. The short solution treatment is very useful to increase the productivity and to reduce the manufacturing cost of the Al-Si piston alloys.     

Electromagnetic control of convective heat transfer during electron beam evaporation: model experiments

The present paper aims to demonstrate that melt-flow during electron beam evaporation can be effectively controlled by using external magnetic fields to considerably reduce the convective heat transfer. We discuss the various effects of a static magnetic field, a static field combined with an applied electrical current, and a rotating magnetic field. We perform model experiments using GaInSn in eutectic composition as a test liquid. The liquid metal is heated locally at its free surface by an electric resistance heater. The results of the measurements are compared to prediction of numerical simulations.