非金属夹杂物对纯镍N6焊接接头组织性能的影响

以纯镍N6为主要研究对象,借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及电解萃取装置等手段分析了非金属夹杂物对纯镍N6焊接接头结构及性能的影响.结果表明:纯镍N6试样断裂与非金属夹杂物尺寸、形貌、数量等因素有直接的关系;非正常断裂试样的断口表现为沿晶断裂,断口上夹杂物主要由Al、Si、Ca、Mg、O、Fe等元素组成;对试样的金相组织与夹杂物进行分析发现非正常断裂试样中夹杂物数量及尺寸均大于正常试样,杂物数量大于50个/mm2且夹杂物尺寸大于10 μm的试样均发生断裂;夹杂物主要为氧化铝类(Al2O3、SiO2)、硅酸盐类、氮化物类(AlN、TiN、Ti(C,N))及复相夹杂物;原位拉伸试验表明,断裂的主要原因是在金属基体中存在的夹杂物诱发裂纹源,在应力的作用下裂纹扩展导致断裂.综合分析表明,纯镍N6焊接接头在生产中的断裂是由脆性夹杂物的存在而引起的.     

钢管压扁断裂原因分析

用带钢制成的钢管在压扁试验中出现断裂。采用扫描电镜、能谱和金相分析等方法，对断裂试样进行了夹杂物、晶粒度、显微组织、断口及氧含量的检验和分析。结果表明，钢中夹杂物多和氧含量偏高是导致压扁断裂的主要原因。     

D6AC钢冲击断口形貌的分形研究

本文利用扫描电镜对含Mn$夹杂物和含ZrN夹杂物的D6AC钢的冲击断口形貌进行了观察与分析;利用数字图象法测定了试样的断口分形维数,揭示了冲击断口形貌和冲击韧性与夹杂物含量之间的内在联系,探讨了材料冲击断口形貌与分形维数的关系,拓宽了分形几何学在材料领域的应用范围.     

D6AC钢冲击断口形貌的分形研究

本文利用扫描电镜对含MnS夹杂物和含ZrN夹杂物的D6AC钢的冲击断口形貌进行了观察与分析;利用数字图象法测定了试样的断口分形维数,揭示了冲击断口形貌和冲击韧性与夹杂物含量之间的内在联系,探讨了材料冲击断口形貌与分形维数的关系,拓宽了分形几何学在材料领域的应用范围。     

S355NL钢低温冲击韧度不合格原因分析

针对某批次S355NL钢冲击韧度不合格的现象,从钢板的化学成分、力学性能、显微组织、夹杂物及断口等方面进行了分析,并重点对冶炼、连铸、轧制工序的主要参数进行了探讨。结果表明:晶粒尺寸不均匀、杂质颗粒粗大是导致S355NL钢冲击韧度低的主要原因。通过优化冶炼工艺制度以控制化学成分和夹杂物,优化轧制工艺参数以保证钢板的晶粒度,有效地提高了S355NL钢冲击韧度的合格率。     

D6AC钢中ZrN＋MnS夹杂物对韧性的影响

本文叙述了具有相同显微组织和晶粒度的超高强度钢Ｄ６ＡＣ中钢的韧性与ＺｒＮ＋ＭｎＳ夹杂物数量和参数的关系。通过电子探针微压分析、图象仪和金相显微分析，测定了夹杂物的成分、数量和参数Ｐｐ、Ｐｃ、ｌｍａｘ、Δｊ、ｄＴ和　。通过扫描电镜观察了断裂韧性和冲击试样断口。研究得出：试样的韧性分别随着ＺｒＮ＋ＭｎＳ和ＭｎＳ夹杂物总量的增加而线性地降低，但除ＺｒＮ与最大尺寸对应的数目Ｎ　外，韧性和ＺｒＮ的数量之间没有关系。试样的韧性随着夹杂物间距ｄＴ和ＭｎＳ的最邻近间距增大而增大。     

球形非金属夹杂物与焊缝金属的断裂

对四种不同强度级别的焊缝金属的延性断口和脆性断口上的夹杂物进行了系统的观察与分析，探讨了球形非金属夹杂物对焊缝金属断裂性能的影响。焊缝金属的延性断裂性能与所含夹杂物的数量存在直接关系，而焊缝金属的解理断裂中相当大一部分由尺寸相对较大的、与基体结合强度较高的Ｔｉ型夹杂物所引发。     

某船体结构焊缝非金属夹杂物对断裂韧度的影响

研究了某船体结构焊缝试样断裂韧度试验中的局部"失稳"现象,研究表明局部"失稳"是由于焊缝中残存的非金属夹杂物的局部断裂引起的.该夹杂物系多道焊层间清理不彻底而残留的氧化物夹杂.氧化物夹杂可使断裂韧度水平降低约三分之二.此类缺陷在实际船体结构上是不能接受的.     

冷处理温度对CF62C低合金高强度钢冲击性能的影响

在-50℃至室温范围的不同温度对CF62C低合金高强度钢进行冷处理,将冷处理试样和室温下的试样进行夏比(V型)冲击试验,并对冲击试样进行冲击吸收能量测试和显微组织、断口形貌的分析。研究结果表明:CF62C钢在室温和0~-40℃的冷处理条件下有良好的低温冲击韧度,在-40℃冲击吸收功大于300J,而冷处理温度下降至-50℃时,冲击吸收功小于135J,且其断口微观特征呈沿晶脆性断口;CF62C钢的脆性转变温度为-50℃。     

钒-钛微合金化钢焊接热影响区晶内铁素体与夹杂物的界面关系

采用聚焦离子束方法制备试样,利用最高加速电压为1 300 kV的高分辨电镜观察钒-钛微合金化钢100 kJ/cm大线能量热模拟焊接热影响区,对作为晶内铁素体形核核心的夹杂物形貌与结构及夹杂物与晶内铁素体界面关系进行了研究.结果表明,晶内铁素体在MnS V(C,N)复合夹杂物相上形核析出,夹杂物和晶内铁素体存在确定的晶体学位向关系.     

Effects of Re-B modification on the strength and toughness of 30CrMn2Si cast steel

The effects of multi-modification on the strength and toughness of 30CrMn2Si cast steel were investigated. The mechanical properties tested include tensile strength; Charpy impact toughness from room temperature to –60 °C; hardness and fracture toughness. Microanalyses were carried out by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, and included the microstructure and submicrostructure of martensites, residual austenites, the size and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, and the original austenite grain size. It was concluded that, with the hardness unchanged, the fracture toughness of the modified steel was raised to 95 MPa m^1/2, 34% more than that of the un-modified steel, and the impact toughnesses at normal and low temperatures raised to 62 and 61.2 J cm^-2, respectively, 67 and 75% more than those of the un-modified steel. Furthermore, the fracture strength and yield strength of the steel were increased by over 200 MPa.     

Detrimental effect of nitride and aluminium oxide inclusions on fatigue life in rotating bending of bearing steels

Abstract

Rotating bending fatigue tests were performed on hardened AISI type 52100 bearing steel. Fracture surfaces after testing at a stress amplitude of 950 MPa showed that the Ti(C,N) inclusions which caused fatigue failure were significantly smaller than the corresponding alumina inclusions. The smallest crack initiating Ti(C,N) inclusion had a size of 3 μm and the smallest alumina inclusion was 17 μm. It was also shown that fatigue life was significantly shorter for a steel which showed cracked alumina inclusions on the fracture surfaces than for a steel which had non-cracked inclusions. Finite element calculations were performed to determine the driving forces of short cracks at Ti(C,N) and alumina inclusions. Two configurations were studied in each case, based on both non-cracked and cracked inclusions. The calculations incorporated heat treatment simulation and cyclic loading with successive growth of cracks. It was found that the Ti(C,N) configurations gave the highest driving forces for crack growth. The alumina configuration with a non-cracked inclusion gave the lowest driving force. It was concluded based both on experimental evidence and theoretical considerations that Ti(C,N) inclusions are more detrimental to fatigue life than alumina inclusions of the same size. It is their shape and thermal properties which make Ti(C,N) inclusions more detrimental than alumina inclusions. Internal cracking of alumina inclusions leads to reduced fatigue life.     

Effects of Mg on Mechanical Properties of 35CrNi3MoV Steel

The effects of Mg on the mechanical properties of 35CrNi3MoV steel has been studied in this paper. The results show that Mg has less effect on the tensile properties and hardness of the steel at room temperature, but a right amount of Mg improves impact and fracture toughness and decreases the fracture-transition temperature considerably due to inclusions modification, as well as prolongs the notch stress rupture life dramatically through strengthening grain boundary and modifying boundary carbides. There is an optimum Mg content, which is about 0.0030% in the experimental 35CrNi3MoV steel     

Fracture behaviour of 8%Ni 980 MPa high strength steel at various temperatures Part 2 – COD tests

Abstract

The fracture behaviour of 8%Ni 980 MPa grade high strength steel is investigated by combining experimental results of crack opening displacement (COD) tests at various temperatures with detailed microscopic observations of fracture surfaces and crack configurations in unloaded specimens. The results reveal that this high strength steel possesses high toughness with a transition temperature around ?150°C. Even though at a very low temperature (?196°C), cleavage cracking dominates the fracture process and the crack does not propagate immediately through the entire ligament: a ‘pop-in’ extension is observed in macroscopic tests, and the microscopic fracture mode is quasi-cleavage. It is found that resistance to crack propagation is provided by three barriers: original austenite grain boundaries, bainite colony boundaries and interlayers between bainite laths. These barriers manifest themselves by tear ridges with dimples on the fracture surfaces. At higher temperatures, the fracture mechanism is dominated by fibrous rupture, associated with a ‘dimpled’ fracture surface and some individual quasi-cleavage facets.     

氮对钒微合金钢粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)的组织和性能的影响

用热模拟方法研究了氮含量对钒微合金钢粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)的组织和性能的影响。结果表明,氮含量为0.0031%或0.021%时,CGHAZ的韧性较差。氮含量0.0031%时CGHAZ中有少量的Ti(C,N),晶界铁素体(GBF)较少,晶内有大量尺寸较大的侧板条铁素体(FSP),解理裂纹沿FSP的直线扩展使其韧性较差。氮含量0.021%时在CGHAZ中生成了较为粗大的(Ti, V)(C, N)和GBF,解理裂纹沿GBF扩展使其韧性较差。氮含量为0.012%时低温韧性较好,在CGHAZ中生成了大量细小的(Ti, V)(C, N)粒子,且GBF尺寸相对较小,晶内有大量的针状铁素体(AF)。这些因素都有利于阻止裂纹扩展,使其低温韧性显著提高。     

Short transverse fracture of Al–Li–Cu–Mg–Zr extrudate

Abstract

The short transverse fracture toughness of an Al–Li–Cu–Mg–Zr extrudate was determined as a function of aging condition and testing temperature. To elucidate the underlying micromechanisms, the short transverse fracture surfaces of the extrudate were characterised via scanning electron microscopy, grain boundary precipitates and precipitation free zones were identified via transmission electron microscopy, and segregation of elements to grain boundaries was analysed using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Three principal observations were made as follows. First, with increasing aging time, the short transverse toughness of the extrudate increased when tested at room temperature, but decreased at liquid N₂ temperature, whereas with decreasing testing temperature, it remained essentially constant for the underaged condition, and decreased sharply for the peak aged and overaged tempers. Second, in addition to regions exhibiting shallow dimples, smooth ‘featureless’ zones were revealed on the short transverse fracture surfaces, which are intergranular in nature for all the specimens tested. The area fraction of the featureless regions decreased noticeably with increasing aging time when tested at room temperature, and increased markedly with decreasing testing temperature for the peak aged and overaged conditions. Third, segregation of Li, Si, Na, and H was detected for both the underaged and overaged specimens, and also of K for the underaged specimens only. In general, the enhancement of the room temperature short transverse toughness with aging and the negative effect of cryogenic temperature on fracture toughness are in obvious contrast to the in plane toughness behaviour reported in the literature, the featureless character of the short transverse fracture and its connection with poor toughness seldom having been emphasised. Based upon the present study, segregation induced brittleness is proposed as the critical micromechanism responsible for grain boundary weakness, and thus for the poor short transverse fracture toughness.

MST/1829     

硬质相粒度对金属陶瓷断裂韧性的影响

用压痕法测定了具有不同粒度硬质相的Ti(C,N)基和WC基金属陶瓷的断裂韧性,结果发现,Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的断裂韧性随硬质相粒度的增大而减小,而WC基金属陶瓷的断裂韧性随硬质相粒度的增大而增大。产生上述现象的主要原因与硬质相的晶体结构有关:在室温条件下,面心立方结构的Ti(C,N)晶体中可能存在｛110｝<11 0>和｛111｝<11 0>两个滑移族(含18个独立滑移系);裂纹从一个Ti(C,N)颗粒扩展至另一个Ti(C,N)颗粒时很容易形成取向有利。当Ti(C,N)颗粒较粗时,极易发生穿晶断裂,并且裂纹连续穿晶扩展时亦不会发生显著的偏转或分叉,Ti(C,N)呈现较强的脆性断裂特征。而密排六方结构的WC晶体只有｛101 0｝<112 3>一个滑移族(含4个独立的滑移系);由于取向不利,裂纹难以连续穿晶扩展,且随WC粒度的增大,其对裂纹的偏转和分叉作用增强,从而导致断裂面表面积增大而增韧。     

Effects of solution treatment temperature on grain growth and mechanical properties of high strength 18%Ni cobalt free maraging steel

Abstract

The effects of solution treatment (ST) temperature (1073–1473 K) on the prior austenite grain size, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a 2000 MPa grade 18%Ni Co free maraging steel have been investigated. The results show that prior austenite grain size normally increases with increase of ST temperature. Strength and ductility in the solution treated condition are independent of both ST temperature and prior austenite grain size due to constant martensite lath spacing and dislocation tangles. In the solution treated + aged condition, the relationship between yield strength and prior austenite grain size follows the Hall- Petch equation, and ductility improves until the ST temperature used is >1373 K. Accordingly, the fracture mode transforms from intergranular to transgranular at a critical prior austenite grain size of ~ 150 μ m, because of severe segregation of Ni₃(Mo,Ti) and reverted austenite at prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries. The variation of Charpy V notch impact energy with increase of ST temperature in both the solution treated and solution treated + aged conditions is similar to that of the tensile ductility. The fracture toughness K_IC, however, increases with increase of ST temperature. No thermal embrittlement resulted from the Ti(C,N,S) inclusion segregation at prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries in the high temperature solution treatment.     

Mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained zirconia ceramics

The mechanical properties of tetragonal zirconia (TZP) materials doped with Y, Ce or Ti were studied as a function of temperature and grain size. Fine grained Y-TZP (grain size < 0.3 m) shows values for fracture toughness and strength at room temperature, which are comparable with the coarse grained transformation toughened materials, despite lacking transformation toughening. The morphology of the fracture surface points to crack deflection as the most important toughening mechanism. At 800 °C fracture toughness and strength are higher than in coarse grained Y-TZP materials. Doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti results in a similar trend in mechanical properties, for fine grained material, as for the Y-TZP materials.     

Effects of yttrium on microstructure and properties of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel

This study investigates the inclusions, microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels with different Y contents (0.006, 0.034 and 0.071?wt-%). Owing to the pinning of the grain boundary to the Y inclusions (which refines the original austenite grain size) and an existing Fe–Cr–Ta–Y–S–O phase, the tensile strength at both room and high temperatures increased with increasing Y content (below 0.071%). Increasing the Y content to 0.034 wt-% decreased the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). However, when the Y content reached 0.071?wt-%, the DBTT increased as the Y precipitated into blocky yttrium-rich inclusions. The microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of the RAFM steel were optimised at a Y content of approximately 0.034?wt-%.