低温烧结高性能2Y-TZP材料

通过在2Y-TZP中加入一定量的硅酸盐玻璃相添加剂,在较低的烧结温度下,制备出细晶、具有良好综合性能的2Y-TZP材料.研究了添加剂加入后,2Y-TZP材料烧结特性、显微结构及力学性能.发现加入少量的添加剂后,不但可以明显降低材料的烧结温度,而且由于细晶及相变增韧的共同作用,材料仍具有较高的抗折强度和断裂韧性.讨论了稳定剂含量对低温烧结Y-TZP力学性能的影响,发现较低稳定剂含量的2Y-TZP材料,由于临界相变尺寸小,在断裂过程中,有更多的四方相氧化锆转变成单斜相,相变增韧的效果更好,因而具有更高的断裂韧性.     

Fabrication,characterization and mechanical properties of SiC-whisker-reinforced Y-TZP composites

The microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-pressed yttria-stablized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) reinforced with up to 30 vol % SiC whiskers were investigated. The homogeneously dispersed and fully dense SiC whisker/Y-TZP composites were fabricated by wet-mixing the constitutents and uniaxially hot-pressing the resulting powder. The grain size of the matrix depended on the whisker volume fraction and the hot-pressing temperature. The significant increase of fracture toughness of about MPa m^1/2 at 10 Vol % SiC and a small increase in strength were achieved by uniformly dispersing the whiskers in the Y-TZP matrix. Fracture surfaces revealed evidence of toughening by the mechanisms of crack deflection, pullout, and crack bridging by the whiskers and also a phase transformation of ZrO₂. The observed increase in the fracture toughness of Y-TZP due to the addition of SiC whiskers was correlated with existing models of toughening mechanisms. Good agreement was achieved between the theoretical predictions and the experimental toughness values, obtained from the Y-TZP/SiC_w composites.     

碳包纳米氧化锆粉体的烧结行为与力学性能

采用粉体表面包碳技术和两步烧结方法制备出具有良好力学性能的细晶3Y-TZP材料,研究了在无压烧结和两步烧结条件下,碳含量对碳包3Y-TZP材料烧结行为及力学性能的影响.结果表明:对于包裹少量碳的3Y-TZP,与未包碳的试样相比,采用两步烧结不但能提高材料的密度还能细化晶粒;结构致密和ZrO2相变增韧使材料具有较高的维氏硬度和断裂韧性.在碳含量为1.5%时,3Y-TZP材料的维氏硬度和断裂韧性达最大值,碳含量进一步提高使材料中的气孔和缺陷增多,导致材料的性能下降.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals containing dispersed TiC particles

The microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-pressed yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) ceramics containing up to 30 vol % TiC particles were studied. Adding TiC particles to Y-TZP improved the bending strength and fracture toughness. With 20 vol% TiC particles the maximum bending strength and fracture toughness reached 1073±30.4 MPa and 14.56±0.25 MPa m^1/2, respectively. The residual tensile stress induced by the thermal expansion difference between ZrO₂ and TiC must have inhibited the tetragonal-monoclinic transformation. The stress-induced phase transformation was therefore not the dominant toughening mechanism. High-densities of dislocations within TiC particles and microcracking were detected by TEM. The improved toughness of the materials is considered to be the result of crack deflection, crack bowing of TiC particles and microcracking toughening of ZrO₂.     

Tetragonal to monoclinic transformation in Y-TZP joined with metallic materials

Joints between Y-TZP (Yttria containing Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal) and metallic materials (type SUS304 stainless steel and Mo) were fabricated, using brazing alloy (Ag-Cu-Ti) sheet. Y-TZP disks having different Y₂O₃ contents, grain size were prepared for changing their transformability from tetragonal to monoclinic phase. Y-TZP disks with various thickness were joined with metal disks with constant thickness in order to change the thermal stress states. Transformation in Y-TZP was investigated by changing cooling rates from the joining temperature.Transformed fraction was larger under presence of tensile thermal stress (_rr). The transformed fraction decreased when cooled at a faster rate, which was related with time-dependent characteristics of the transformation in Y-TZP. A large fraction of transformation was detected in the coarse grained Y-TZP joined with Mo, although no transformation was detected in the unjoined state when cooled at the same rate. Transformation of Y-TZP joined with metallic materials was discussed, considering the effects of residual stress and the time dependent features of the transformation.     

Impact Toughness of Ultrafine‐Grained Commercially Pure Titanium for Medical Application

This study aims at achieving the best combination of strength, ductility, and impact toughness in ultrafine‐grained (UFG) Ti Grade 4 produced by equal‐channel angular pressing via Conform scheme (ECAP‐C) with subsequent cold drawing. UFG structures with various parameters (e.g., size and shape of grains, dislocation density, conditions of boundaries) are formed by varying the treatment procedures (deformation temperature and speed at drawing, annealing temperature). The tensile and impact toughness tests were performed on samples with a V‐shaped notch and different structures of commercially pure Ti Grade 4 in the coarse‐grained and UFG states. The results demonstrated that grain refinement, higher dislocation density, and their elongated shape were obtained as a result of drawing at 200 °С, which led to a decrease in both the uniform elongation at tension and the impact toughness of Ti Grade 4. Short‐term annealing at 400–450 °C could improve the impact toughness of UFG Ti with a non‐significant decrease in strength. This short‐term annealing contributes to the dislocation density decrease without considerable grain growth as a result of the recovery and redistribution of dislocations. The dependence of impact toughness on the strain hardening ability of UFG Ti was discussed.

     

Toughening mechanisms and properties of mullite matrix composites reinforced by the addition of SiC particles and Y-TZP

Mullite matrix composites reinforced by SiC particles and Y-TZP, were fabricated by hot-pressing. The effects of adding SiC particles and Y-TZP to mullite or mullite-based materials on properties and toughening mechanisms in the composites were investigated. Crack deflection is proposed as the principal toughening mechanism, produced by the addition of SiC particles. Transformation and microcrack toughening are the two main toughening mechanisms caused by Y-TZP addition. However, the magnitude of their contribution varied with increasing Y-TZP addition. With low Y-TZP addition, the transformation toughening dominated, while at a higher Y-TZP content, the microcrack toughening was dominant. The simultaneous addition of SiC particles and Y-TZP to mullite resulted in higher increases in both flexural strength and fracture toughness, than the simple sum of those obtained by the separate processes. It appears that the two toughening processes were coupled, thereby leading to synergistic toughening and strengthening effects in the mullite composites.     

Sintering,microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial Y-TZPs

The sintering behaviour of Y-TZP ceramics, their resulting microstructures and properties are influenced not only by the characteristics of the raw materials but also were found to be dependent on the thermal history during the fabrication process. It is generally understood that fracture toughness increases as grain size increases up to a certain limit but in the present investigation, the results obtained challenge this view. The work is concerned with grain size dependence on the mechanical properties, in particular on the fracture toughness. Two commercially available powders based on two different processing techniques (i.e. coated and co-precipitated) were studied. It has been found that both materials exhibited different fracture toughness trends. Smaller grains of coated Y-TZP resulted in high fracture toughness >12 MPa m^1/2 while the opposite effect was seen in the co-precipitated material which showed enhanced fracture toughness with increasing grain size above a certain lower limit from a nonconventional heat treatment.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> composites fabricated by liquid phase sintering

3Y-TZP/Al₂O₃ composites were pressureless sintered with the addition of TiO₂-MnO₂ and CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass. The densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that the composites could be densified at a temperature as low as 1400^C by liquid phase sintering. The majority of the grain sizes for both Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂ were below 1 m because of the lower sintering temperature. A bending strength of 934 ± 28 MPa and fracture toughness of 7.82 ± 0.19 MPam^1/2 were obtained for 3Y-TZP/Al₂O₃ (20 vol%) composite. Transformation toughening is considered the responsible toughening mechanism.     

奥氏体不锈钢晶粒细化对形变机制和力学性能的影响

利用相逆转变原理采用冷变形使得亚稳奥氏体转变为形变马氏体,采用不同温度和时间退火分别获得纳米晶/超细晶和粗晶奥氏体不锈钢。通过拉伸实验得到不同晶粒尺寸的奥氏体不锈钢力学性能,采用透射电镜观察形变组织结构并利用扫描电镜观察断口特征。结果表明:高屈服强度纳米晶/超细晶奥氏体不锈钢通过形变孪晶获得优良塑性;而低屈服强度的粗晶奥氏体不锈钢发生形变诱导马氏体效应,得到良好的塑性;两组具有不同形变机制的奥氏体不锈钢拉伸断口均为韧性断裂。形变机制由形变孪晶转变为形变诱导马氏体归因于晶粒细化导致奥氏体稳定性大幅度提高。     

Microstructure, mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of BICUVOX - ZrO2 composite solid electrolytes

The composites of Cu-partially substituted bismuth vanadate (BICUVOX.1) mixed with a small amount of partially stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) were prepared to investigate their microstructure, mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. It was found that the addition of 0.5 to 1 wt% 3Y-TZP reduces the grain size to lower than 1 m in diameter, leading to improvements in micro-hardness and toughness by more than 15%. Due to preferential distribution of 3Y-TZP particles along grain boundaries, grain boundary conductivity and total conductivity decreased with increasing 3Y-TZP content at low temperature, but the decrements remained rather modest and, in addition, became less significant at higher temperature to disappear at 700 K and above.     

Toughening mechanisms for a zirconia-lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic

The mechanical properties of a lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic and the same glass-ceramic containing 5 and 15 wt% zirconia were investigated. The aim of the study was to assess the contributions to toughening from various toughening mechanisms. For the zirconia-containing compositions, zirconia initially precipitated, upon heat treatment of the glass, as tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO₂), and upon further heat treatment, transformed to monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO₂). This transformation could also be induced by grinding samples containing t-ZrO₂. By heat treating, the fracture toughness of all compositions increased with increasing matrix grain size until the matrix grain size exceeded ∼ 1 μm, whereupon both the fracture toughness and strength decreased sharply. The matrix phases, lithium metasilicate and β-eucryptite, have either high thermal expansion mismatch or high thermal expansion anisotropy resulting in large thermal stresses. The initial toughness increases observed in each composition were attributed to the formation of a microcrack zone around the propagating crack. At larger grain sizes, thermal stresses caused spontaneous cracking and loss of strength. Zirconia additions also contributed to the fracture toughness improvement; however, the predominant toughening mechanism was not by transformation but due to crack deflection by the stress fields around the transformed, i.e. m-ZrO₂, particles.     

New Y-TZP powders for medical grade zirconia

There is interest in using zirconia for biomedical applications as ballheads for total hip prostheses. Two potential types are under discussion:partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP)materials. Because of its enhanced material properties, TZP stabilized withyttria is favourable. To eliminate high amounts of natural radioactiveimpurities, the precursors are purified. The kind of precursor and purificationmethod determine the powder impurity level. The disadvantage of Y-TZP is thatthe hydrothermal decomposition reaction method is that it depends very stronglyon the grain size and the distribution of the stabilizing yttria within thezirconia grains. Thermodynamical and kinetic investigations on high puritycoprecipitated and yttria-coated zirconia powders show different behaviours.Y-TZP materials based on yttria-coated zirconia powders show excellentmechanical strength of more than 1000 MPa, a Weibull modulus of up to 20 a!nd a fracture toughness of 9 MPam. The material properties of Y-TZP ceramicsbased on coprecipitated powders and prepared under the same conditions are lessattractive. It is expected that materials based on yttria-coated zirconia willshow enhanced properties compared to materials derived from coprecipitatedpowders. Therefore Y-TZP materials derived from yttria-coated powders are veryattractive as medical grade zirconia.     

Yb2O3对Y—TZP陶瓷材料的显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用Ｙｂ２Ｏ３、Ｙ２Ｏ３复合稳定剂，制得了高强度、高韧性的四方相氧化锆陶瓷材料，用ＸＲＤ研究了材料的相组成及断裂相变量；用ＳＥＭ观察了材料的显微结构，分析了力学性能与断裂相变量及显微结构的关系，发现在Ｙ－ＴＺＰ材料中掺入－３ｍｏｌ％Ｙｂ２Ｏ３，可使在保持原有抗弯强度的同时，一定程度地改善断裂韧性，实验结果表明，如果用Ｙｂ２Ｏ３来提高Ｙ－ＴＺＰ的时效性能及耐热冲击性，不会影响Ｙ－ＴＺＰ原有的优良力学     

云母微晶玻璃/Y-TZP复相材料的制备和力学性能

本文用烧结法制备了云母微晶玻璃／－TZP复相材料,用X光衍射分析（XRD）法测定了材料断裂过程中氧化锆的相变体积分数,用拉曼微探针谱测定了相变区宽度,并对增韧机制进行了研究．结果表明：氧化锆的加入可以显著提高材料的力学性能．当加入40vol％ZrO₂时,云母微晶玻璃的强度和断裂韧性分别可达446MPa和4．8MPam^1／2氧化锆的相变分数随氧化锆含量的增加而减小,而相变区宽度随氧化锆含量的增加而增大;氧化锆主要通过应力诱导相交增韧机制来提高云母微晶玻璃的断裂韧性,但随着氧化锆含量的增加,裂纹在氧化锆颗粒附近的偏转会进一步提高材料的断裂韧性．     

HAZ fracture toughness of titanium containing steels

Abstract

Steels containing various combinations of microalloying elements (Nb, V, and Ti) were welded at heat inputs from 3 to 6 kJ mm^?1. It was shown by detailed crack tip opening displacement fracture toughness testing of coarse grained heat affected zone (HAZ) regions in single pass weld deposits that the poorest toughness properties were exhibited by steel containing a combination of Nb, V, and Ti. Steel microalloyed with only titanium had the best HAZ fracture toughness at all heat input levels. Detailed microstructural analysis, grain size measurement, hardness, and precipitation in HAZ regions were evaluated to explain the fracture toughness properties observed.

MST/887     

Deformation Behavior of Bulk Ultrafine Grained Copper Prepared by Sub-Zero Rolling and Controlled Recrystallization

Present study aims to investigate the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of bulk nanocrystalline/ultrafine grained pure Cu obtained after controlled recrystallization of samples heavily cold-deformed at cryogenic temperature. Microstructural characterization has been carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis and hardness measurements. Mechanical behavior has been investigated by tensile testing. Significant dependence of mechanical property on grain size has been recorded. Present study indicates that conventional rolling at subzero temperature followed by controlled recrystallization may be utilized as an effective method for development of bulk Cu with two- to three-fold improvement in yield strength in comparison to its coarse grained counterpart with moderate ductility and toughness.     

The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP

The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temperatures (1150–1200 °C). The ageing resistance in hot water (185 °C) of 2 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degradation completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7–9 MPa m^1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was observed for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the observed toughness values.     

Fracture behavior of ultra-fine grained steel bar under dynamic loading

Ultra-fine grained steel bars were recently developed by thermo-mechanical controlled rolling with rapid cooling for increasing the strength of low carbon and low alloy steels. The developed steels are characterized by fine ferrite grains of less than 1 m and high strength as a result of grain refinement. However, their correlations between tensile properties and impact behavior are not well understood. In this paper, impact absorbed energy (E _p) and dynamic fracture toughness (J _Id) were used to evaluate the dynamic fracture behavior of the ultra-fine grained steels, and the fracture mechanisms were also investigated. For the ultra-fine grained steels, tensile stress-strain curve was shown to be correlated with the impact curve of load vs. time, and to be related to the dynamic fracture toughness. The steel with large ferrite grains, small ferrite grain colony and martensite was found to have a good combination of strength and toughness.     

SiCp/MoSi2原位反应高温热压复合工艺的研究

运用乙醇湿法混合和氩气保护原位反应高温热压方法制备了不同配比的SiCp/MoSi2复合材料,研究了原位生成的SiC颗粒对MoSi2基体材料显微结构和室温力学性能的影响.结果表明:原位反应高温热压制备SiCp/MoSi2的工艺是可行的,反应生成的适量SiC颗粒细化了基体晶粒,改善了其力学性能;与该工艺下制备的纯MoSi2相比,含40vol%SiCp的SiCp/MoSi2复合材料室温抗弯强度提高了260%,含50vol%SiCp的SiCp/MoSi2复合材料室温断裂韧性提高了50%;该种工艺的强化机制为细晶强化和弥散强化,韧化机制为细晶韧化.