粮油加工废水处理工程设计

某粮油公司采用引气气浮+水解-好氧+混凝沉淀+砂滤工艺处理粮油加工废水。工程设计规模为精炼废水250m/d、其它废水350m/d,运行结果表明,该工艺处理效果良好,出水CODcr≤50mg/L,BOD5≤1 0mg/L,动植物油≤1mg/L,pH保持6-9,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级标准(A类)。     

微絮凝-砂滤-超滤处理淮河原水的试验研究

采用微絮凝-砂滤-超滤工艺对淮河原水进行了中试规模的试验．重点考察预处理条件如滤速和混凝剂投加量的变化对后续膜处理性能的影响．结果表明，试验工艺去除CODMn的效果随着混凝剂投加量的增加而提高．在投加量(大于4mg／L)不变的条件下，滤速的变化不会影响砂滤出水的浊度和CODMn，当投加量为4mg／L时，较高的滤速导致砂滤出水的浊度和CODMn的增加．由于后续超滤膜的截留作用，膜出水的浊度和CODMn令人满意．     

混凝-砂滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术深度处理抗生素制药废水

采用混凝-砂滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术深度处理抗生素制药废水,现场试验表明:混凝-砂滤-微滤能有效去除废水中的悬浮物和浊度,去除部分氨氮和CODCr,降低废水的SDI15值,为后续反渗透提供合格的进水;反渗透能去除进水中的绝大部分无机盐、色度和CoDCr,产水通量较稳定;产水水质符合<城市污水再生利用工业用水水质>(GB/T 19923-2005)中冷却补充水的要求.     

混凝-微滤工艺提高饮用水生物稳定性的试验研究

以滦河水为处理对象,考察了混凝-微滤工艺对原水中营养物的去除效果和对饮用水生物稳定性的影响.该工艺对DOC的去除率随混凝剂投加量的提高而增加,在FeCl3投加量为2mg/L时,DOC的平均去除率达到22.4%.该工艺可有效去除可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)和总磷,并分别达到饮用水生物稳定性的阈值要求(BDOC<0.25mg/L和TP<5μg/L);同时,工艺出水的细菌再生长潜力(BRP)比原水降低1个数量级.因此采用混凝-微滤工艺可有效提高饮用水的生物稳定性,控制水中细菌再生长趋势.     

混凝-粉末活性炭吸附-超滤工艺去除砂滤池反洗水溶解性有机物

通过混凝-粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附-浸没式超滤膜(UF)组合工艺去除砂滤池反洗水(FBWW)中溶解性有机物(DOM),以降低后续回用过程中消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量。试验对3种混凝药剂——聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝(PACl)处理FBWW的效果进行了比较,探讨其对UV254和水溶性有机物(DOC)的去除效果。结果表明,PFS对有机物去除效果优于PACl和FeCl3;PFS与粉末活性炭混合投加可增加有机物去除率,粉末活性炭为20mg/L,PFS为8mg/L时出水浊度为0.85NTU,UV254和DOC去除率分别为43%和31%;采用混凝-PAC吸附-超滤膜(UF)处理FBWW对UV254和DOC去除率分别达到51%和41%,出水浊度为0.19NTU,UV254为0.031cm-1,DOC为2.76mg/L.此工艺可有效降低反冲洗水中DOM含量,达到重新利用净水厂废水的目标.     

混凝-微滤膜工艺处理含铬废水

采用混凝-微滤膜工艺处理含铬废水，流程简单、工作压力低、停留时间短、处理效果好．当进水含六价铬质量浓度为50mg／L时，出水总铬质量浓度低于0．5mg／L，六价铬质量浓度低于0．1mg／L，浊度低于0．5NTU，pH值在6～8，并且装置有良好的抗冲击负荷能力．运行中发现当温度较高时，反应器中有铁氧体形成．     

ABS生产废水混凝沉淀预处理实验研究

对ABS废水进行了混凝沉淀预处理研究,结果表明,采用聚合氯化铝铁混凝、PAM助凝的处理效果最好,当其用量分别为300mg／L和5mg／L时,处理出水SS和CODCr,的含量分别为38mg／L和802mg／L,能够满足该废水进入生化污水处理场的要求。     

涂层废水处理设计

涂层碱性含油废水中SS450mg／L,CODcr 260mg／L,BOD5 30mg／L,石油类65mg／L,pH值9～12,温度50-60℃。采用中和-混凝-气浮-沉淀-过滤的处理工艺处理涂层废水,处理后水质达到国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—96）中一级排放标准。     

养殖海水固体颗粒物含量分布及其对铜质板式换热器腐蚀影响分析

铜质板式换热器是一种新型换热节能材料,在水产养殖、船舶运输、地热资源、化工等领域,具有广阔的应用前景。本文结合其在海水养殖领域的使用情况,对养殖海水固体颗粒物含量和分布进行了调查,并通过现场调查和模拟冲刷实验分析了固体颗粒物对铜质板式换热器的腐蚀影响。结果表明:养殖系统海水固体颗粒物含量很低,其中天然、砂滤和养殖池内3种海水颗粒物含量范围分别在1.3~2.7 mg/L,0.04~0.4mg/L,0.02~0.26 mg/L。天然海水含有大量不规则细小颗粒,池内海水含有大量片状颗粒物,砂滤海水的颗粒特征不明显。许多大颗粒是由纳米颗粒团聚堆积而成的。由于颗粒物含量低,海水流速小,冲刷力小,养殖海水固体颗粒物对铜质板式换热器腐蚀影响轻微。现场腐蚀调查和模拟冲刷实验结果也证明这一点。该研究结果可为铜质板式换热器在海水养殖领域的推广应用提供参考。     

用混凝-超滤法处理低温低浊水

考察了采用混凝-超滤法处理低温低浊时期松花江水的中试试验效果,并与水厂常规处理水质进行了比较.试验结果表明:混凝-超滤法出水浊度恒低于0.3 NTU;投加20 mg/L聚合氯化铝,超滤膜对CODMn去除率达到50%~58%,膜出水色度为6~8度;此外,投加混凝剂可以使膜渗透性能得以改善.因此混凝-超滤法可以作为低温低浊水处理的有效方法.     

热网换热站不锈钢换热板点蚀的临界条件

热网二级换热站一般采用板式换热器,在其使役过程中不锈钢换热板一旦出现腐蚀穿孔,不但影响一次水水质,而且干扰换热器稳定运行,甚至影响居民供热,因此阐明换热板发生点蚀的临界条件对于科学设定水质控制标准和防止点蚀发生具有重要意义。为此,通过材料化学分析、XRD、SEM及电化学测试等方法对这一问题进行研究。结果表明:在65℃条件下,304不锈钢点蚀的临界Cl;浓度为125 mg/L,316L不锈钢点蚀的临界Cl;浓度为230 mg/L;不锈钢表面一旦形成垢层,表面会发生局部酸化,此时不锈钢更容易发生点蚀;运行过程中为了防止不锈钢换热板点蚀,不仅要严格控制循环水中Cl;浓度,还应防止换热板表面结垢或附着腐蚀产物。     

聚天冬氨酸对铜、碳钢缓蚀性能的影响

采用失重法研究了pH=7.5的自来水中聚天冬氨酸和苯骈三唑、钼酸钠、硅酸钠复配时对铜和碳钢-铜复合体系的缓蚀效果,试验表明:单一聚天冬氨酸和钼酸钠的缓蚀效果随其浓度的增加而增加;单一苯骈三唑的缓蚀效果随其浓度的增加其缓蚀性也增加,当浓度达3 mg/L时,缓蚀效果最佳;单一硅酸钠的缓蚀效果随其浓度的增加其缓蚀性也增加,当浓度达200 mg/L时,缓蚀效果最佳;在缓蚀剂总浓度为50.5 mg/L时4种药剂复配,显示出较好的协同效应,其最佳配比为10 mg/L聚天冬氨酸 0.5 mg/L苯骈三唑 10 mg/L钼酸钠 30 mg/L硅酸钠.电化学动电位极化曲线测试结果表明复合水处理剂对阳极、阴极均有缓蚀作用.     

Determination of chromium (VI) using cathodic voltammetry technique in gold microelectrodes

Electrochemical reduction of chromium (VI) is studied on a gold microelectrode assembly (Au-MEA) using the cathodic voltammetry (VA) technique. The optimum conditions for obtaining the analytical signal of Cr (VI) are chosen. The range of the analyzed concentrations of Cr (VI) are 0.005?C0.2 mg/L, and the detection limit is 5 × 10^?5 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen, manifold excesses of alkali and alkaline-earth ions, 200-fold excesses of Cr (III), and 10-fold excesses of Fe (III) and Cu (II) do not interfere with determination of 0.005 mg/L Cr (VI). In the presence of anionic surfactants (DDCNa), the signal of Cr (VI) decreases, but the linear dependence on the concentration remains. A rapid technique for determination of Cr (VI) in purified technical water without sample preparation is suggested. The advantage of Au-MEA consists in the simplicity of synthesis, running time, high sensitivity.     

九曲溪水体中的微量元素Al分子荧光法测定

本文通过分子荧光法对九曲溪水体中的微量元素Al进行测定。研究结果表明:分子荧光法的变异系数在5%以内,回收率在97%-103%之间。均达到河水水质理化检验方法要求。九曲溪水体中Al的含量随着人类活动的加强而升高。人类活动相对集中的地方:武夷宫、星村管辖区及玉女峰处水体Al的含量分别为7.639mg/L、9.796mg/L和4.952mg/L。分别是人类活动较少地方水样Al含量2.349mg/L的3.25倍、4.17倍和2.11倍。合理保护九曲溪水资源,应严格控制旅游人数和开放时间等。     

新型射流曝气外置式MBR处理乳品废水

利用外置MBR用间歇射流曝气代替鼓风曝气;射流器安装在循环加压泵吸水管上.结果表明,经优化的射流器安装方式与普通安装方式相比能耗更低,充氧效率更高.进水CODcr 平均为l 987 mg/L,NH3-N、TN(总氮)平均为100 mg/L和114 mg/L时,TP(总磷)平均为16.33 mg/L;出水CODcr,平均为24mg./L,去除率为98.67％;出水NH3- N、TN平均为15.8mg/L和20 mg/L,去除率分别为84.33％和82％;出水TP平均为2.72 mg/L,去除率83.37％.     

Quality of hemodialysis water in a resource‐poor country: The Nigerian example

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are exposed to large volumes of water, separated from patients' blood by semipermeable membrane of dialyzers. Chemical contaminants in poorly treated water impact negatively on quality of life of these patients. This survey was carried out to assess the HD water quality in Lagos, Nigeria. Ten milliliters of feed and treated water from all six HD centers in Lagos were tested for aluminum, copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium using atomic absorption spectrometry; sodium and potassium were tested using flame photometry, fluoride with molecular photoluminescence method; sulfate using turbidimetry, nitrates measured by cadmium column reduction method, chloramines and free chlorine were measured using N, N‐diethyl‐1‐P‐phenylenediamine colorimetric method. Information on sources of feed water, frequency of testing of HD water, methods of water treatment, type of water purification system and maintenance was also obtained. All centers used borehole as main source of water supply. None of the centers met Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) guidelines for most chemical contaminants. Only chlorine (0.48 ± 0.07 mg/L) and potassium (3.9 ± 0.95 mg/L) levels met AAMI standards after treatment. Mean levels of chemical contaminants in treated water were as follows: aluminum 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L, zinc 0.27 ± 0.08 mg/L, chloramines 0.16 ± 0.03 mg/L, fluoride 1.83 ± 0.40 mg/L, sulfate 117 ± 86.1 mg/L which were mildly elevated; calcium 126.00 ± 22.7 mg/L, sodium 179 ± 25.6 mg/L, and nitrate 70.5 ± 50.8 mg/L, which were markedly elevated; and magnesium 8.3 ± 3.38 mg/L, which was moderately elevated above AAMI recommended levels. HD water quality is poor in our environment. Concerted efforts are required to ensure good quality water for HD.     

Degradation characteristics of secondary effluent of domestic wastewater by combined process of ozonation and biofiltration

The performance of the combined process of ozonation and biofiltration was studied for treating the secondary effluent from sewage treatment plant. It was found that COD, NH(3)-N, and TOC were removed from 40-52, 10-19, and 9-13 mg/L in the raw water to 18-23, 0.5-1.5, and 7-8.5 mg/L in the effluent water (removal efficiency were 58, 89, and 25%, respectively), respectively, with an ozone dose of 10 mg/L (0.7-1.1 mg O(3)/(mg TOC) and 0.2-0.25 mg O(3)/(mg COD)), and contacting time of 4 min. Under the operation conditions, ozonation enhanced the biodegradability of the organics in the secondary effluent, as illustrated by increasing biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) value from 0.8-1.1 mg/L in the raw water to the 2.0-2.7 mg/L in the effluent water. Meanwhile, the percentage of the organics with molecular size less than 1k Da in the secondary effluent increased from 52.9 to 72.6%. The experimental results supported the expectation that the combined process of O(3)/Biofiltration might enhance the overall treatment efficiency of secondary effluent treatment.     

生活用水含氯量的测定

本文介绍了对福州市西区供水终端含氧量连续一个月的监测结果。测得的平均总氯浓度和游离氯浓度分别为0.43mg/L和0.28mg/L。结果表明同时期内这样的供水在管网内停留一夜后其总氯浓度和游离氯浓度分别可降为0.18mg/L和0.08mg/L。     

Application of biosurfactants, rhamnolipid, and surfactin, for enhanced biodegradation of diesel-contaminated water and soil

This study investigated potential application of two biosurfactants, surfactin (SF) and rhamnolipid (RL), for enhanced biodegradation of diesel-contaminated water and soil with a series of bench-scale experiments. The rhamnolipid used in this study, a commonly isolated glycolipid biosurfactant, was produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa J4, while the surfactin, a lipoprotein type biosurfactant, was produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332. Both biosurfactants were able to reduce surface tension to less than 30 dynes/cm from 72 dynes/cm with critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of 45 and 50 mg/L for surfactin and rhamnolipid, respectively. In addition, the results of diesel dissolution experiments also demonstrated their ability in increasing diesel solubility with increased biosurfactant addition. In diesel/water batch experiments, an addition of 40 mg/L of surfactin significantly enhanced biomass growth (2500 mg VSS/L) as well as increased diesel biodegradation percentage (94%), compared to batch experiments with no surfactin addition (1000 mg VSS/L and 40% biodegradation percentage). Addition of surfactin more than 40 mg/L, however, decreased both biomass growth and diesel biodegradation efficiency, with a worse diesel biodegradation percentage (0%) at 400 mg/L of SF addition. Similar trends were also observed for both specific rate constants of biomass growth and diesel degradation, as surfactin addition increased from 0 to 400 mg/L. Addition of rhamnolipid to diesel/water systems from 0 to 80 mg/L substantially increased biomass growth and diesel biodegradation percentage from 1000 to 2500 mg VSS/L and 40 to 100%, respectively. Rhamnolipid addition at a concentration of 160 mg/L provided similar results to those of an 80 mg/L addition. Finally, potential application of surfactin and rhamnolipid in stimulating indigenous microorganisms for enhanced bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil was also examined. The results confirmed their enhancing capability on both efficiency and rate of diesel biodegradation in diesel/soil systems.     

Reduction of organic matter and trihalomethane formation potential in reclaimed water from treated industrial estate wastewater by coagulation

Raw water from treated industrial estate wastewater in northern Thailand was used in jar-test coagulation experiments with variations of separate alum and ferric chloride dosages from 10 to 80 mg/L at pH conditions ranging from 5 to 6.5. Natural organic matter (NOM) surrogates and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were determined to study their reduction. The obtained results showed that total organic carbon (TOC) were gradually reduced from the average value of about 6.1 mg/L to a level of about 4.0 mg/L by alum and ferric chloride dosages of approximately 40 mg/L. Moreover, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were reduced from an average value of 5.1 mg/L to a level of about 4.0 mg/L by alum and ferric chloride dosages of approximately 40 mg/L. Specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) were decreased from an average value of approximately 4.7 L/mgm to a level of about 2 L/mgm by alum and ferric chloride dosages of approximately 20 mg/L. In addition, chlorine demands at 1 day reaction were the same as those of 7-day demands with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 (n = 10, correlation significant at the 0.01 level). Interestingly, chloroform of approximately 65 and 60% of total THMFP was found as the predominant THMFP species in treated industrial estate wastewater and reclaimed water, respectively, in comparison with other THM species. Maximum THMFP percentage removal of 25 and 28 by using alum and ferric chloride dosages of about 80 mg/L at pH 5.5 and 5 were obtained, respectively, at the examined conditions.