变节距花纹轮胎噪声特性研究

采用主流的室内实验室转鼓方法对变节距花纹轮胎噪声进行了测试。对具有复杂花纹的乘用轮胎和载重轮胎的噪声频谱特性进行对比分析。对于乘用轮胎,轮胎花纹噪声随着速度的增加呈现一个偏于线性的增长趋势;对于载重轮胎,轮胎花纹噪声反而没有明显的增长趋势,曲线较为平缓;不同品牌乘用轮胎与不同品牌载重轮胎在标准速度下的1/3倍频程频谱曲线变化趋势有较大差异;与手工刻制的等节距轮胎噪声相比,成品轮胎所采用的变节距花纹结构设计有效地降低了各频段噪声峰值;对于变节距花纹成品轮胎,波浪形态横沟设计优于锐角形态,更优于正交形态;连通组花纹结构优于半连通组,更优于不连通组。文章为低噪声轮胎花纹结构优化提供了有意义的参考结论。     

乘用车子午线轮胎泵浦噪声机理的实验-数值混合分析方法

汽车在中高速行驶(乘用车超50 km/h,卡车超80 km/h)时,轮胎噪声取代其他部分噪声成为行驶噪声的主声源。轮胎噪声产生机理主要分为三种:泵浦噪声、振动噪声以及空气动力学噪声。其中泵浦噪声与轮胎花纹设计有关,属于可设计噪声。如何确定声源的频谱特性,进而预测轮胎噪声仍然是一个难点问题。提出一种泵浦噪声源识别的实验-数值混合分析方法。其基本的假设是:花纹横沟在进入地面和离开地面时产生气流,花纹纵沟将该气流收集,在轮胎接地前端和后端辐射出噪声;该噪声的大小与轮胎和地面形成的声场有关,也和轮胎花纹的节距排列有关。所提出的方法包括雕刻花纹轮胎噪声测试、轮胎声场阻抗数值分析、以及声源辨识三部分;通过在频域反演噪声传播过程辨识不同横沟的声源;通过雕刻花纹轮胎进行了噪声实验验证,说明了本方法的有效性。     

轮胎花纹噪声及其降噪方法

从动力学观点阐述了花纹块和花纹槽的发生机理,对花纹块宽度和长度、花纹槽宽度、长度与走向、花纹条数、基本节距数、节距排列次序以及错位参数进行了分析,得出降低轮胎噪声的原理和方法.根据结构参数分析并结合模糊控制理论和遗传算法,提出了一种轮胎花纹结构参数进行优化的设计方法--模糊遗传算法.利用轮胎噪声仿真分析软件(TNS2002)和仿真优化软件(ODS002)进行轮胎花纹结构设计,达到了降低轮胎噪声的目的,同时也得到低噪声轮胎花纹结构方案.研究成果为低噪声轮胎花纹设计规范与方法提供了路径.     

不同花纹轮胎噪声辐射特性

轮胎噪声是交通环境噪声的主要来源之一,也是汽车噪声的主要声源。用虚拟模型预测的方法对滚动轮胎的振动辐射噪声进行预测分析。通过对滚动轮胎施加路面简谐激励,获取滚动轮胎表面加速度响应并作为声学分析的边界条件。采用边界元的方法分析不同花纹形式的滚动轮胎在路面激励下振动辐射噪声特性,结果表明花纹形式直接影响着滚动轮胎振动辐射噪声的大小,胎面花纹质量越小,振动辐射噪声越大,研究结果具有工程应用价值。     

轮胎气压对汽车振动噪声的影响

影响汽车振动噪声的因素有设计、材料、胎压、结构、路况等,研究轮胎充气压力变化对轮胎和整车振动噪声的影响。通过实验数据和理论分析得知,轮胎刚度与固有频率随轮胎充气压力的升高而增加;悬架与汽车振动特性随轮胎充气压力的变化而有较明显改变;轮胎气压对气泵噪声也有不同程度的影响;胎压对轮胎噪声水平影响不大,而且对实验用轮胎噪声水平影响不具有规律性;胎压升高使得轮胎减振性能下降,增加整车冲击振动感,降低汽车行驶平顺性和乘坐舒适性。因此,合理的轮胎充气压力,不但可以降低和改善整车振动噪声;而且还可以提高汽车行驶平顺性与乘坐舒适性。     

轮胎气压对汽车振动噪声影响的研究

影响汽车振动噪声的因素有设计、材料、胎压、结构、路况等,论文研究了轮胎充气压力变化对轮胎和整车振动噪声的影响。通过实验数据和理论分析得知,轮胎刚度与固有频率随轮胎充气压力的升高而增加;悬架与汽车振动特性随轮胎充气压力的变化而有较明显改变;轮胎气压对气泵噪声也有不同程度的影响;胎压对轮胎噪声水平影响不大,而且对轮胎噪声水平影响不具有规律性;胎压升高使得轮胎减振性能下降,增加了整车冲击振动感,降低了汽车行驶平顺性和乘坐舒适性。因此,合理的轮胎充气压力,不但可以降低和改善整车振动噪声;而且还可以提高汽车行驶平顺性与乘坐舒适性。     

基于MLE的滚动轮胎冲击振动噪声仿真分析

提出一种滚动轮胎冲击振动噪声预测的新方法。轮胎滚动接触引发的噪声是道路交通的一个重要课题,引发广泛关注,目前尚没有有效的分析预测方法。提出新方法包括用混合拉格朗日—欧拉描述法(Mixed Logrange Euler Method,MLE)分析大变形滚动接触结构的速度场、加速度场和接触变形。通过欧拉网格和拉格朗日网格的信息传递,完成滚动结构动力学分析。通过将轮胎花纹和胎冠整体三维建模,可以得到连续轮胎表面的加速度场。以参考空间中连续表面的加速度场作为声源,采用声学有限元方法得到滚动噪声的分布预测。实验和仿真结果对比证明本方法的可靠和准确,也证明1 000 Hz以下轮胎的滚动噪声主要是花纹的冲击振动引起的噪声。提出的方法为预测分析轮胎的滚动噪声开辟一条可行的道路。     

轮胎气压对车内噪声影响的研究

运用一款试验车及轮胎,改变轮胎的气压,研究了轮胎气压对车内噪声的影响,通过频域计算的RMS值可以很好的表征车内噪声典型频段声级水平的变化趋势。试验结果表明:随着轮胎气压的增大,较为粗糙路面上轮胎低频轰鸣噪声呈减小变化趋势;轮胎空腔共振噪声呈增大变化趋势;较为平整路面上花纹噪声呈增大变化趋势。运用理论对相关的结果进行了分析。     

自适应免疫遗传算法在轮胎花纹节距参数优化中的研究

节距参数优化是低噪声轮胎花纹优化设计的关键环节,针对轮胎花纹节距参数优化寻优时易引发数据爆炸的特点,利用自适应免疫遗传算法(AIGA)的自适应策略和快速搜索能力对节距序列参数和节距比例参数进行优化分析,结果表明该算法的收敛性和效率较遗传算法和免疫遗传算法都有明显的提高,优化结果可降低轮胎花纹噪声水平,具有工程应用价值。     

轮胎模具花纹造型设计关键技术

轮胎花纹设计是轮胎造型设计中的技术难题,通过分析轮胎花纹的造型过程,归纳出轮胎模具造型设计的关键步骤,并给出具体的解决方案。详细分析了平面二维花纹向轮胎表面映射的关键技术,建立了映射的原理,并给出了具体的算法。对花纹直壁面生成和花纹沟槽构造等步骤也提出了相应的解决思路。造型结果显示该方法可以有效地构造轮胎花纹的形状,效果明显。     

轮胎横向花纹沟噪声影响因素的剖析

运用Abaqus对具有横向花纹沟的轮胎滚动进行有限元分析,提取不同速度、气压、载荷、摩擦系数条件下的轮胎花纹沟表面在轮胎接地过程中位移-时间的变形曲线。为分析横向花纹沟的泵吸噪声,建立单个横向花纹沟及其周围的空气域有限元模型,在沟表面加载位移-时间变形曲线,利用FSI方法分析速度、气压、载荷、摩擦系数等使用因素对横向花纹沟泵吸噪声的影响。结果表明：泵吸噪声随着速度和载荷的增大而增大;气压变化均会使泵吸噪声增大;而摩擦系数对泵吸噪声影响不明显。验证FSI方法分析轮胎泵吸噪声是可行的,对后续低噪声轮胎使用和花纹设计具有一定的指导作用。     

On-chip thermopneumatic pressure for discrete drop pumping

A class of "lab-on-a-chip" devices use external air pressure for pumping discrete drops in a microchannel network. External air connectors can be cumbersome and are real-estate intensive. We have developed an on-chip technique to generate pressures required for metering and pumping of nanoliter-volume discrete drops. This is achieved by heating of trapped air in a pressure-generating chamber. The pressure-generating chamber is connected to the point of pressure application in the liquid-conveying microchannel through an air-delivery channel. The trapped air volume on the order of 100 nL is heated by resistive metal heaters by tens of degrees celcius to generate air pressures on the order of 7.5 kN/m2. The rate of discrete drop pumping is electronically controlled in the microchannel device by controlling the rate of air heating. Flow rates on the order of 20 nL/s are obtained in the microchannel (300 microns x 30 microns) by heating the air chamber at the rate of approximately 6 degrees C/s. In this paper, we describe the design, fabrication, and operation of this new technique of generating on-chip air pressure, used for metering and pumping nanoliter discrete drops in microchannels.     

Concrete pumping and its effect on the air void system

Pumping is the most utilized concrete placement technique on construction sites around the globe. Despite being used since the 1960s, a large portion of the knowledge related to the understanding of the concrete pumping process—especially with a focus on the effect of pumping on the concrete air void system—was generated through experience, and thus creating a need for a research-based approach to broaden our understanding of the process and how it affects in-place concrete properties. In this paper, three research campaigns are described. Two controlled large-scale experiments investigating both conventional concrete (CVC) and self-consolidating concrete (SCC) were conducted, in addition to a field research program where concrete pumping in real-world conditions was studied. The air void system of each pumped concrete mixture was characterized before and after pumping, both in plastic and hardened states. Additionally, concrete pressure during pumping was monitored for CVC mixtures. Lastly, Super Air Meter measurements were conducted on fresh concrete. It was shown that the characteristics of the pumping system, such as boom configuration, flow rate, or pumping pressure, do not correlate with the changes in the air void system due to pumping for CVC, however, a relationship between the change in the spacing factor and concrete flow rate was observed for SCC. Our results also indicate that the changes in the air void system induced by pumping are dependent on the particular mixture design and discharge conditions at the point of placement.     

溅射离子泵对N2和CO抽速的理论计算

根据潘宁放电机理，导出溅射离子泵抽速的理论公式。讨论了抽速对各种放电参数的依赖关系。计算了离子泵对Ｎ２和ＣＯ的抽速。计算结果和实验测试以及经验公式的结果有较好的符合。     

Correlation of dynamic friction and the dislocation etch pit density surrounding annealed scratches in (1 1 1) p-type silicon

The dynamic friction coefficient between a 90° pyramid diamond and a (1 1 1) p-type silicon single crystal has been measured for linear, unidirectional scratches made in the [1 1 0] direction in laboratory air, deionized water and ethanol. The friction coefficient for grooves formed in air increased from 0,6 to 0.7 as the number of scratches increased, reaching a steady state value after ten scratches. The friction coefficient for grooves formed in deionized water and ethanol decreased from 0.7 to 0.5 and also reached a steady state value after ten scratches. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the groove morphology depended on the fluid in contact with the surface during the scratch test. The grooves formed after ten scratches were annealed to 750° C for 3600 sec and etch pits were measured as a function of distance from the groove wall. The etch pit density and their distance from the groove wall was related to the type of fluid used in the scratch test: the density was highest and the distance from the groove wall largest for the groove formed in air and lowest for the groove formed in ethanol. These results imply that the deformation mode and the magnitude of the residual stresses surrounding the groove depend on the enviromental conditions during the scratch test. The friction coefficient was found to vary linearly with the average etch pit density.     

10. Further developments with single structure vapour pumping groups

A pumping group with an additional liquid nitrogen cooled baffle or plate primarily to cryopump water vapour arising from the system is described. Reasons for using this variant are given and its performance compared with the simpler pumping group. The performance for air and other gases when charged with polyphenyl ether fluid is contrasted to those obtained with perfluoro polyether fluids with particular reference to their pumping stability for air, hydrogen and helium. Mass spectra of the residual atmosphere when using both polyphenyl ether and perfluoro polyether in both the watercooled and liquid nitrogen trapped versions are given. Comparative spectra of the watercooled version and a turbomolecular pump is also included. The choice of a fluid for specific applications is discussed taking into account its performance in the pump, chemical stability and other relevant factors. Applications in which this type of pumping group has been used successfully are discussed.     

真空冷却过程中气体温度变化特性的研究

为了研究真空冷却过程中真空室内气体温度的变化特性，以水为实验对象，在真空室内布置了压力及多个温度测点，进行多组真空冷却实验，从而测得在抽真空和复压过程中真空室内的压力和各点的气体温度值。研究表明，当真空室内压力发生变化时，真空室内气体温度的变化具有某些特征，并且气体温度还受容器壁温、水温等的影响，本文针对这些特征进行了相关实验及理论分析，并得到了相似的变化规律。     

雷诺数对沟槽减阻特性影响的数值分析

采用雷诺平均N—S方程和RNG κ-ε湍流模型计算V型沟槽面的湍流边界层流动和黏性阻力，通过改变来流速度大小和沟槽面布置位置，研究了雷诺数对沟槽减阻特性的影响规律。计算结果表明，来流速度对沟槽减阻率的影响很大，对于一种尺度的V型沟槽，存在着一个具有较好减阻效果的来流速度范围，最大减阻率可迭8．6％；沟槽面在沿来流方向上的布置位置对其减阻效果的影响则非常小。     

热耗散变形下螺旋槽干气密封微尺度气膜流动特性研究

螺旋槽干气密封在高压、高速旋转时内部会产生一定量的热,导致密封环发生热弹变形,从而对密封性能产生影响。首先在速度滑移边界条件下,求出螺旋槽内的气膜压力和气膜速度,然后推导出气膜的无热耗散能量方程及有热耗散能量方程,进而利用气膜的压力、速度和能量方程,通过 Maple 和 Matlab 软件求解槽内气膜的温度分布。然后由热弹变形理论,求解出密封环的变形量,获得螺旋槽内气膜厚度的解析式。最后利用广义雷诺方程求出理论泄漏量,并与泄漏量的实验值进行比较。研究结果表明:随着气体从外径流入内径,槽内温度的分布规律是先升高后降低,槽根部周围温度较高;热弹变形量与温度变化的规律一致,而气膜厚度的变化趋势与之相反;干气密封中的泄漏量随变形量增大而增大,考虑热耗散有变形的泄漏量更接近于实验值。     

Generalized formula for continuous-wave end-pumped Yb-doped material amplifier gain and laser output power in various pumping configurations

We present a general formula fitted for computing the amplification and laser output power in a Yb-doped material under various quasi-end-pumping configurations. These configurations include single pass pumping, backreflection pumping in which the pump is reflected by a mirror set on the rear face of the amplifier medium, contrapropagation pumping where two pump beams are launched on both sides of the amplifier and, for every configuration, regenerative pumping in which the transmitted or reflected pump beam is recycled using the proper apparatus. We show that, with regenerative pumping, the efficiency is drastically improved and the optimum amplifier length leading to the maximum laser output power is shorter compared with the one obtained with conventional pumping. In this model, we do not take temperature effect into account.