PS/POE增容母料对SAN/PS/POE共混物结构及性能的影响

利用Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应制备了聚苯乙烯(PS)/聚烯烃弹性体(POE)(50/50,质量比,下同)增容共混物。抽提结果显示,该共混物中PS-g-POE接枝共聚物的质量分数为28.3%。以该共混物作为增容母料,考察其对苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物/聚苯乙烯/聚烯烃弹性体(SAN/PS/POE)共混体系力学性能、热稳定性、微观结构等方面的影响。结果表明,固定SAN/PS/POE共混物组成,部分PS、POE组分被增容母料取代后,共混物性能得到明显提高,共混物SAN/PS/POE(50/20/30)与SAN/母料/POE(50/40/10)相比,其拉伸强度从10.8 MPa上升至21.0 MPa,断裂伸长率从1.6%上升至22.3%;热重分析显示,增容共混物中易分解组分的热稳定性提高,共混物SAN/PS/POE(20/10/70)与SAN/母料/POE(20/20/60)相比,其易分解组分的分解温度从413.6℃提高到425.1℃;从扫描电镜(SEM)照片可以看出,增容共混物中分散相更均匀细小。     

增容剂对PP/TPS共混材料性能的影响

以甘油为塑化剂,制备了热塑性淀粉(TPS);利用自制的甘油基阴离子表面活性剂:(2-十六烷基羧酸酯)丙二羧酸钠(C)为增容剂,制备了PP/TPS/C共混材料,并对其力学性能、熔点、结晶温度、热稳定性、流变性能等进行了分析。结果表明,在100份的PP/TPS(70∶30)共混材料中加入2份C时,其力学性能和流变性能最好。拉伸强度由21.3MPa降至17.8MPa,断裂伸长率由9.3%升高至19.7%,提高了115%;流动性变好,表观粘度明显降低。由于增容剂是甘油基阴离子表面活性剂,其与增塑剂甘油、淀粉以及PP都能产生一定的相互作用,从而影响了共混材料的性能。     

苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物对PLA/PBAT共混物的相形态及其性能的影响

聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)具有很好的延展性,但其强度较低,而聚乳酸(PLA)高模量可以解决PBAT的缺陷。以苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)为增容剂,通过双螺杆挤出机制备了PLA/PBAT共混物,研究了不同含量的SMA对PLA/PBAT共混物的结晶性能、热性能、流变行为及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明：SMA能显著降低分散相PLA的粒径大小,在SMA含量为1.5wt%时变化最明显,PLA的粒径从1.75μm降低到0.60μm;SMA能促进PBAT的结晶,随着SMA含量增加,PBAT的结晶度呈现先增大后降低的趋势,当SMA含量为2wt%时,PBAT的结晶度达到最大为9.22%;通过Han曲线发现,在SMA含量较低时,共混物更接近均质物,随着SMA含量提高,共混物的弹性行为增强;SMA能够提高PLA/PBAT共混物的拉伸性能,随着SMA含量增加,拉伸强度与断裂伸长率都呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但总体高于未加SMA时的拉伸强度与断裂伸长率,SMA含量为1.5wt%时,拉伸强度相对于未添加SMA时,从18.1 MPa增加到21.8 MPa,提高了21%,断裂伸长率在SMA含量为1wt%时达...     

酸酐化LLDPE/PS增容母料对LLDPE/PS/PA6三元共混物结构及性能的影响

结合聚烯烃与聚苯乙烯间的Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应和聚烯烃熔融接枝马来酸酐(MAH)技术,制备了酸酐化线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)/聚苯乙烯(PS)(70/30,质量比)增容母料。以该母料作为多相相容剂,考察了其对LLDPE/PS/尼龙6(PA6)(60/20/20,质量比)三元共混物微观结构、力学性能和流变性能的影响。红外测试结果表明,酸酐化LLDPE/PS增容母料中含有(LLDPE/LLDPE-g-PS)-g-MAH;三元共混物加入母料后有接枝物(LLDPE/LLDPE-g-PS)-gPA6生成。扫描电镜及力学性能测试结果显示,三元共混物加入质量分数为10%母料后两分散相粒径显著减小,三相之间从互相分离转变为互相连接;力学性能明显提高。动态流变测试结果表明,加入母料后三元共混物的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G″)和复数黏度(η*)上升,损耗因子(tanδ)减小;三元简单共混物出现2个内耗峰,母料的增容作用可使2个内耗峰均消失。     

SG增容PA6/sPS共混体系的形态结构与力学性能

采用一系列不同甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)含量的苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯共聚物(SG)增容尼龙6(PA6)/间规聚苯乙烯(sPS)(80/20)共混物,通过扫描电镜及拉伸实验考察了SG共聚物中GMA的含量对共混物形态结构及力学性能的影响。形态观察显示,SG共聚物可以有效地降低PA6/sPS共混物中分散相的尺寸,增加两相界面间的粘接力;SG共聚物中GMA的含量对其增容效果有较大影响,质量分数为5%左右时,SG共聚物对PA6/sPS共混物的增容效果最佳。拉伸实验结果表明,PA6/sPS共混物的拉伸强度及模量随着SG共聚物的加入而增加,但其断裂伸长率在较高SG含量时则有所下降。     

基于双转子连续混炼挤出机的聚乳酸/淀粉共混物的制备及性能

以淀粉和聚乳酸(PLA)为原料、甘油为增塑剂,采用双转子连续混炼挤出机通过熔融共混法制备了PLA/淀粉共混物,研究不同转子转速和甘油含量下,共混物的微观结构、流变性能、结晶性能和力学性能,得到剪切作用及增塑剂含量对共混物两相相容性的影响。对共混物的扫描电镜照片、红外光谱图以及动态频率扫描曲线进行分析。结果表明,适当提高转子转速及甘油含量有利于提高淀粉的塑化程度,改善淀粉与PLA之间的相容性。差示扫描量热分析曲线表明,共混物的结晶度随着甘油含量的提高而降低。当甘油质量分数为20%、转速为300 r/min时,淀粉分散相与PLA基体的相容性最好,共混物具有良好的力学性能,拉伸强度达到25.1 MPa、弯曲强度达到33.1 MPa。     

FKM-g-VTEO对氟橡胶/硅橡胶共混物的增容作用

采用氟橡胶接枝乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(FKM-g-VTEO)作为增容剂,制备性能良好的氟橡胶(FKM)/硅橡胶(MVQ)共混物。研究增容剂用量对FKM/MVQ共混物力学性能、高温压缩永久变形和耐油性能的影响,并采用动态机械热分析仪(DMA)对共混物进行表征。结果表明,随着增容剂用量的增加,共混物的力学性能提高,高温压缩永久变形降低,耐油性能改善。DMA分析结果表明,增容剂对FKM/MVQ共混物具有明显的增容作用。     

聚左旋乳酸/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯共混物的结构与性能

通过熔融共混制备出一系列不同组成比的聚左旋乳酸(PLLA)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)/醋酸锌(Zn(OAc)2)样品,通过扫描电子显微镜、动态力学性能分析仪、差示扫描量热仪及力学性能测试等,研究了不同PBS及Zn(OAc)2含量对PLLA/PBS共混物的形态结构、结晶性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,PLLA和PBS属于非相容体系,Zn(OAc)2的加入能降低PBS相区的尺寸,提高PLLA/PBS体系的相容性,且质量分数为0.05%时增容效果最佳;PBS的加入可有效提高PLLA的结晶速率和结晶度;随着PBS含量的增加,共混物的断裂伸长率和冲击韧性与纯PLLA相比显著提高,共混物的断裂伸长率均在300%以上;当PLLA/PBS/Zn(OAc)2质量比为80/20/0.05时,共混物的综合性能最优。     

PLA-g-MAH增容改性PLA/PETG共混物的结构与性能

采用熔融法制备聚乳酸接枝马来酸酐(PLA-g-MAH)用于增容改性聚乳酸/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-1,4-环己烷二甲醇酯(PLA/PETG)共混物,通过傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和力学性能测试,考察了共混物的结构和力学性能。SEM结果显示,加入增容剂PLA-g-MAH后,PLA/PETG共混物两相间的界面明显变得模糊,说明PLA-g-MAH对共混物具有一定的增容作用;增容剂的引入,使共混物的拉伸强度和弯曲模量略有下降,但冲击强度略有提高,断裂伸长率显著提高(PLA的为6.9%,而加入3%增容剂共混物的为21.9%,提高到纯样的3倍左右),表现出良好的性能。     

杜仲胶对聚乳酸的增韧改性

通过熔融共混的方法,采用生物基高分子材料杜仲胶(EUG)对聚乳酸(PLA)进行增韧改性,并制备了PLA/EUG共混物。采用扫描电子显微镜、广角X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析、动态力学性能测试和旋转流变仪表征了PLA/EUG共混物的相结构、结晶性能、热性能、动态力学性能和流变性能。实验结果表明,聚乳酸与杜仲胶为典型的热力学不相容体系;EUG以微米及亚微米的尺寸分散在聚乳酸中。通过对PLA/EUG共混物的拉伸性能和力学性能研究,发现EUG的加入明显地改变了共混物的拉伸行为,由纯PLA的脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。当PLA/EUG共混物中PLA/EUG的质量比为90/10时,共混物的断裂伸长率较纯PLA提高了14倍,缺口冲击强度提高了5.8倍。共混物拉伸断面照片表明基体在断裂前发生了明显的塑性变形,在断裂过程中吸收了相当大的能量,从而使得共混物的韧性得以提高。EUG能有效地改善PLA的韧性,可以作为新型的聚乳酸增韧改性剂。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.