电化学氧化对炭纤维界面性质的影响

对粘胶基炭纤维进行电化学氧化表面处理，对表面处理前后的炭纤维进行强力测试，分析表面处理条件对炭纤维强度的影响，通过测定炭纤维与几种浸润液的接触角，分析了电化学氧化表面处理对炭纤维浸润特性的影响，在电镜下观察表面处理前后炭纤维表面形貌的变化，并测其比表面积的变化，分析处理条件对其表面粗糙度的影响，通过炭纤维的拉曼散射，分析表面处理前后炭纤维表面微晶大小的变化，最后，对处理前后炭纤维的相关性能指标进行比较，分析其性能变化的机理及其性能变化对炭纤维复合材料界面粘结性能的影响。     

电化学改性对PAN基碳纤维表面状态的影响

采用电化学氧化法对聚丙烯腈(PAN) 基碳纤维进行表面改性, 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 、原子力显微镜(AFM) 、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS) 和X 射线衍射(XRD) 对改性后的碳纤维表面状态进行了研究。同时探讨了碳纤维表面状态与其抗拉强度及其复合材料力学性能的关联。研究结果表明, 碳纤维经电化学氧化后, 表面的粗糙度提高了1.1 倍; 表面碳含量降低了9.7 %, 氧含量提高了53.8 %, 氮含量增加了7.5 倍, 羟基和羰基含量也有不同程度的提高; 表面取向指数减小了1.5 %, 表面微晶尺寸减小, 表面活性碳原子数增加了78 %。电化学氧化法的刻蚀作用致使碳纤维拉伸强度降低了8.1 %, 但同时也改善了碳纤维表面的物理性质和化学性质, 提高了碳纤维与树脂间的粘结性, 使复合材料的ILSS 提高26 %。      

有机电解液电化学改性PAN基碳纤维的表面性能

分别采用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯、三乙醇胺和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯铵盐3种有机电解液对PAN基碳纤维进行电化学氧化改性,通过化学滴定法、单纤维断裂强度测试和场发射扫描电镜考察改性前后碳纤维表面酸性官能团含量、力学性能及表面形貌的变化规律,得到电化学改性的最佳条件:浓度5%(质量分数)的O_3PNH_4乳液为电解液,电流密度为2A/g,恒温50℃电化学氧化2min。针对改性处理后的碳纤维的表面性能,进行X射线光电子能谱和单纤维接触角测试。结果表明:以O_3PNH_4为电解液对碳纤维电化学改性,可以在不影响碳纤维力学性能的前提下,增加碳纤维表面的酸性官能团,提高碳纤维的表面能。     

电化学氧化处理对PAN基炭纤维表面浸润性的影响

以硫酸铵为电解质,对炭纤维进行连续电化学氧化处理,利用反气相色谱(IGC)研究电化学氧化处理前后的表面能变化,并联系SEM、AFM、XRD、Raman、XPS等测试结果综合分析电化学氧化处理对炭纤维表面性能的影响。研究表明,经电化学氧化处理后,纤维沿轴方向表面沟槽加深加宽,薄弱层被剥除,晶格择优取向遭到破坏;纤维表面活性官能团增多,氧和氮含量分别增加了180%和65%,提高了纤维与树脂的粘结性;纤维表面能提高了3.1倍,与树脂的浸润性得到改善;电化学氧化处理后其复合材料的ILSS达109MPa,已可充分满足实际应用需求。     

电化学改性PAN基碳纤维表面及其机理探析

表面处理是高性能碳纤维制备的重要环节之一. 采用原子力显微镜(AFM)、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等表征方法, 研究了改性聚丙烯腈（PAN）基碳纤维的表面状态, 探讨了电化学氧化法对碳纤维表面的改性机理. 研究结果表明, 在电化学的化学刻蚀作用下, 碳纤维表面薄弱外层被去除, 表面原有沟槽加宽加深, 表面粗糙度增大了1倍多;在电化学的化学氧化作用下, 碳纤维表面的活性官能团增多, (O1s+N1s)/C1s提高了9.7%. 并提出了电化学氧化同时改善了碳纤维的表面物理状态和表面化学状态的 “物化双效”机理.     

炭纤维阳极氧化法表面改性

采用阳极氧化法对聚丙烯腈（PAN）基炭纤维进行表面改性，利用原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和动态力学热分析（DMTA）对炭纤维表面改性效果进行了研究。研究结果表明，炭纤维经适当的阳极氧化表面改性后，表面的粗糙度和比表面积增大，表面羟基含量提高31％，羰基含量提高61％。表面改性炭纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）较未改性炭纤维CFRP，玻璃化温度（Tg）升高，损耗角正切峰值（tanδmax）降低，定量计算出的界面黏结参数A和a与CFRP的层间剪切强度（ILSS）所反映的炭纤维与树脂间界面黏结效果一致。采用适当的改性条件可使CFRP的ILSS提高25％，纤维抗拉强度仅损失5％。     

碳纤维电化学氧化表面处理效果的动态力学热分析研究

利用动态力学热分析(DMTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对聚丙烯腈基(PAN)碳纤维电化学氧化表面处理效果进行了研究。研究结果表明,DMTA谱图中经电化学氧化处理的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)其损耗角正切(tanδ)较未处理的降低30％,玻璃化温度(T_g)与tanδ峰值的变化可以有效地表征PAN基碳纤维表面处理的效果。这一结论与SEM观察CFRP断口形貌的结果相符。经定量计算出的界面粘结参数A和α与CFRP的层间剪切强度(ILSS)所反映的碳纤维与树脂间界面粘结效果是一致的。同时,XPS表面化学分析表明,经电化学氧化处理后的碳纤维表面羟基含量提高55％及活性碳原子数增加18％,采用适当的处理条件可使CFRP的ILSS提高20％以上。      

炭纤维阳极氧化对活性污泥固着性能的影响

通过炭纤维电化学表面改性及动态固着代替静态固着,发现好氧池中处理后的聚丙烯腈(PAN)基炭纤维固着能力更好。对改性后炭纤维的表面形貌、表面官能团的种类和含氧官能团的含氧量进行了表征,并根据动、静态固着效果,分析了影响活性污泥固着的关键因素。SEM表面形貌观察表明经过电化学刻蚀后,炭纤维表面粗糙度的增加有利于形成活性污泥的固着。XPS分析显示,电化学表面改性后,C-C键、羧基、羰基等官能团影响活性污泥的表面固着效果,其中羧基的影响最为显著,另外,表面化学吸附氧对活性污泥固着有促进作用。     

氧化处理方法与多壁碳纳米管表面羧基含量的关系

从羧基定量化出发，采用红外光谱法、热重分析法和X-射线光电子能谱法详尽研究了氧化处理方法与多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）上引入羧基量的关系。结果表明，硝酸氧化法、混酸氧化法和混酸与过氧化氢共同氧化法均可以使MWCNTs表面产生羧基。热重分析法和XPS分析法可以定量分析MWCNTs表面羧基的含量，并且分析结果相近。XPS分析表明，2．5mol／L硝酸氧化48h可以使MWCNTs表面产生摩尔分数为4．80％的-COOH，而混酸（浓HNO3与浓H2SO4体积比为1：3）氧化4h可产生摩尔分数为5．35％的～COOH，如果进一步由质量分数20％的过氧化氢氧化2h，MWCNTs表面产生的-COOH摩尔分数提高到7．55％。     

上浆剂对炭纤维表面和环氧树脂复合材料的影响

采用两种上浆剂对聚丙烯腈(PAN)基炭纤维进行表面上浆,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线元素分析(XPS)和反向气相色谱(IGC)研究了未上浆、上浆炭纤维的表面形貌、化学组成及纤维表面能,测试了未上浆和上浆炭纤维所制备复合材料的层间剪切强度(ILSS)并用SEM观察其断面形貌。结果表明,上浆后炭纤维表面变平滑,纤维表面n(O)/n(C)明显提高,含氧官能团(羟基、羧基)增加,炭纤维表面能降低。上浆后,复合材料的ILLS有所提高。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.