水溶性晶体生长的原位环境扫描电镜研究

采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM),原位观察了水溶性晶体NaCl和KH2PO4的溶解-结晶过程。研究了ESEM的水湿环境(压力、温度及相对湿度φ)对水溶性晶体结晶形态的影响。通过控制φ值及水蒸汽的蒸发-凝结状态,在600~650 Pa、1~2℃和φ为91%~95%的条件下,形成四方柱和四方锥组合体特征的KH2PO4单晶。采用接近水的饱和蒸汽压曲线的压力和温度的组合条件,得到具有规则晶形的KH2PO4单晶体。     

氧环境扫描电子显微分析:消除绝缘材料荷电效应的新方法

在环境扫描电镜(ESEM)中注入氧气,减少和消除绝缘样品表面在电子束辐照下产生的荷电效应.二次电子像的观察显示,在压力为130Pa～600Pa的ESEM中,氧气对Al2O3、Al(OH)3等氧化物、氢氧化物及生物样品的荷电补偿效果,优于常用的水蒸汽环境.通过吸收电流Ia的实时测试,评价了氧环境的荷电补偿效果.采用氧气减少表面荷电基于一个新的概念:在电子束的辐照下,电子受激解吸可造成表面氧亏损,使能带产生畸变,形成捕获电子的势阱.氧环境提供的氧离子可实现对氧空位的修复,从而消除了荷电效应.     

ZnO纳米线原位生长的ESEM方法

以环境扫描电镜(ESEM)为基础,配置氧气微注入系统及加热台附件,作为ZnO纳米线生长的微型实验室。实验结果表明,纯Zn片在环境压力为1×10-2Pa和300℃的环境条件下,可原位反应生成直径几十纳米的、较均匀的ZnO纳米线。     

新型PMAA/MWCNT-COOH杂合水凝胶的合成与茶碱释放

通过甲基丙烯酸(MAA)的原位自由基交联聚合反应制备了一系列新型pH敏感的聚甲基丙烯酸/羧基化多壁碳纳米管(PMAA/MWCNT-COOH)杂合水凝胶.利用红外光谱分析仪(FT-IR)、环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、动态粘弹谱仪(MDA)等对杂合水凝胶的结构、形态和力学性能进行表征.结果表明,MWCNT-COOH的引入,使杂合水凝胶的溶胀速率明显高于纯PMAA水凝胶;在溶胀状态下的力学性能测试表明,水凝胶弹性、回复性能等达到了软组织材料的要求.掺杂不同含量的碳纳米管和改变不同pH环境会影响永凝胶的溶胀行为,改变网孔密度和孔径大小,决定在载、释药物过程中起到重要作用.以茶碱为模拟药物对凝胶载、释药物的研究发现,茶碱在肠道环境中释放速率较快,约8h就达到平衡;而在胃部环境中释放较慢,达到平衡需要时间较长.因此,PMAA/MWCNT-COOH杂合水凝胶有望成为一种潜在的控制药物释放型生物医学材料.     

环境扫描电镜中电荷环境的测量

在环境扫描电镜(ESEM)中,采用高灵敏度的pA-表测试系统,测量法拉第杯,以及Cu-Zn合金、单晶Si、单晶Al2O3三种样品的样品电流(ISP)。ISP值反映出由电子流和离子流控制的ESEM样品室内的电荷环境。法拉第杯的ISP反映出入射电子和离子所控制的电荷环境;样品的ISP反映出入射电子、信号电子和离子所控制的电荷环境。由ISP值可确定ESEM在不同操作和环境条件下的离子化效率、离子化饱和程度,以及气体分子的散射作用。     

环境扫描电子显微镜的关键技术

环境扫描电子显微镜在气体压力高达6600Pa，温度高达1500℃，具有任何气体种类的多气环境里，都可提供高分辨率的二次电子成像。如此优良性能的获得，取决于两项新技术：一是将柱形电子导管的真空环境与样品室环境分开；二是使用了一个在样品室非真空环境下仍然能起作用的二次电子探头。这些问题的解决是开发ESEM的关键。     

单体组成对水凝胶接触镜材料结构的影响

以甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、N乙烯吡咯烷酮(NVP)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、甲基丙烯酸乙酯(EMA)或者甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)为原料,采用本体共聚法制备水凝胶角膜接触镜材料。采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)研究各单体对水凝胶结构的影响,结果表明,在溶胀状态下,HEMA的均聚物水凝胶结构均匀,而HEMA与NVP共聚物水凝胶在微米层次上出现含水量不均;在脱水状态下,HEMA的均聚物以及HEMA与NVP共聚物表现出均匀的结构,HEMA与AM共聚物呈纤维状,而HEMA、NVP与MMA、EMA或者BMA共聚物均出现微米级塌缩。     

环境扫描电子显微镜的成像特点

环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)中所指的环境并非真正意义上的大气环境(760 Torr),与传统扫描电子显微镜(SEM)样品室高真空度相比,ESEM样品室的真空度可以很低(约达20 Torr)。ESEM是在传统的SEM样品室中多一个GSED探头,因此,它在传统的SEM基础上增添了新的功能。其主要的特点是,可以观察含适量水分的样品和非导体材料样品,比如植物的叶片、动物中的昆虫、作物的籽粒、含结晶水的固体材料等。     

AlPO4环境障碍涂层材料水氧腐蚀性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法合成了一种AlPO₄环境障碍涂层材料,测定了其热膨胀系数,在1350℃、50vol% H₂O/50vol%O₂、1.013×10⁵ Pa、气体流速0.085cm/s的水氧耦合环境中研究了其抗水氧腐蚀性能,并利用X射线衍射仪、能谱分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了材料组成和微观结构.结果表明,AlPO₄与C/SiC复合材料热膨胀基本匹配,抗水氧腐蚀性能良好.主要存在的问题是AlPO₄分解引起的失重,二氧化硅会加速其分解.     

快速环境响应多孔水凝胶的制备及性能

以N aC l晶体为致孔剂,合成了具有pH及温度双重敏感特性的海藻酸钠接枝甲基丙烯酸梳状多孔水凝胶。利用扫描电镜观察到该水凝胶具有特殊的孔洞结构,孔径大小为100μm左右。不同pH值及温度下的溶胀和溶胀-收缩动力学研究表明,该水凝胶具有较快的响应速率,在5 m in内可以达到溶胀平衡,而且溶胀收缩行为有较好的重复性。该水凝胶的最低临界溶液温度(LCST)为30℃左右。比较含孔不同的凝胶膜的响应曲线,发现含孔越多,溶胀率和凝胶体积变化量越大,溶胀收缩响应速率越快。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.