探索便携式坐标测量类设备软件验证方法

一般检定规程或校准规范只是对探索便携式坐标测量类仪器的综合误差或硬件指标进行检定、校准,而没有对其软件功能和算法的正确性进行验证和确认。本文依据实际工作中的管控要求,对软件验证和确认的重要性、难点进行分析,提出了一种简便、易于操作,适用于企业内部计量测试机构使用的基于算法比较和设备比较的软件验证方法,并通过激光跟踪仪软件验证实例,具体描述了验证过程和验证结果。     

由早期性能标准的指标计算定频房间空调器APF的方法

房间空调器目前同时用两种完全不同的能效指标EER、COP指标以及APF指标来标称空调器能效。为了便于比较不同能效指标标称的空调器性能,需要将传统的EER和COP能效指标转化成APF能效指标。本文给出了一种利用GB7725—1996中EER和COP等性能参数直接计算APF的方法。该方法首先将APF转化为关于"额定制冷量"、"额定制冷功率"、"额定制热量"和"额定制热功率"的函数,然后联立EER、COP和APF的计算式消除中间变量。根据本文开发的公式,房间空调器的APF可以通过制冷和制热的额定能力和能效进行简单四则运算便可得到。     

系统电压不稳定的危害与解决办法

随着国民经济的高速发展、用电量不断增加的同时，客户对供电的可靠性及供电质量提出了更高的要求，电压是电能质量的重要指标，各种用电设备都是按照额定电压来设计制造的，这些设备在额定电压下运行能取得最佳效果，电压过大地偏离额定值，将对用户产生不良影响。     

数字设备界面系统中的交互安全研究

目的 根据数字产品的交互特点和交互安全的要求，建立一个数字产品安全交互的框架，从而为相关产品设计人员提供新的设计视角。方法 通过对数字产品的使用习惯进行分析，总结和提出数字产品界面交互安全的设计细节要求，从而制定出符合安全交互的设计模型。结论 数字设备交互安全的核心是用户，其安全交互涉及界面构架、图标、色彩、反馈、硬件适配多个方面，数字设备的交互过程对用户生理和心理均会产生影响。对于交互安全，应当在产品设计之初进行统筹考虑，以用户为本设计硬件与软件界面，从而将界面设计作为产品竞争力的来源。     

多作比较 注重细节——浅析聚丙烯流延薄膜生产设备配置的重要性

本文主要通过对德国莱芬豪舍公司的两条同一类型CPP流延薄膜宽幅生产线的各部分设备配置情况进行一些比较，找出两者之间的差别来提醒在引进生产设备前要对产品的市场应用情况和设备制造技术水平必须有一个比较清楚的了解，应对不同设备制造厂家的同类型设备的整体配置情况进行多方面的比较了解，特别要注重各部分细节方面的要求，只有这样才能购买到满足公司自身需求的流延薄膜生产设备，也期望本方能对其它行业的设备引进起到一点借鉴作用。     

Android手机应用界面布局的可用性测试研究

目的研究手机应用中标签与操作按钮的布局关系。方法对不同品牌的Android手机和其他系统手机的应用界面布局进行比较分析,并在此基础上总结和设计出了3款界面布局方案。结论通过可用性测试,考察这些设计方案是否符合用户的期望和使用习惯,了解用户对不同设计方案的满意度。     

考虑顾客给出服务期望容忍区间的服务质量评价方法

针对服务系统的服务质量评价问题,给出了一种考虑顾客给出服务期望容忍区间的服务质量评价方法。在该方法中,首先通过调查问卷方式获取顾客的服务质量期望容忍区间和服务感知评价信息,并依据专家给出的评价指标重要性分值计算服务质量评价指标的权重;然后采用加权平均法对顾客评价信息进行集结,得到服务系统的综合服务质量感知价值;进一步地,运用分值标度转化方法,确定服务系统的服务质量等级。最后,通过一个实例分析说明了本文提出方法的可行性和潜在的应用。     

基于QFD与FBS的可移动电力检测设备创新设计

目的为了客观准确地将目标用户认知需求转化为产品技术特性的设计要求,提升可移动电力检测设备目标用户认知需求满意度及明确产品创新方向,提出QFD和FBS集成的创新设计模式。方法首先,通过访谈和问卷调研获取用户需求,借助AHP法求解用户认知需求权重;其次,运用QFD法构建质量屋,明确可移动电力检测设备待改进的关键技术特性指标;最后,将用户旅程图引入FBS的功能—行为—结构展开模型中,以解决可移动电力检测设备的关键技术特性问题,指导产品创新设计。结论QFD与FBS理论的融合应用能够将用户认知需求精准转化为技术特性层面的设计要求,对可移动电力检测设备的人机、造型、功能、收纳等方面的不足提出了相应的解决方案,实现了用户认知需求与产品技术特性之间的映射转换,证明了该方法具有可行性。     

基于SPSS和在线评论分析的产品用户需求洞察方法研究

目的面向当下工业产品系统化、用户需求信息复杂化和信息内容数据化等特点,拟通过研究统计分析和大数据挖掘方法在用户需求获取和处理中的应用,探究产品设计中用户需求洞察的创新方法。方法以案例分析和因子分析方法进行目标产品设计因素提取,并通过多元回归法进行显著性分析;进而采用产品在线评论挖掘和情感分析方法获取并处理针对产品特征的用户显性需求,以及从情景分析角度获取用户在使用情景下的行为痛点和隐性需求;最后,对应产品特征和使用情景下的用户需求指标,导出产品属性要求及产品情景适应性要求。结论综合应用SPSS和在线评论分析方法,解决目前产品用户需求洞察中方法应用不足、缺乏客观性的问题。有助于设计人员在面对复杂产品系统及用户需求复杂的设计任务时,精准获得产品设计目标。并以重卡生活舱用户需求分析进行实证,获得适应重卡生活舱环境的产品设计要求。     

绿色设计视域下茶渣再生产品设计与应用实践

目的 探究基于绿色设计理念影响下废弃茶渣在再生和循环利用中的相关产品设计及其具象应用实践的体现。方法 以绿色环保型产品设计构思作为出发点,运用绿色设计更新的5R原则作为理论支撑依据并总结归纳出20项用户设计评价指标。通过使用SPSS将绿色感知价值所对应的废弃茶渣、所用材料的特性,以及用户使用产品的期望型需求等相关的20项因子进行主成分分析,分别得到3项设计要点(绿色价值设计要点、情感价值设计要点、形象价值设计要点)以指导设计及应用实践。结论 立足用户日常需求的绿色产品设计,通过3项设计要点的有效数据和具体分析,茶渣再生设计的系列产品主要围绕废弃茶渣和辅助环保型材料进行设计和实践应用。最终通过模糊综合评价方法对用户进行系列产品的反馈验证,从而使产品的较高实现性和可用性能可较好地达到用户满意度。     

The impact of increasing user expectations on machine replacement

This study explores the traditional equipment maintain or replace decision under scenarios of increasing customer expectations, loss due to process deviation, and process drift. Customer expectations are operationalized by tighter product specifications. The Taguchi loss function is employed to estimate the loss due to target deviation. In this paper we characterize the machine drift, uncertainty about future technological change, and the learn-and-break-in process by a generalized Brownian-Motion-Ito-Process. The photolithography process is analyzed in numerous scenarios varying demand, rejection levels, and quality losses.     

Statistical Evaluation of Stability Data of Pharmaceutical Products for Specification Setting

Recent experience has shown that the regulatory authorities try to narrow specifications for a new drug product closely around stability data that have been generated in the course of registration stability testing. This should ensure that the quality of the marketed product is produced within tight limits, very similar to the quality which is registered. A strategy is proposed to set scientifically based, statistically justified specifications. The long-term stability data available at the time point of registration application are extrapolated to a target shelf life (usually 36 months) of the new pharmaceutical product by linear regression. Batch-to-batch heterogeneity is tested as prescribed by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline on stability testing of new drug substances and drug products. The data of different batches are combined in appropriate statistical models for further evaluation. The one-sided 99% confidence limit for individuals is used for the determination of release and shelf life specifications. Special attention is given to power calculations by which patients' risk of receiving material which does not fulfill the requirements can be controlled.     

A product modeller for discrete components

In designing a product, the product specifications are developed first, which conceptually constrains the geometry and functions of the product. Subsequently, its components are designed with the form in mind and achieve the functional requirements according to the specifications required. Conventional CAD systems are made for generating the geometric form of a part. This is meant to take the place of manual drafting. However, a system such as the one described above is incapable of capturing the non-geometric aspects of the designer's intent in a form that can be used for automatic process planning. The result is that tolerance, parts relationships, surface finish, etc. cannot be specified by the designer in the CAD environment unless some form of annotation is provided for. Product Modeller (ProMod) provides a concurrent product design environment for designers to assign the product specifications onto the parts' nominal geometry through a spatial relationships engine. With this information, the detailed design requirements, such as, tolerance and surface finish are generated by a dimension engine and tolerance propagation engine. Based on the functional requirements, the features of individual part are extracted through a form-function interpreter engine, then, they are mapped to the form and function database to establish manufacturing specifications such as machines and tools selection. Design evaluator evaluates the machinability and assemblability of features in accordance with the design rules, machine capability and geometric interference. Design advisor provides a way of incorporating modifications to improve the design. Design simulation unit formulates the problems which come from prototype design experiments and they are submitted to a design evaluator for further evaluation. When the iterative design procedures have been completed, the information, topology model, geometry model, dimension and tolerance model, form-function model, form-feature model, etc. are then created for generating the process planning.     

Tolerance allocation for compliant beam structure assemblies

This paper presents a tolerance allocation methodology for compliant beam structures in automotive and aerospace assembly processes. The compliant beam structure model of the product does not require detailed knowledge of product geometry and thus can be applied during the early design phase to develop cost-effective product specifications. The proposed method minimizes manufacturing costs associated with tolerances of product functional requirements (key product characteristics, KPCs) under the constraint(s) of satisfying process requirements (key control characteristics, KCCs). Misalignment and fabrication error of compliant parts, two critical causes of product dimensional variation, are discussed and considered in the model. The proposed methodology is developed for stochastic and deterministic interpretations of optimally allocated manufacturing tolerances. An optimization procedure for the proposed tolerance allocation method is developed using projection theory to considerably simplify the solution. The non-linear constraints, that ellipsoid defined by τ(stochastic case) or rectangle defined by T x (deterministic case) lie within the KCC region, are transformed into a set of constraints that are linear in σ(or T x )-coordinates. Experimental results verify the proposed tolerance allocation method.     

A COMPLIANCE MEASURE FOR THE ALIGNMENT OF CYLINDRICAL PART FEATURES

Tolerance can be viewed as the allowable range for a dimension in order to satisfy product functionality requirements. Compliance of machined parts to tolerance specifications is necessary if a manufactured product is to have good fit and desired functional characteristics. We present a method for assessing compliance of several cylindrical part features based on comparing tolerance specifications with actual measurement data. A single measure of compliance is developed based on the alignment of individual part features. A part with multiple holes is used to illustrate the approach.     

Selection of modules for mass customisation

Satisfying customer expectations is of paramount importance in today's markets. A customer expects to receive a product that meets as best as possible his/her expectations. To satisfy diversified requirements companies may focus on product families. For a specific customer the company has to select within a product family what will make a valid product. Then, in a just-in-time environment, the suppliers may have to provide the exact subassemblies corresponding to each product in a predefined time. This integration takes place by designing modules for the supplier. This paper proposes to extract customers’ behaviour patterns, in terms of the components required, using data-mining and entropy maximisation when selecting modules to be manufactured. Different methods for selection of modules are proposed. Computational tests are performed to evaluate performance of the selection methods with respect to the specified assembly time/resource level.     

A rough set based data mining approach for house of quality analysis

As the first phase of quality function deployment (QFD) and the only interface between the customers and product development team, house of quality (HOQ) plays the most important role in developing quality products that are able to satisfy customer needs. No matter in what shape or form HOQ can be built, the key to this process is to find out the hidden relationship between customers’ requirements and product design specifications. This paper presents a general rough set based data mining approach for HOQ analysis. It utilises the historical information of customer needs and the design specifications of the product that was purchased, employs the basic rough set notions to reveal the interrelationships between customer needs and design specifications automatically. Due to the data reduction nature of the approach, a minimal set of customer needs that are crucial for the decision on the correlated design specifications is derived. The end result of the approach is in the form of a minimal rule set, which not only fulfils the goal of HOQ, but can be used as supporting data for marketing purposes. A case study on the product of electrically powered bicycles is included to illustrate the approach and its efficiency.     

Capability Indices and Conformance to Specification: The Motivation for Using Cpm

Proposed is a perspective on quality that is different from but consistent with the current Six Sigma thinking. The focus is still squarely on the customer, but the concept of a “defect” is reevaluated. This new perspective can be used to help define key characteristics, process capability, and evaluate overall product quality using a loss function. This article focuses on the concept of process capability using this perspective. Central to the proposed quality perspective is ability to meet the customer's product specifications rather than ability to meet the component feature specifications. Current product and component quality metrics can drive the wrong decisions and wrong behaviors. This can add significant cost to internal processes and suppliers, and inadequately protect the customers from defective products. The new perspective defines component and process quality based on the probability of meeting the product specifications rather than the individual component feature specifications. Cpm is a simple process capability metric that can indicate the probability of meeting the customer's product specification. Cpm can be used to better estimate the cost of poor quality than can be estimated by using Cpk, and thus can be used to better manage product quality to the customer.     

A data-driven approach for the optimisation of product specifications

In order to develop the profit-maximising, market share-maximising or cost-minimising bundle of product engineering specifications with proper performance levels, an optimisation model driven by operating data is proposed. The operating data are input as the sources to conduct the optimisation and a data-based customer satisfaction function can be formed. Then, a customer choice model developed from the customer satisfaction is constructed to estimate the customer choice probability. The expected market share (EMS) then can be derived from the choice probability. After all, a multi-objective model is constructed to maximise the EMS and minimise the total engineering cost. The candidate Pareto-optimal solutions can be obtained by solving the optimisation model. Then a membership function is defined to select the optimal solution from the Pareto-optimal solutions. A case study for optimising the smartphone’s specifications is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly developed approach. Compared with the commonly used Conjoint Analysis (CA) method in determining the most desired levels for product specifications, the proposed data-driven method can avoid the situation where the user’s preferences are irrational, making the proposed method be more practical in measuring customer preferences than the utility-based model.     

Integration of four-phase QFD and TRIZ in product R&D: a notebook case study

Worldwide demand for notebook computers has outstripped that for desktop computers. Today, notebook computer design and manufacturing is one of the most competitive of all electronic industry subsectors. Innovation and environmental friendliness (i.e., “green”) are both of increasing importance to notebook computer makers. Traditional strategies for NB design and manufacturing may be inadequate to meet steadily rising customer product expectations and environmental concerns. This study aimed to develop and market an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient notebook computer. A four-phase QFD plan, based on a series of matrices, was developed to create an innovative product that (1) satisfied customer needs, (2) fulfilled target specifications, (3) achieved target cost objectives, (4) was achievable within a set development timetable and (5) realized high production yields. Contradictions among plan objectives represent a threat to overall project success. This study identified major QFD contradictions in the spheres of engineering and administration and applied a methodology integrating TRIZ inventive principles, a contradiction matrix, and eco-efficiency elements to achieve green-design solutions.