铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷的制备和掺杂改性研究进展

结合目前有关铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷的研究,综述了近年来铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷在粉体制备、陶瓷的成型、烧结以及陶瓷的织构化特别是反应模板晶粒取向等制备技术上研究的新进展,并比较分析了NNK、NNK-LN、NNK-LT-LS等不同的掺杂改性体系在压电性能上的差异和改进.结果显示,改进后的铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷致密度高,在压电、介电等性能上均有大幅度的提高,并且出现较宽的准同型相界.最后从不同方面展望了今后铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷在性能改进上的研究趋势及其制备技术上可能的进展.     

铌酸钾钠无铅压电陶瓷薄膜的制备方法研究

铌酸钾钠无铅压电陶瓷薄膜具有居里温度高、机电耦合系数高、介电常数低等优点,制备方法种类繁多。综述了铌酸钾钠薄膜的制备技术,包括溶胶-凝胶法、脉冲激光沉积法和磁控溅射法等;讨论了铌酸钾钠薄膜各种方法的制备工艺与功能性质的关系等,指出了各种制备技术的优缺点及发展现状;最后提出了目前铌酸钾钠薄膜制备及应用中存在的一些问题及今后的发展方向。     

铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺技术研究进展

基于对人类生存环境的保护和发展环境友好型材料与电子产品的要求,铌酸钾钠(K0.5Na0.5NbO3,简写为KNN)基无铅压电陶瓷由于其具有优越的电学性能和较高的居里温度而成为目前世界范围内压电铁电材料研究的热点之一。材料制备工艺技术在材料科学技术中占有极其重要的地位。结合国际无铅压电陶瓷的研究情况,综述了近年来铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷在粉体制备、陶瓷烧结以及陶瓷织构化等制备工艺技术上研究的新进展并展望了其发展趋势。     

铌酸钾钠压电陶瓷制备工艺研究进展

压电陶瓷是一种具有力电转换效应的功能陶瓷，已被广泛应用于医疗、传感器、超声马达等领域。由于无铅压电陶瓷在制备过程中避免了铅挥发，属于环境友好型材料，成为目前国内外研究的重点。铌酸钾钠陶瓷是无铅压电陶瓷中电学性能较好的陶瓷之一，其电学性能在很大程度上受制备技术及其工艺的影响。固相烧结技术是目前铌酸钾钠陶瓷制备最成熟的技术。铌酸钾钠陶瓷制备过程主要包括粉体合成、压制成型和烧结成瓷三步。通过粉体合成工艺可制备出高织构化铌酸钾钠陶瓷的粉体模板，但存在不同程度的软团聚和硬团聚现象；压制成型可以制备出简单的陶瓷坯件，但受模具和辅助工具影响较大，精度低、结构简单、需二次加工、不适合批量生产。针对烧结过程中由高温导致的元素挥发不能被很好地抑制的问题，深入研究低温烧结、抑制钠钾元素挥发对铌酸钾钠陶瓷的优异制备有着深远意义。本文综述了近年来铌酸钾钠陶瓷固相烧结制备工艺的研究进展，对粉体合成、压制成型、烧结成瓷三步进行了系统的论述。通过分析粉体合成、压制成型和烧结制备工艺的优点与不足，重点讨论其对铌酸钾钠陶瓷微观组织和电学性能的影响机制，以期为制备高电学性能铌酸钾钠陶瓷提供参考，并为其在医学与工业领域的应用...     

铌酸钠钾基无铅压电陶瓷制备技术新进展

碱金属铌酸盐系无铅压电陶瓷以其优越的压电性能和较高居里温度倍受关注.结合目前有关KNbO3-NaNbO3(KNN)基无铅压电陶瓷的报道,综述了近年来铌酸钠钾基无铅压电陶瓷在粉体制备、陶瓷的成型、烧结以及晶粒取向等制备技术研究的新进展,并从不同方面展望了今后铌酸钠钾基无铅压电陶瓷性能研究及其制备技术上可能的进展.     

（Na1/2Bi1/2）TiO3无铅压电陶瓷的复合离子与补偿电价取代效应研究

采用传统陶瓷制备方法，制备出两种钙钛矿结构无铅新压电陶瓷材料（1-x）（Na1/2Bi1/2）TiO3-x（Na1/2Bi1/2）（Sb1/2Nb1/2）O3和（1-y）（Na1/2Bi1/2）TiO3-yBi（Mg2/3Nb1/3）O3。研究了复合离子与补偿电价取代对（Na1/2Bi1/2）TiO3陶瓷晶体结构和压电性能的影响。）（射线衍射分析表明，在所研究的组成范围内两种陶瓷材料均能够形成纯钙钛矿固溶体．陶瓷材料的介电常数-温度曲线显示两种陶瓷体系具有明显的弛豫铁电体特征．适量的复合离子与补偿电价取代都能提高材料的压电性能，在工=0．8％时，陶瓷的压电常数d33=97pC/N，厚度机电耦合系数kr=0．50，在y=0．7％时d33=94pC/N，y=0．9％时k1=0．46，为所研究组成中的最大值。两种陶瓷体系都具有较大的‰值和较小的kp值，具有较大的各向异性，是一种优良的、适合高频下使用的超声换能材料．     

纳米铌酸钾钠陶瓷的制备及性能

以新型溶胶-凝胶法制备的平均晶粒尺寸为30 nm的铌酸钾钠粉体为原料, 采用放电等离子体烧结工艺, 在烧结温度为900℃, 压力30 MPa, 烧结时间1 min的条件下, 制备得到纯正交相, 相对密度高达99%以上, 平均晶粒尺寸为40 nm的纳米铌酸钾钠陶瓷, 并对该陶瓷的相结构、微观形貌、介电性能和铁电性能进行了研究。结果表明, 与普通微米晶陶瓷不同, 纳米铌酸钾钠陶瓷的室温介电常数仅为341, 并且随温度变化不明显, 表现出明显的介电弛豫现象, 弥散因子γ为1.60, 并具有明显的电滞回线, 矫顽场强度为13.5 kV/cm, 剩余极化为1.5 μC/cm²。尺寸降低所引起的纳米铌酸钾钠陶瓷中晶界相所占的比例增大是其性能变化的主要原因, 并且可以推断, 如果铌酸钾钠陶瓷具有“临界尺寸”, 那么其值应该在40 nm以下。     

气氛烧结锂掺杂铌酸钾钠无铅压电陶瓷的电学性能

在工业氮气(N2)气氛条件下制备了锂掺杂铌酸钾钠(NKLN)无铅压电陶瓷,研究了Li掺杂量对陶瓷相结构、微观结构及电学性能的影响.结果表明,NKLN陶瓷具有钙钛矿结构,随Li含量的增加,陶瓷在室温下出现了从斜方相到四方相的转变;当Li含量为7%(摩尔分数)时,陶瓷具有优良的电学性能,压电常数(d33)、机电耦合系数(kp)和剩余极化强度(Pr)分别为223pC/N、38.2%和12.11μC/cm2;陶瓷的居里温度Tc随着Li含量的增加而升高,当Li含量为6%(摩尔分数)时为420℃,Li含量为8%(摩尔分数)时为480℃.     

无铅压电陶瓷与义齿基托树脂结合强度的研究

制备了3种不同类型的无铅压电陶瓷,包括钛酸钡(BT)、钛酸铋钠(BNT)、铌酸钾钠(KNN),用XRD对无铅压电陶瓷进行物相分析;将这3种无铅压电陶瓷与义齿基托树脂聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)粘接,通过粘接剪切强度测试评价了无铅压电陶瓷与义齿基托树脂间的粘接强度.实验结果表明,3种不同的无铅压电陶瓷与义齿基托树脂之间的粘接剪切强度值有统计学的差异(P<0.05),由高到低依次为KNN>BNT>BT;所采用的无铅压电陶瓷与义齿基托树脂之间有良好的粘接性能;粘接破坏形式主要为内聚性破坏.研究结果为无铅压电陶瓷与义齿基托树脂将来在口腔临床治疗中的应用提供了重要的实验依据.     

铈和镧掺杂对（Bi1/2Na1/2）0.94Ba0.06TiO3压电陶瓷性能的影响

采用传统陶瓷制备方法，制备出La2O3和CeO2掺杂的（Bi1/2Na1/2）0.94Ba0.06TiO3无铅压电陶瓷，研究了微量稀土元素La,Ce对（Bi1/2Na1/2）0.94Ba0.06TiO3无铅压电陶瓷微观结构、介电与压电性能的影响。XRD分析表明，La2O3和CeO2的掺杂量在0．1％～0．8％C质量分数）范围内都能形成纯钙钛矿（ABO3）型固溶体。测试了不同组成陶瓷的介电、压电性能，陶瓷材料的介电常数．温度曲线显示La2O3掺杂的陶瓷在升温过程中存在两个介电常数温度峰，而CeO2掺杂的陶瓷的低温介电常数温度峰不明显；在La2O3和CeO2掺杂量为0．3％时陶瓷的压电常数d33分别为156pC/N和160pC/N，为所研究组成中的最大值，平面机电耦合系数Kp最大值出现在La2O3和CeO2掺杂量为0．1％时，分别为0.32，0.31。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.