Mg-5.26Zn-0.45Zr合金超塑性变形的力学特性及显微组织的研究

本文研究了 Mg—5.26Zn—0.45Zr 合金的力学和显微组织参数对超塑变形的影响。合金在最佳变形条件(300℃,ε=1.67×10~3S~(-1))变形,获得最高延伸率680％,流动应力1.79MN/m~2,应变速率敏感性(m)为0.49。结果表明,为了获得最佳超塑性,应控制微细晶粒尺寸,晶粒的等轴比(dl/dt)和微细亚稳的第二相对晶界的钉扎。合金在高应变速率的变形中通过动态再结晶可获得更细的晶粒尺寸,其断裂时总延伸率在135％左右。     

热轧态Al-Li合金的超塑性研究

本研究运用动态再结晶诱发超塑性的原理,对未经细化晶粒预处理的常规生产热轧态2091Al-Li合金直接进行高温拉伸,试验结果表明合金在470～530℃温度范围和2×10~(-4)～1×10~(-3)应变速率范围内具有超塑性,最大断裂延伸率达405％。根据光镜和电镜组织观察和真应力—真应变曲线的单一峰值和变形激活能随应变量增大而下降等特征,讨论了动态再结晶诱发超塑性的机制。     

5A90铝锂合金超塑性变形机理的定量研究

通过聚焦离子束在5A90铝锂合金试样表面蚀刻微米尺寸高分辨网格,在温度480℃、初始变形速率1×10~(-3)s~(-1)的变形条件下,定量研究其超塑性变形过程中晶界滑移和晶内位错滑移对总变形的贡献量,并采用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射观察合金超塑性变形的组织演变作为佐证。结果表明:位错运动在超塑性变形初期(ε0.65)的贡献量约为60%～80%,为主要变形机制,在该阶段条带状晶粒逐渐细化和等轴化,平均晶粒尺寸减小约40%,晶粒转动作为协调机制;随着应变量的增大,发生明显的动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸开始增大,晶内位错滑移的作用逐渐减小,晶界滑移成为变形的主要机制。     

FGH96合金热挤压棒材超塑性研究

对热挤压FGH96合金棒材超塑性进行了研究,结果表明:挤压FGH96合金在1050℃和1100℃的变形温度下具有良好的超塑性,在变形温度为1100℃初始应变速率为3.33×10-4s-1进行超塑拉伸时,伸长率可以达到405%,流变应力降低到32MPa。显微组织分析表明,FGH96合金经控制冷却速度的预热处理后,合金中γ′相尺寸及间距较大,能够促进合金在后续变形过程动态再结晶的发生,并阻碍晶粒快速长大。FGH96合金在挤压变形后发生了明显的动态再结晶,但由于再结晶进行的不充分,晶粒内部仍存在大量变形亚结构,这种亚稳态组织在超塑变形过程中通过进一步回复和再结晶,可以获得平均晶粒尺寸为10μm左右的等轴、均匀、稳定的细晶组织,使合金具有良好的超塑性。     

GH984G18合金热加工图及再结晶图研究

应用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机对GH984G18合金进行热压缩实验,以实验获得的应力-应变曲线为基础,根据动态材料模型建立该合金不同应变时的热加工图,利用热加工图确定了热加工工艺窗口,并分析了温度和变形量对实验合金动态再结晶的影响。结果表明:应变较小(ε≤0.2)时,可优先选择的变形温度为1030~1090℃,应变速率为0.01~0.18s~(-1);随应变增加(ε≥0.3),最佳热变形温度范围移至高温区间1180~1200℃,最佳应变速率范围大致为0.056~0.25s~(-1);当应变速率为1s~(-1)时,温度小于900℃不能引起动态再结晶,仅使得晶粒发生动态回复;当变形温度和应变量分别达到1000℃和30%时,发生部分动态再结晶;当变形温度为1000℃,应变量为60%时,发生完全动态再结晶。     

一定条件下Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金动态再结晶的临界应变研究

在变形温度为350~510℃、应变速率为0.001~10s-1条件下,在Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机上对AlMg-Si-Ti合金进行等温热压缩实验,以实验所得数据为基础,结合变形微观组织,确定了Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金热变形时发生动态再结晶的条件,建立了Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金动态再结晶峰值应变模型。采用加工硬化率的方法,利用lnθ-ε曲线的拐点特征和-(lnθ)/ε-ε曲线的极小值判据对再结晶峰值应变与临界应变关系进行了研究。结果表明:AlMg-Si-Ti合金热变形时在变形温度430~510℃、应变速率0.001~0.1s-1发生动态再结晶。Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金发生动态再结晶时的临界应变随应变速率的增大而增加,随变形温度的升高而降低。临界应变与峰值应变满足关系:εc=0.88εp。     

粉末冶金Ti-14Mo-2.1Ta-0.9Nb-7Zr合金热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟机上对粉末冶金制备的新型医用Ti-14Mo-2.1Ta-0.9Nb-7Zr合金进行等温热压缩实验,研究该合金在温度为780~960℃,应变速率为0.001~1s-1,变形为60%的条件下的高温变形及动态再结晶行为。采用包含变形激活能Q和温度T的双曲正弦形式修正的Arrhenius关系来描述该合金高温压缩变形时的最大变形抗力方程;并引入参数α(ε),n(ε),Q(ε)和A(ε)得到包含σ,ε·,T,ε的本构方程。结果表明:由本构方程计算得到的应力值和实验值有较好相关性(R=0.99430),平均相对误差为5.327%;最后采用加工硬化率法通过对θ-σ和lnθ-ε曲线进行三次多项式拟求解拐点的方法,得到了不同变形条件下发生动态再结晶的临界应力和临界应变值,建立了临界应力和Z参数的关系,获得动态再结晶的临界应力方程,而临界应变εc主要集中在0.01~0.04,不同变形条件下该合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变变化极小。     

Mg-8Gd-0.5Zr合金热压缩过程中动态再结晶行为

将Mg-8Gd-0. 5Zr合金在350～500℃、应变速率为0. 002～1 s~(-1)范围内进行热压缩实验,研究合金的流变应力行为,观察热压缩后的组织,分析动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和温度的关系,并利用加工硬化率的方法计算合金的再结晶临界应变(εc)。结果表明:Mg-8Gd-0. 5Zr合金热压缩流变曲线符合动态再结晶的特征,随着温度升高或者应变速率的减小,峰值应力下降,且峰值应力对应的峰值应变(εp)也降低。在350～450℃范围内,再结晶晶粒细小,且其随温度升高增长较慢;而温度在450～500℃范围内,再结晶晶粒尺寸迅速长大至约25μm。根据加工硬化率的计算及组织分析,发现动态再结晶先于峰值应变发生,峰值应变和临界应变的关系为ε_c=0. 442εp,同时构建了再结晶的临界模型。     

23CrNi3Mo钢动态再结晶行为和组织演变研究

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行单道次热压缩变形,通过控制变形温度(900,950,1 000,1 050℃)和应变速率(0.01,0.1和1 s-1)研究了23CrNi3Mo钢的动态再结晶行为,分析了变形温度、应变速率对动态再结晶行为和组织演变的影响.结果表明:23CrNi3Mo钢动态再结晶的再结晶激活能为293.23 kJ/mol;采用θ-σ模型较精确地获得了发生动态再结晶的临界应变与峰值应变,并确定了其平均比值εc/εp=0.63;确定了材料常数和热变形本构方程.通过对热模拟实验数据的分析和显微组织观察,建立了不同变形条件下动态再结晶模型和晶粒尺寸模型.     

基于热压缩的Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金动态再结晶行为研究

目的 获得Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金动态再结晶临界模型,描述热变形参数对动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的影响规律.方法 基于前期通过Gleeble-3500热模拟机得到的热压缩实验数据,分析Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金在不同热变形参数下的再结晶晶粒尺寸及流变应力数据,采用线性回归拟合等方式建立动态再结晶模型,并利用数值模拟与实验相结合的方法 验证模型精确度.结果 采用YADA模型描述Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金的动态再结晶,通过线性拟合求得模型参数C1=11895.554,C2=0.1503,C3=0.1553,C4=3.933×10?4,C5=2995.6409,数值模拟与实验所得的平均晶粒度分别为16.7μm和15.5μm.结论 变形温度和变形速率对Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金热变形中的再结晶过程有重要影响.变形温度越高,临界应变越小,越容易发生动态再结晶,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸越大;应变速率越小,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸越大.研究所构建的Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金动态再结晶临界模型具有较高精度,将为后续该合金热塑性变形工艺设定提供理论基础.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.