共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 406 毫秒
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根据Jacobson理论及液体声速与分子自由程的关系 ,导出了多元有机混合液体声速与各组分声速之间的关系 ;推导出多元有机混合液体声速温度特性的预测公式 ,并根据组成多元有机混合液各组分特性参量 (摩尔分数、密度、自由程、等压膨胀系数等 ) ,利用文中给出的多元有机混合液声速的温度特性预测公式 ,对由丙酮、四氯化碳、苯、甲醇组成的三元系、四元系有机混合液体的声速温度特性进行了理论值的预测 ,理论预测结果与实验测量结果符合较好 相似文献
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本文研究了硫酸水溶液的超声波特性。用脉冲回波法在0-75℃温度范围测量了不同浓度硫酸的声速,并计算得诸如摩尔声速,声阻抗,经热压缩系数,分子间自由程以及纯H2SO4液体的声速等参数,另外还推算出逾量声速,逾量绝热系数,逾量分子间自由程。 相似文献
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针对海洋声速剖面测量成本高、长期观测困难的难题,文章初步研究了利用水下固定参考点与水面已知位置之间的声信号传播时延来反演海水声速剖面的方法,提出了一种等声速分层模型下的声速剖面反演方法。将海水分层,对声信号传播过程进行建模,推导反演声速的非线性方程组;再利用牛顿迭代法,对非线性方程组进行求解。通过仿真和海试试验数据处理,分层数不同时,反演声速与实际声速之间的误差随着分层数的增加而变小,声速误差最小为0.80 m·s-1左右,验证了反演方法的有效性与准确性。 相似文献
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提出了一种宽带声速和声衰减测量方法,该方法利用全浸式传感器测量技术(FITM)在实验室环境下对超细沉积物(平均粒径为5.27 μm,孔隙率为79%)的声速和声衰减进行了测量。为确定该实验室测量方法的可靠性,将该声速与声衰减关系与Kramer-Kronig关系进行了比较。同时,Hamilton经典曲线表明,该实验室测量结果符合声速与孔隙度关系,且声衰减在Hamilton曲线置信区间内。测量数据满足有效密度流体模型和颗粒剪切模型的声速和衰减预测曲线,进一步证明了实验室测量方法的准确性和有效性。 相似文献
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This article presents a new technique for flow velocity estimation from ultrasound image sequences. The method is based on the analysis of the temporal statistics of the speckle pattern in motion. We demonstrate that the biased local temporal variance (LTV) of a single pixel within an image of dynamic speckle is related to velocity. This allows us to estimate the total velocity magnitude without the requirement of neither block matching nor autocovariance estimation. A new estimator, asymptotically without bias, called LTV is presented. Results conducted on experimental B mode sequences (40 MHz) of blood mimicking fluid with calibrated velocities are presented. Performances of the estimator are studied and results show good agreement with the statistical model. Magnitude of the 3D velocity vector in the range of 0.1–2 mm/s have been estimated with a standard deviation error of less than 12%. The validity of the method and its limitations are then discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 268‐276, 2010 相似文献
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Kortbek J Jensen JA 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2006,53(11):2036-2049
A method for determining both velocity magnitude and angle in any direction is suggested. The method uses focusing along the velocity direction and cross-correlation for finding the correct velocity magnitude. The angle is found from beamforming directional signals in a number of directions and then selecting the angle with the highest normalized correlation between directional signals. The approach is investigated using Field II simulations and data from the experimental ultrasound scanner RASMUS and a circulating flow rig with a parabolic flow having a peak velocity of 0.3 m/s. A 7-MHz linear array transducer is used with a normal transmission of a focused ultrasound field. In the simulations the relative standard deviation of the velocity magnitude is between 0.7% and 7.7% for flow angles between 45 degrees and 90 degrees. The study showed that angle estimation by directional beamforming can be estimated with a high precision. The angle estimation performance is highly dependent on the choice of the time ktprf x Tprf (correlation time) between signals to correlate. One performance example is given with a fixed value of ktprf for all flow angles. The angle estimation on measured data for flow at 60 degrees to 90 degrees yields a probability of valid estimates between 68% and 98%. The optimal value of ktprf for each flow angle is found from a parameter study; with these values, the performance on simulated data yields angle estimates with no outlier estimates and with standard deviations below 2 degrees. 相似文献
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Udesen J Gran F Hansen KL Jensen JA Thomsen C Nielsen MB 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2008,55(8):1729-1743
Conventional ultrasound methods for acquiring color images of blood velocity are limited by a relatively low frame-rate and are restricted to give velocity estimates along the ultrasound beam direction only. To circumvent these limitations, the method presented in this paper uses 3 techniques: 1) The ultrasound is not focused during the transmissions of the ultrasound signals; 2) A 13-bit Barker code is transmitted simultaneously from each transducer element; and 3) The 2-D vector velocity of the blood is estimated using 2-D cross-correlation. A parameter study was performed using the Field II program, and performance of the method was investigated when a virtual blood vessel was scanned by a linear array transducer. An improved parameter set for the method was identified from the parameter study, and a flow rig measurement was performed using the same improved setup as in the simulations. Finally, the common carotid artery of a healthy male was scanned with a scan sequence that satisfies the limits set by the Food and Drug Administration. Vector velocity images were obtained with a frame-rate of 100 Hz where 40 speckle images are used for each vector velocity image. It was found that the blood flow approximately followed the vessel wall, and that maximum velocity was approximately 1 m/s, which is a normal value for a healthy person. To further evaluate the method, the test person was scanned with magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. The volume flow derived from the MR scanning was compared with that from the ultrasound scanning. A deviation of 9% between the 2 volume flow estimates was found. 相似文献
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Bashford G.R. von Ramm O.T. 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1996,43(3):376-384
This article describes a new angle-independent method suitable for three-dimensional (3-D) blood flow velocity measurement that tracks features of the ultrasonic speckle produced by a pulse echo system. In this method, a feature is identified and followed over time to detect motion. Other blood flow velocity measurement methods typically estimate velocity using one- (1-D) or two-dimensional (2-D) spatial and time information. Speckle decorrelation due to motion in the elevation dimension may hinder this estimate of the true 3-D blood flow velocity vector. Feature tracking is a 3-D method with the ability to measure the true blood velocity vector rather than a projection onto a line or plane. Off-line experiments using a tissue phantom and a real-time volumetric ultrasound imaging system have shown that the local maximum detected value of the speckle signal may be identified and tracked for measuring velocities typical of human blood flow. The limitations of feature tracking, including the uncertainty of the peak location and the duration of the local maxima are discussed. An analysis of the expected error using this method is given 相似文献
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Jensen JA 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2001,48(4):886-894
A new estimator for determining the two-dimensional velocity vector using a pulsed ultrasound field is derived. The estimator uses a transversely modulated ultrasound field for probing the moving medium under investigation. A modified autocorrelation approach is used in the velocity estimation. The new estimator automatically compensates for the axial velocity when determining the transverse velocity. The estimation is optimized by using a lag different from one in the estimation process, and noise artifacts are reduced by averaging RF samples. Further, compensation for the axial velocity can be introduced, and the velocity estimation is done at a fixed depth in tissue to reduce the influence of a spatial velocity spread. Examples for different velocity vectors and field conditions are shown using both simple and more complex field simulations. A relative accuracy of 10.1% is obtained for the transverse velocity estimates for a parabolic velocity profile for flow transverse to the ultrasound beam and a SNR of 20 dB using 20 pulse-echo lines. The overall bias in the estimates was -4.3% 相似文献
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Casula O Royer D 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1998,45(3):760-767
A high sensitive ultrasonic method for measuring the surface velocity in a liquid is described. This method is based on the detection of the phase of a high frequency continuous ultrasonic wave (probe beam) reflected from the moving surface. The analysis shows that the main phenomenon is the interaction, through the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A of the fluid, between the reflected carrier wave and the low frequency pressure wave transmitted by the moving surface in the liquid. This interaction produces a phase-shift of the carrier proportional to the surface velocity and to the time delay undergone by the probe beam. Results of experiments carried out in water with a 30-MHz focused transducer probe are in good agreement with the analysis. Surface velocity smaller than 0.04 mm/s (i.e., mechanical displacements down to 3 pin) can be detected in a 5 MHz bandwidth. Lateral resolution of 0.5 mm has been achieved. Compared to optical techniques, this method has the advantages of compactness and of a low sensitivity to surface roughness. 相似文献
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A new method for estimation of velocity vectors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jensen JA Munk P 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1998,45(3):837-851
The paper describes a new method for determining the velocity vector of a remotely sensed object using either sound or electromagnetic radiation. The movement of the object is determined from a field with spatial oscillations in both the axial direction of the transducer and in one or two directions transverse to the axial direction. By using a number of pulse emissions, the inter-pulse movement can be estimated and the velocity found from the estimated movement and the time between pulses. The method is based on the principle of using transverse spatial modulation for making the received signal influenced by transverse motion. Such a transverse modulation can be generated by using apodization on individual transducer array elements together with a special focusing scheme. A method for making such a field is presented along with a suitable two-dimensional velocity estimator. An implementation usable in medical ultrasound is described, and simulated results are presented. Simulation results for a flow of 1 m/s in a tube rotated in the image plane at specific angles (0, 15, 35, 55, 75, and 90 degrees) are made and characterized by the estimated mean value, estimated angle, and the standard deviation in the lateral and longitudinal direction. The average performance of the estimates for all angles is: mean velocity 0.99 m/s, longitudinal S.D. 0.015 m/s, and lateral S.D. 0.196 m/s. For flow parallel to the transducer the results are: mean velocity 0.95 m/s, angle 0.10, longitudinal S.D. 0.020 m/s, and lateral S.D. 0.172 m/s. 相似文献
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O. Ya. Shmelev 《Measurement Techniques》1995,38(1):118-120
It is shown that it is possible to use a continuous sinusoidal signal to make relative measurements of the velocity and absorption coefficient of ultrasound in highly absorbing liquids such as liquid crystals. Compared with the traditional variable-frequency pulse-phase method, the technique described has the advantage of giving a direct reading of the results under dynamic measurement conditions. A block diagram and the characteristics of the equipment for measuring the anisotropy of acoustic parameters by both pulse and continuous methods are presented.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 66–67, January, 1995. 相似文献
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Xu T Bashford GR 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》2010,57(12):2695-2703
Conventional (Doppler-based) blood flow velocity measurement methods using ultrasound are capable of resolving the axial component (i.e., that aligned with the ultrasound propagation direction) of the blood flow velocity vector. However, these methods are incapable of detecting blood flow in the direction normal to the ultrasound beam. In addition, these methods require repeated pulse-echo interrogation at the same spatial location. A new method has been introduced which estimates the lateral component of blood flow within a single image frame using the observation that the speckle pattern corresponding to blood reflectors (typically red blood cells) stretches (i.e., is smeared) if the blood is moving in the same direction as the electronically-controlled transducer line selection in a 2-D image. The situation is analogous to the observed distortion of a subject photographed with a moving camera. The results of previous research showed a linear relationship between the stretch factor (increase in lateral speckle size) and blood flow velocity. However, errors exist in the estimation when used to measure blood flow velocity. In this paper, the relationship between speckle size and blood flow velocity is investigated further with both simulated flow data and measurements from a blood flow phantom. It can be seen that: 1) when the blood flow velocity is much greater than the scan velocity (spatial rate of A-line acquisition), the velocity will be significantly underestimated because of speckle decorrelation caused by quick blood movement out of the ultrasound beam; 2) modeled flow gradients increase the average estimation error from a range between 1.4% and 4.4%, to a range between 4.4% and 6.8%; and 3) estimation performance in a blood flow phantom with both flow gradients and random motion of scatterers increases the average estimation error to between 6.1% and 7.8%. Initial attempts at a multiple-scan strategy for estimating flow by a least-squares model suggest the possibility of increased accuracy using multiple scan velocities. 相似文献