钨酸盐晶体中负离子配位多面体的结晶方位与晶体的形貌

钨酸盐类晶体是重要的闪烁晶体．本文从钨酸盐类晶体中负离子配位多面体的结晶方位和相互联结的稳定性出发，探讨了钨酸盐类晶体中[WO4]2-等负离子配位多面体的结晶方位与晶体结晶形貌之间的关系；认为[WO4]2-四面体与金属阳离子（Ca2＋，Pb2＋，Zn2＋）结合时，由于晶体结构和生长条件（如籽晶取向等）的不同，在晶体各族晶面上的叠合速率和结构取向不同，晶体的结晶形貌迥然有别；四面体的面和梭的法线（L2）所对向的晶面，生长速率慢，顽强显露，均属晶体的板面；四面体的顶角所指向的晶面，生长速率快，显露面积小，经常消失．由此可以合理解释钨酸铅等闪烁晶体的生长特征．最后对ABO4型晶体的结构及习性特征进行了总结归纳．     

硫酸盐类晶体中[SO_4]~(2-)四面体的结晶方位与晶体的形貌

本文从硫酸盐类晶体中负离子配位多面体的结晶方位和相互联结的稳定性出发，探讨了硫酸盐类晶体中[SO4]2-结晶方位与晶体结晶形貌之间的关系;认为[SO4]2-四面体与金属阳离子（Ba2 、Ca2 、Mg2 …）结合时，由于晶体结构和生长条件（如温度、过饱和度等）的不同，在晶体各族晶面上的叠合速率和取向不同;晶体的结晶形貌迥然有别.晶体的结晶形貌与[SO4]2-四面体在晶体中的结晶方位密切相关，四面体的面和棱的法线（L2）所对向的晶面，生长速率慢，顽强显露，均属晶体的板面;四面体的顶角所指向的晶面，生长速率快，显露面积小，经常消失.     

水热合成法制备纳米磷灰石晶体比较研究

用水热合成方法在不同条件下制备了纳米级磷灰石晶体。结果表明：磷灰石晶体含有0H^-、CO3^2-、Na^ 、HPO4^2-离子；水热合成时温度越高，反应时间越长，磷灰石结晶度越高，晶体生长得更大更长；磷灰石沉积物老化时间越短，表面活性越高，水热处理时更容易生长成较大的晶体；压力条件下水热处理后的磷灰石晶体呈棒状，常压下水热处理的呈针状，且长径比较大。     

若干晶体中氧八面体结晶方位与晶体形貌

本文从结晶化学角度出发，研究了ＡＢ和Ａ２Ｂ３和ＡＢＯ３型氧化物晶体中的氧配位八面体的结晶方位与晶体结晶形貌之间的关系，提出晶体的结晶形貌是受晶体中负离子配位多面体结构和结晶方位所制约的。配位多面体顶角所对向的晶面生长速率最快，而面所对向的晶面生长速率最慢，配位体的棱所对向的晶面，生长速率居于两者之间，负离子配位多面体在晶体中的各个面族上连接和稳定性，决定了晶面的显露程度和晶体的结晶形貌。     

光学浮区法生长YFeO3晶体

采用光学浮区法生长了新型磁光晶体YFeO3，通过工艺优化，获得了Ф（7-10）mm、长度约60mm的YFeO3晶体、XRD分析表明晶体具有正交钙钛矿结构，晶格常数a=5．5964A，b=7．6052A，c=5．2842A．晶体生长界面为凸界面，生长取向接近[100]方向、晶体截面抛光后观察，未发现肉眼可见的包裹体、晶界等缺陷、     

反应微环境对掺杂羟基磷灰石晶体性质和晶体形貌的影响

以Ca(NO3)2和(NH4)2HPO4为原料,采用共沉淀法,通过添加AgNO3和Cu(NO3)2合成了掺杂羟基磷灰石(Ag/Cu/HAP)。运用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析讨论反应微环境对掺杂羟基磷灰石晶格参数、晶体形貌以及晶体热稳定性的影响。结果表明,磷微环境更有利于掺杂羟基磷灰石晶体沿c轴优先生长,具有更好的晶体热稳定性,且得到的是针状的掺杂羟基磷灰石晶体;而钙微环境下合成的则是特殊的花瓣状掺杂羟基磷灰石晶体。     

若干晶体结晶习性的形成机理

本文根据在热液条件下生长水晶和钛酸钠晶体的电泳实验，提出热液条件下，上述晶体的生长基元具有负离子配位多面体的结构形式。由于溶液过饱和度在变化，这些生长基元的维度也随之变化。不同维度的生长基元往晶体各族晶面上叠合速率的比例也发生相应改变。它直接反映在晶体结晶形貌上。本文根据不同维度生长基元在各族晶面上的叠合速率解释了水晶和钛酸钠的结晶习性形成机理。     

羟基磷灰石晶体在有机膜上的受控生长

研究了十六胺有机膜对羟基磷灰石(HAP)的晶体结构、形核、晶体形貌和结晶学定向生长的调控作用及其机理.结果表明:无有机膜时,生成物为磷酸八钙(OCP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP)的混合物,其生长速率很低且晶体排列无一定规则;在十六胺有机膜的调控下,生成物为规则排列、沿(0001)定向生长、结晶良好的片状纳米羟基磷灰石晶体,且其形核和生长速率均很高十六胺有机膜上有大量极性强、电荷密度高的NH 3基团,它们通过静电作用在有机膜/溶液界面处形成局域过饱和浓度,促进羟基磷灰石晶体的形核;另一方面,十六胺有机膜的二维晶格尺寸与HAP(0001)面的晶格参数具有良好的匹配关系,构造了一个有利于HAP以(0001)面形核生长的结构框架,促进了HAP相沿(0001)方向的定向生长.     

羟基磷灰石的形态结晶控制

对化学沉淀法制备羟基磷灰石中的制备温度、pH值、分散剂浓度、反应物浓度以及搅拌速度等因素对羟基磷灰石生长形态和结晶的影响进行了系列研究。结果表明：上述因素分别对HA的生长形态和结晶状况有不同程度的影响．通过对工艺参数的合理选择可以得到具有不同结晶状况和形态的羟基磷灰石颗粒。     

硫酸盐类晶体中[SO4]2-四面体的结晶方位与晶体的形貌

本文从硫酸盐类晶体中负离子配位多面体的结和相互联结的稳定性出发，探讨了硫酸在晶体中「ＳＯ４」＾２－结晶方位与晶体结晶形貌之间的关系；认为「ＳＯ４」＾２－四面体与金属阳离子结合时，由于晶体结构和生长条件（如温度、过饱和度等）的不同，在晶体各族晶面上的叠合速率和取向不同，晶体的结晶形貌迥然有别。晶体的结晶形貌与「ＳＯ４」＾２－四面体在晶体中的结晶方位一密切相关，四面体的面和棱的法线（Ｌ＾２）所对向的对     

Investigation the effect of crystal orientation of nickel‐based single crystal superalloys on bending creep tests

The relationship between the three points bending creep test and the uni‐axial creep test on the single crystal superalloy was investigated by using crystal plasticity slip theory with a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model. The purpose of the present work is to build the relationship between bending creep and conventional uni‐axial tensile creep in determining crystallographic creep parameters for face centered cubic (FCC) nickel‐based single crystal superalloys. To this aim, the bending creep performed on [001]‐, [011]‐, and [111]‐oriented nickel‐based single crystal superalloys were respectively investigated, and the data was compared with those obtained with uni‐axial tensile creep counterparts. It shows that the determination of crystallographic creep stress exponent is independent of crystallographic orientations, and the results agree reasonably well between bending creep test and uni‐axial tensile creep test. The findings may shed some light on understanding of the crystal structures and its time‐dependent deformation mechanisms with the bending creep method.     

Indentation creep surface morphology of nickel-based single crystal superalloys

The crystallographic orientation dependence of surface morphology of indentation creep on a nickel-based single crystal superalloy is investigated by using crystal plasticity slip theory with a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model. The numerical results show that the pile-up patterns developed around the indentation imprint exhibit four-, two-, and threefold symmetry on the surfaces of [0 0 1]-, [0 1 1]-, and [1 1 1]-oriented single crystals, respectively. The evolution of radial and hoop stresses around the crater provides important information for possible radial crack nucleation, whose critical locations depend on crystallographic orientations. These characteristics can be well explained in the viewpoint of crystallographic anisotropy. The findings may shed some light on understanding of the crystal structures and its time-dependent deformation mechanisms with the indentation method.     

Crystal growth of bullet-shaped magnetite in magnetotactic bacteria of the Nitrospirae phylum

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are known to produce single-domain magnetite or greigite crystals within intracellular membrane organelles and to navigate along the Earth''s magnetic field lines. MTB have been suggested as being one of the most ancient biomineralizing metabolisms on the Earth and they represent a fundamental model of intracellular biomineralization. Moreover, the determination of their specific crystallographic signature (e.g. structure and morphology) is essential for palaeoenvironmental and ancient-life studies. Yet, the mechanisms of MTB biomineralization remain poorly understood, although this process has been extensively studied in several cultured MTB strains in the Proteobacteria phylum. Here, we show a comprehensive transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of magnetic and structural properties down to atomic scales on bullet-shaped magnetites produced by the uncultured strain MYR-1 belonging to the Nitrospirae phylum, a deeply branching phylogenetic MTB group. We observed a multiple-step crystal growth of MYR-1 magnetite: initial isotropic growth forming cubo-octahedral particles (less than approx. 40 nm), subsequent anisotropic growth and a systematic final elongation along [001] direction. During the crystal growth, one major {111} face is well developed and preserved at the larger basal end of the crystal. The basal {111} face appears to be terminated by a tetrahedral–octahedral-mixed iron surface, suggesting dimensional advantages for binding protein(s), which may template the crystallization of magnetite. This study offers new insights for understanding magnetite biomineralization within the Nitrospirae phylum.     

Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Ni—base Single Crystal Superalloy

The Ni-base single crystal superalloy was bonded by the transient liquid phase(TLP) bonding,using a Ni-base flexible metal cloth as an insert alloy.TLP bonding of superalloy was carried out at 1473-1523K for 0.5-24h in vacuum.The [001] orientation of each test specimen was aligned perpendicular to the joint interface.The bonded region was observed by optical microscopy, and the microstructural and compositional analyses across the bonded interlayer were performed by using a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) .The electron back scattering diffraction(EBSD) method was applied to determine the crystallographic orientation.The resultsindicated that the chemical homogeneity across the bonded region can be achieved,and γˊphase both in the bonded interlayer and in the superalloy substrate is almost identical,while the bonded interlayer had almost matched the crystallographic orientation of the bonded substrates.     

Pressure-induced preferential growth of nanocrystals in amorphous Nd(9)Fe(85)B(6)

Control over the growth and crystallographic orientation of nanocrystals in amorphous alloys is of particular importance for the development of advanced nanocrystalline materials. In the present study, Nd(2)Fe(14)B nanocrystals with a strong crystallographic texture along the [410] direction have been produced in Nd-lean amorphous Nd(9)Fe(85)B(6) under a high pressure of 6?GPa at 923?K. This is attributed to the high pressure inducing the preferential growth of Nd(2)Fe(14)B nanocrystals in the alloy. The present study demonstrates the potential application of high-pressure technology in controlling nanocrystalline orientation in amorphous alloys.     

ZnO准一维纳米结构生长形态的演化机理

利用气相生长系统,通过调控实验参数,制备了多种形貌的ZnO准一维结构,如纳米条带、[011-0]和[21-1-0]取向的单侧生齿的梳状纳米条带、微米尺度的梳状结构,由多节状六角棱柱和八角棱柱组装成的微米条带等.通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及其所加载的能谱分析和背散射电子衍射仪、高分辨透射电子显微镜等分析技术, 对其中具有代表性的介观结构进行了系统的形貌分析和细致的结构解析.分析出基本的结构单元及其复合体, 揭示了显微尺度下ZnO晶体的外形多样性以及其形态演化中的关联和规律,即ZnO纳米条带、梳状结构和多节状微米条带具有晶体结构上的同一性.     

Crystallographic alignment of high-density gallium nitride nanowire arrays

Single-crystalline, one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are considered to be one of the critical building blocks for nanoscale optoelectronics. Elucidation of the vapour-liquid-solid growth mechanism has already enabled precise control over nanowire position and size, yet to date, no reports have demonstrated the ability to choose from different crystallographic growth directions of a nanowire array. Control over the nanowire growth direction is extremely desirable, in that anisotropic parameters such as thermal and electrical conductivity, index of refraction, piezoelectric polarization, and bandgap may be used to tune the physical properties of nanowires made from a given material. Here we demonstrate the use of metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) and appropriate substrate selection to control the crystallographic growth directions of high-density arrays of gallium nitride nanowires with distinct geometric and physical properties. Epitaxial growth of wurtzite gallium nitride on (100) gamma-LiAlO(2) and (111) MgO single-crystal substrates resulted in the selective growth of nanowires in the orthogonal [1\[Evec]0] and [001] directions, exhibiting triangular and hexagonal cross-sections and drastically different optical emission. The MOCVD process is entirely compatible with the current GaN thin-film technology, which would lead to easy scale-up and device integration.     

Internal structure of insulating and semiconducting synthetic diamonds

From optical studies on polished cross sections of synthetic diamond crystals the diamond growth on three different crystallographic planes can be distinguished within the crystals. Diamond growth on the cubic, octahedral, and dodecahedral faces each have a characteristic abrasion resistance, colour, and inclusion content. The differences in abrasion resistance do not appear to be dependent on the content of dispersed nitrogen. The characteristic growth on each crystal face allows the relative growth history of the three faces to be reconstructed.     

Crystallographically engineered, hydrothermally crystallized hydroxyapatite films: an in vitro study of bioactivity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite films composed of hexagonal single crystals that display $ \left\{ {10\bar{1}0} \right\} $ and {0001} crystallographic faces. The effect of engineered [0001] crystallographic orientation was investigated in parallel. Films were deposited by triethyl phosphate/ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid doubly regulated hydrothermal crystallization on Ti6Al4V substrates (10, 14, 24 h). Bioactivity was investigated by analysis of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast spreading using scanning electron microscopy and quantitative analysis of cell metabolic activity (Alamar Blue^TM) (0–28 days). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the ability of films to support the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts into matrix-secreting, mineralizing osteoblasts. Results demonstrated that all films enabled MC3T3-E1 cells to spread, grow, and differentiate into matrix-secreting osteoblasts, which deposited biomineral that could not be removed after extraction of organic material. Differences in [0001] HA crystallographic orientation were not, however, found to significantly affect bioactivity. Based on these results, it is concluded that these hydrothermal hydroxyapatite films are non-toxic, bioactive, osteoconductive, and biomineral bonding. The lack of a relationship between reported hydroxyapatite crystallographic face specific protein adsorption and bulk HA bioactivity are discussed in terms of crystallographic texture, surface roughness, assay robustness, and competitive protein adsorption.