装甲防护材料抗侵彻性能研究现状

目的分析装甲防护材料抗侵彻性能的研究现状,为改进复合装甲的结构设计提供参考。方法对装甲防护材料的抗侵彻研究现状进行论述,并对其应用情况进行分析。结果分别阐述了金属材料(装甲钢、铝合金和钛合金)、陶瓷复合靶板以及纤维增强复合材料(玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维和超高分子量聚乙烯纤维)的抗侵彻研究现状,并介绍了其应用情况。结论随着战场环境的日益更新和武器装备的飞速发展,单一的装甲防护材料已难以适应战场环境的不断变化,装甲防护材料将朝着强韧化、轻量化、智能化及多功能化发展。     

高分子复合材料在装甲防护领域的研究与应用进展

具有高比强度和高比吸能特点的纤维增强树脂基复合材料等非金属材料是装甲装备实现轻量化、强防护的关键材料。针对装甲装备防护构件对高性能抗弹材料的需求,本文综述了高分子复合材料在装甲防护领域的技术进展、应用现状及发展趋势,重点讨论了高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料在复合装甲、结构装甲、多功能防护构件及聚合物透明材料在透明装甲上的应用,对比分析了我国芳纶Ⅱ、芳纶Ⅲ、PBO、PIPD等高品级有机纤维的研发及应用现状,提出依据纤维技术成熟度和制造成本不同实行系列化发展,用于近、中、远期装甲装备防护结构的基本设想,以及未来加强石墨烯抗弹材料、智能装甲材料等前沿新兴装甲防护材料及其机理研究,建立完善材料评价方法、作用机制模型和数据库。     

装甲钢/芳纶复合材料抗爆震性能研究

采用圆形炸药设计了平面波发生器,研究了不同结构的装甲钢/芳纶复合材料对冲击波的衰减效果.试验结果表明,在装甲钢上加装纤维复合材料板可提高其抗爆震性能,当材料按照波阻抗减小的顺序进行排列时,可更有效衰减冲击波,具有多层结构的材料比双层结构材料的衰减效果更优.     

装甲钢焊缝区抗弹防护性能初步探讨

目的 初步探索装甲钢焊缝区的抗弹防护性能并提出防护能力提升措施。方法 通过对装甲钢焊接结构进行组织性能分析及抗弹性能测试,获得焊接对装甲车辆抗弹防护性能的影响规律,并对装甲车辆抗弹防护能力提升对策进行讨论。结果 装甲钢接头焊缝区宽度达到46 mm,焊缝中心硬度低于312HV,较母材区硬度降低40%以上;抗弹性能测试结果表明,焊缝区的抗弹性能较母材区的显著衰减,为提升装甲车辆整体抗弹防护能力,针对焊缝区薄弱点从焊接工艺控制、结构优化、加装防护组件3个方面进行讨论,并提出了相应的防护对策。结论 装甲钢焊缝区是抗弹防护的薄弱点,需通过一系列的防护措施减少焊缝区正面中弹概率,提高装甲车辆服役期间的抗弹防护能力。     

军用装甲防护技术发展及应用

目的为提高军用装甲防护技术,研究军用装甲防护材料的种类、加工工艺及性能特点,梳理其发展历程。方法按照分类,分析装甲防护材料特点,并对特殊结构功能设计防护板进行介绍。介绍应用较为广泛的金属材料(装甲钢、铝合金及钛合金)的性能特点、加工工艺及存在问题,研究陶瓷材料与复合材料的特点及现状。对2种特殊功能结构设计的复合板进行阐述。结论随着武器系统毁伤能力的不断提高,使得装甲防护材料改良及结构设计优化显得尤为重要,装甲防护材料必将向轻量化、复合化、系列化及综合化方向发展。     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料防弹性能影响因素及破坏机制

以超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维、S-玻璃纤维、芳纶1414纤维和杂环芳纶纤维增强聚烯烃(Polyolefin,PO)和水性聚氨酯(Waterborne Polyurethane,WPU)树脂,采用热压工艺制备正交单向无纬(UD)结构复合材料装甲板;通过装甲板弹道极限速度测试,研究了纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板防弹性能的影响因素;通过体视显微镜观察装甲板侵彻破坏形貌,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的破坏机制。结果表明:UHMWPE纤维增强PO树脂基复合材料的防弹性能与UHMWPE纤维的强度和模量呈正相关,但纤维模量对复合材料防弹性能的影响随着纤维模量的增大而逐渐变弱;在WPU树脂体系下,四种纤维的防弹性能由高到低依次是UHMWPE纤维、杂环芳纶纤维、芳纶1414纤维、S-玻璃纤维;纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板中纤维破坏方式有迎弹面纤维被剪切冲塞、中部被纤维拉伸变形后剪切、背弹面纤维被拉伸断裂,中部纤维拉伸变形是消耗子弹动能的主要方式。     

空心钨球侵彻性能的研究

利用LS-DYNA软件对现有93W球型破片侵彻装甲钢试验结果进行符合计算,对93W合金材料参数进行标定,基于上述数值模拟与试验结果的一致性,进一步研究了93W空心钨球对装甲钢的毁伤效能。研究发现:空心钨球的弹道极限随靶板厚度的增加而增加,且弹道极限随空心钨球孔腔直径的增加呈近似指数型增加,对靶板的开孔直径也逐渐增加;动能一定的条件下,空心钨球余速、剩余动能随孔腔半径的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。结果表明:合理选择孔腔直径的空心钨球,可实现余速与开孔兼顾的威力要求。     

某陶瓷/钢复合装甲抗大质量破片侵彻能力研究

陶瓷/金属复合结构装甲具有质量轻、抗弹性能优异的特点,广泛应用于各类轻质装甲中。为得到某陶瓷/钢复合装甲抗大质量破片的侵彻能力,在与已有试验结果对比验证的基础上,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对大质量破片侵彻该陶瓷/钢复合装甲过程进行数值模拟,分析破片初速、装甲倾角对破片极限穿透速度和后效威力的影响,以及侵彻过程中破片能量变化,获得了该复合装甲的抗侵彻规律,并利用工程算法计算得到装甲防护系数。结果表明：随着装甲倾角的增加,破片极限穿透速度先减小后增大,剩余速度和剩余质量先增大后减小,装甲存在一个“最易侵彻角”;随着破片初速的增加,破片剩余速度呈线性递增,剩余质量呈线性递减;通过工程算法得到该装甲面密度为普通装甲钢的74%,对破片的防护系数达到1.5。     

纤维复合层压板抗贯穿的数值仿真

纤维增强防弹复合材料的抗贯穿性能研究是为现代战争中的防护装甲提供必要的设计依据.采用有限元技术对某一典型的纤维增强复合材料抗贯穿过程进行动态仿真分析,得到了它的弹道极限速度,与文献中的试验数据以及半经验公式得到的计算结果吻合.提出一种符合预定抗弹性要求的层合板厚度设计的方法.     

直接淬火装甲钢的微观组织和性能

设计和冶炼了一种低碳低合金热轧后直接淬火装甲钢（ＤＱ钢），采用控轧和轧后直接淬火工艺生产钢板。对微观组织和抗弹性能进行了分析，并与ＧＹ４和ＧＹ５装甲钢进行对比。结果表明，热轧后直接淬火钢的变形奥氏体扁平形态保留至淬火组织中，转变后的板条马氏体细小；ＤＱ钢的背面强度极限与中碳ＧＹ４和ＧＹ５钢相当。用ＤＱ钢取代中碳装甲钢大幅度提高焊接性能并节约合金元素，并有望在舰船防护上得到应用。     

纤维复合材料的弹道吸能研究

本文通过大量的实弹试验考察与分析了芳纶、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、玻璃纤维、碳纤维复合材料弹道吸能随面密度、弹速、成型压力、树脂基体含量等改变而变化的规律, 揭示出不同纤维复合材料在不同条件下的防弹能力。研究结果对防弹复合材料及其轻质复合装甲的优化设计具有较重要的参考意义。      

Behavior of Aramid Fiber／Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Hybrid Composites under Charpy Impact and Ballistic Impact

The aramid fiber/UHMWPE(ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene)fiber hybrid composites(AF/DF) were ma-nufactured.By Charpy impact,the low velocity impact behavior of AF/DF composite was studied.And the high velocity impact behavior under ballistic impact was also investigated.The influenct of hybrid ratio on the performances of low and high velocity impact was analyzed,and hybrid structures with good impact properties under low velocity impact and high velocity were optimized.For Charpy impact, the maximal impact load increased with the accretion of the AF layers for AF/DF hybrid composites.The total impact power was reduced with the decrease of DF layers and the delamination can result in the increase of total impact power.For ballistic impact ,the DF ballistic performance was better than that of the AF and the hybrid ratio had a crucial influence.The failure morphology of AF/DF hybrid composite under Charpy impact and ballistic impact was analyzed .The AF/DF hybrid composites in suitable hybrid ratio could attain better performance than AF or DF composites.     

On the comparison of the ballistic performance of 10% zirconia toughened alumina and 95% alumina ceramic target

Ballistic performance of different type of ceramic materials subjected to high velocity impact was investigated in many theoretical, experimental and numerical studies. In this study, a comparison of ballistic performance of 95% alumina ceramic and 10% zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic tiles was analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Spherical cavity model based on the concepts of mechanics of compressible porous media of Galanov was used to analyze the relation of target resistance and static mechanical properties. Experimental studies were carried out on the ballistic performance of above two types of ceramic tiles based on the depth of penetration (DOP) method, when subjected to normal impact of tungsten long rod projectiles. Typical damaged targets were presented. The residual depth of penetration on after-effect target was measured in all experiments, and the ballistic efficiency factor of above two types ceramic plates were determined. Both theoretical and experimental results show that the improvement on ballistic resistance was clearly observed by increasing fracture toughness in ZTA ceramics.     

Novel Flow-Softening and Flow-Anisotropy Approaches to Developing Improved Tungsten Kinetic Energy Penetrator Materials

The penetration performance of uranium alloy kinetic energy (long rod) projectiles are superior to that of equivalent projectiles manufactured from high-density tungsten-based composites. Prior research efforts seeking improvements in the penetration capabilities of tungsten penetrator materials have focussed on increases in the strength, ductility, and toughness of the composites and have not been successful.

Recent studies at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, however, have established that it is the rate at which the penetrator material softens, under the high-rate, high-pressure deformation it must undergo in the penetration process, not the material's initial strength or ductility, which governs its performance. The rapid flow-softening behavior of uranium alloys, a function of both their mechanical (strain-hardening, strain rate-hardening) and thermal (thermal-softening, etc.) properties, was shown to be responsible for their superior ballistic performances. Other tests demonstrated analogous differences in the performance of different orientations of monocrystal tungsten penetrators, due to the anisotropics in their flow-strengthening and flow-softening behaviors. These results have indicated two novel and promising directions for tungsten penetrator research, broadly categorized as (1) flow-softening and (2) flow-anisotropy approaches. The flow-softening approach seeks to develop an isotropic, plastically unstable behavior, similar to that exhibited by uranium alloys, in new tungsten composites. This approach relies primarily on modifications or replacements of the nickel-based matrix in the currently produced tungsten composites with thermomechanically less stable alloys. Critical issues include the roles and interactions between matrix and tungsten particle phases in the thermomechanical properties of the overall composite, and the nucleation and growth of plastic localizations in these materials. The flow-anisotropy approach seeks to develop directional flow-softening behavior in tungsten-based composites by orienting the tungsten phase.

These efforts to develop tungsten penetrator materials, with performance equalling or surpassing that of depleted uranium, but without the environmental and political concerns associated with producing and fielding uranium ammunition, are reviewed.     

On the drop-weight testing of alumina/aluminum laminated composites

Laminated composites with ceramic front layers and metallic or composite backing layers have gained attractiveness as lightweight armours, as they exhibit the same ballistic performance with lower areal densities as compared to steels. Drop-weight testing (DWT) has potential for evaluating the low velocity impact behaviour of materials. This testing gives significant ideas and information about failure mechanisms and behaviour of materials under low velocity impact. In this study, DWT of alumina/aluminum laminated composites was done in order to investigate the effects of lamination type, density with respect to area and mechanical property of backing material on the low velocity ballistic performance of these composites. The experimental results showed that the laminated composite with ceramic front layer and aged-aluminum alloy as backing layer was the most effective among different investigated specimens against low velocity impact loads.     

弹道防护用先进复合材料弹道响应的研究进展

本文对弹道防护用先进复合材料的弹道响应研究及其在工程领域的应用现状进行了综述。首先,基于工程应用研究的试验结果,对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维、对位芳香族聚酰胺(PPTA)纤维、芳Ⅲ纤维、聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑(PBO)纤维和聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维等高性能纤维的防弹性能及其复合材料在弹道防护工程领域的应用现状进行了概述,近年来先进复合材料的防弹性能随着纤维力学性能的突破而逐渐提高;其次,讨论了先进复合材料弹道响应的影响因素及其作用机制,发现先进复合材料的塑性拉伸变形是其抵挡弹丸侵彻的主要防弹机制;最后,对弹道防护用先进复合材料的研究方向进行了展望。      

抗破片侵彻钢/芳纶纤维叠层复合结构优化设计方法

针对抗破片侵彻用新型钢/芳纶纤维叠层复合结构优化设计,基于4 mm钢板+12 mm芳纶纤维叠层复合结构、5 mm钢板+10 mm芳纶纤维叠层复合结构抗7.5 g FSP型破片弹道极限速度试验分析,进行了同工况下破片侵彻叠层复合结构的数值仿真计算;在验证数值仿真模型基础上,开展了7.5 g与10.0 g破片对4 mm、5 mm钢板叠加6~16mm芳纶纤维板组合成复合结构侵彻数值仿真,获得了相应的弹道极限速度;根据试验现象和数值仿真结果进行了钢/芳纶纤维叠层复合结构抗破片侵彻机理分析;根据此类复合结构的防护特点,以结构最小面密度为目标函数,建立了适用一定破片质量和撞击速度范围的结构参数优化设计模型;采用所提方法进行了抗撞击速度为1100 m/s的10.0 g破片侵彻的钢/芳纶纤维复合结构实例设计,通过试验验证了优化设计方法的合理性和实用性。     

The influence of projectile hardness on ballistic performance

The ballistic performance of 17 penetrator materials, representing 5 distinct steel alloys treated to various hardnesses along with one tungsten alloy, has been investigated. Residual lengths and velocities, as well as the ballistic limit velocities, were determined experimentally for each of the alloy types for length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio 10 projectiles against finite-thick armor steel targets. The target thickness normalized by the projectile diameter (T/D) was 3.55. For some of the projectile types, a harder target, with the same thickness, was also used. It was found that the ballistic limit velocity decreases significantly when the projectile hardness exceeds that of the target. Numerical simulations are used to investigate some of the observed trends. It is shown that the residual projectile length is sensitive to projectile hardness; the numerical simulations reproduce this experimental observation. However, the observed trend in residual velocity as a function of projectile hardness is not reproduced in the numerical simulations unless a material model is invoked. It is assumed that the plastic work per unit volume is approximately a constant, that is, there is a trade off between strength and ductility. Using this model, the numerical simulations reproduce the experimentally observed trend.