长周期结构增强镁合金的研究进展

长周期结构增强镁合金是近年来新发展的一种具有应用前景的镁合金新型结构材料.长周期结构作为镁合金中一种新发现的增强相,极大地提高了合金的力学性能.主要介绍了长周期结构增强镁合金的各种类型、特点、力学性能以及目前国内外的研究现状.     

长周期结构增强镁合金的研究进展

镁合金具有低密度、高比强度、易回收利用等优点,在电子、汽车、航空航天等领域得到了广泛的应用。但是镁合金强度低、变形加工困难等缺点成为阻碍其大规模应用的主要问题。长周期堆垛有序(LPSO)结构增强镁合金具有较高的强度和较好的塑性,引起了人们的广泛关注。列举了镁合金中5种长周期结构类型及其研究进展,分析了常见的4种长周期结构制备方法的特点,阐述了5种长周期结构特征及其表征方法,分析了长周期结构的强化机制,指出了今后的研究方向。     

长周期有序堆垛相(LPSO)的研究现状及在镁合金中的作用

镁合金由于具有较高的比强度、比刚度以及良好的成形性和切屑加工性等优点,在航空航天、交通以及电子产品等领域获得了广泛的应用。但是由于镁合金的绝对强度较低,使其在结构件的应用上受到了一定的限制。近年来,采用稀土元素来提高镁合金的强度已成为镁合金研究领域的热点,尤其是Mg-Zn-Y镁合金。由于m(Y)/m(Zn)比的变化,Mg-Zn-Y中的强化相也逐渐产生变化,当m(Y)/m(Zn)1时,在Mg-Zn-Y合金中出现与镁合金基体完全共格、但富含Y、Zn元素的结构及化学成分均有序的长周期堆垛有序相(LPSO)。相比于其他第二相,LPSO相具有高硬度、良好的热稳定性、良好的阻尼性能、高抗蠕变性能、高弹性模量等特点,因此,这种新型结构强化相在镁合金中对其力学性能的影响引起了研究人员的广泛关注,成为目前镁合金强韧化的研究热点。近几年的研究多是通过快速凝固粉末冶金、铜模铸造、溶体甩带等不同的铸造方法制备出含LPSO相的镁合金,并通过改变溶质原子种类、含量及比例的方法来探究LPSO相对镁合金性能的影响,之后通过热处理、挤压和轧制等加工工艺对LPSO相的数量、尺寸和分布进行调控,进而提高镁合金的性能。而有关LPSO相的微观结构,如LPSO相结构中各原子的排列方式和具体位置等,通过第一性原理计算模拟、选区电子衍射(SADP)、高分辨率透射(HRTEM)及高角环形暗场像扫描电子显微镜(HAADF-STEM)等方法进行研究,已经建立了一个比较完善的LPSO相结构模型。同时,近几年对镁合金凝固和变形过程LPSO相结构中原子的运动研究也有了突破性的进展。在21世纪初,有研究人员通过快速凝固和热挤压的方法制备出的Mg97Zn1Y2(原子分数)合金的屈服强度和延伸率分别达到了610 MPa和5%,这些优异的力学性能归因于纳米级的LPSO相。本文综述了镁合金中LPSO相的形成机制、类型及其含LPSO相的合金体系,并对LPSO相的结构堆垛有序和化学成分有序进行了详尽的叙述,同时分析了LPSO相提高镁合金强度、塑性、抗蠕变性及高阻尼性能的机理;阐述了含LPSO相镁合金的制备工艺对其性能产生的影响;最后对含LPSO相镁合金的发展方向进行了展望。     

镁合金中的第二相颗粒强化

镁合金作为最为轻质的金属结构材料,广泛应用于航空航天、汽车工业以及数码电子产品等领域。相比于钢铁和铝合金,镁合金目前的强化手段有限,因此镁合金中的第二相强化就显得尤为重要。通过总结不同体系镁合金中第二相(包括时效析出相、长周期堆垛有序(LPSO)相和镁基合金中的增强体)的组织特点、强化效果及其强化机制发现:①非稀土系镁合金主要依靠析出相强化;②稀土系镁合金有效强化第二相比非稀土系镁合金多;③增强体的强化效果取决于其自身的成分、形貌、尺寸以及和基体的结合能力等因素。未来镁合金第二相强化的研究可重点关注以下几个方向:①新型纳米强化相的引入;②LPSO相和多种析出相的协调强化作用;③优质廉价镁基增强体的设计。     

定向凝固制备Mg98.5Zn0.5Y1合金中LPSO相的结构及其对合金电磁屏蔽性能的影响

研究了定向凝固制备Mg_(98.5)Zn_(0.5)Y_1合金中LPSO相的微观结构以及对电磁屏蔽性能的影响。实验结果表明Mg_(98.5)Zn_(0.5)Y_1合金中生成了有序排列的片层状14H-LPSO相。通过对比普通铸造与定向凝固Mg_(98.5)Zn_(0.5)Y_1合金的电磁屏蔽性能,发现有序排列的LPSO相可以提高合金的电磁屏蔽性能。阐述了多层均匀平面体屏蔽体的理论模型,探讨了长周期有序相的位向与镁合金电磁屏蔽性能的关系。通过在合金中加入Zr元素,研究了LPSO相的宽度对电磁屏蔽性能的影响。结果表明,在高频下细小的LPSO相能够提升材料的电磁屏蔽性能。     

Fe4N长周期结构电子衍射分析

分子离子渗氮过程中形成的Ｆｅ４Ｎ电子衍射花样。发现Ｆｅ４Ｎ具有长周期结构，这种长周期结构可看作是层错有序分布的密堆结构。     

挤压GW102镁合金组织和力学性能

研究了Mg-9.8Gd-1.6Y-0.02Zn-0.5Zr(GW102)镁合金挤压棒材的显微组织和不同方向的拉伸性能。结果表明,经520℃均匀化处理的GW102镁合金的组织主要由过饱和镁固溶体、少量凝固期间析出的颗粒相Mg5(Y0.6Gd0.4)和非平衡相Mg3(Gd0.5,Y0.5)组成。挤压变形并在200℃时效热处理60 h后,从过饱和固溶体中弥散析出大量针片状β″相和β′相。该镁合金经过挤压变形后具有明显的各向异性,垂直挤压方向合金的抗拉强度显著低于挤压方向的抗拉强度和延伸率。GW102合金的强化,其主要原因是长周期结构相(LPSO)与位错的相互作用和晶界上无沉淀析出带的影响。     

长周期有序堆垛相对Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金腐蚀行为的影响

研究不同长周期有序堆垛(LPSO)相含量对Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金腐蚀行为的影响,对于新型高强耐蚀镁合金的设计具有重要的指导意义.为此,通过金相观察、SEM形貌及能谱分析、电化学测试及浸泡试验等手段考察了Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金在5％NaCl溶液中的电化学及腐蚀行为,以确定不同LPSO相含量对镁合金抗蚀性能的影响.结果 表明:Zn元素对Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金中LPSO相的形成和分布起决定性的作用,当合金中不合Zn元素时,不会形成LPSO相;随着Zn元素的增多,LPSO相的体积分数不断增加,形态从薄片层状向块状转变.腐蚀过程中首先在合金基体表面形成一层均匀连续的腐蚀产物层,随Zn含量增加合金表面腐蚀产物层的厚度降低,合金腐蚀形态从全面腐蚀向局部腐蚀转变;LPSO相在局部腐蚀过程中充当腐蚀微电池的阴极,加速合金基体的腐蚀溶解.     

稀土在镁合金中作用的研究现状

稀土元素在镁合金中具有阻燃、净化熔体等作用，能有效改善合金的铸造性能；可细化显微组织、形成准晶相、抑制形变织构，提高镁合金的室温及高温强度和塑韧性等力学性能；并改变镁合金表面腐蚀层结构、控制阴极相数量和分布以及影响电化学过程，从而改善镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。总结了利用稀土元素改善镁合金组织性能的研究现状，并对稀土镁合金的发...     

镁合金中的LPSO结构

详细描述了铁合金中的LPSO相的最新研究进展,系统总结了镁合金中的LPSO相的结构、微合金组元的化学成分,分析了微观形成过程与机制以及优异的力学性能,展望了镁合金中LPSO结构的研究趋势.     

Notch tensile behavior of extruded Mg–Y–Zn alloys containing long period stacking ordered phase

The notch tensile behavior of extruded Mg–6RY–4Zn and Mg–9RY–4Zn (RY: Y-rich misch metal) alloys containing long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase tested from room temperature to 250 °C was investigated. LPSO long-strips crack more severely in notch samples compared with that in smooth samples. The UTS values are above 300 MPa and the notch sensitivity ratio (NSR) values are larger than 1 in both alloys because the severe crack of LPSO phase costs more energy in notch samples. Furthermore, the NSR value rises with increasing the RY content or elevating the test temperature. The strengthening effect of LPSO phase is more remarkable at high temperatures. The notch leads the fracture mode of the two alloys changing from ductile fracture to brittle fracture. Designing complex shape components should consider the NSR and plasticity of Mg–Y–Zn alloys together.     

Corrosion Behaviors of Long‐Period Stacking Ordered Structure in Mg Alloys Used in Biomaterials: A Review

The long‐period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases have distinctive microstructures and significant effect on the promotion of mechanical properties of Mg alloys, which have received considerable attention not only as industrial materials but also as biodegradable implant materials recently. By now, numerous researchers devote to study the effects of the microstructures of LPSO phases on the mechanical properties of Mg alloys. But a few of them reveal the relationship between LPSO phases and corrosion behaviors of Mg alloys. Therefore, the knowledge of characteristics of LPSO phases and their effects on biocorrosion behaviors is essential. In this review, the current understanding about the structure, growth, transformation, and deformation of LPSO phases in Mg alloys are summarized. The recent developments of biocorrosion behaviors of Mg alloys are reviewed. The information on the immersion and corrosion mechanisms of Mg alloys are provided. The role of LPSO structures on corrosion behaviors of Mg alloys is intensively analyzed. Based on the current understandings, some problems are pointed out and suggestions for further research of Mg alloys with LPSO structures using as biomedical materials are provided.

     

稀土元素对镁合金力学行为影响的研究现状

系统论述了不同稀土元素的结构特性,基于镁合金的强化机制,并结合当前稀土镁合金的研究现状,展示了稀土元素的添加对镁合金在强度、塑性及抗蠕变性能等方面带来的变化,尤其是对镁合金塑性的影响.其中,区别于传统的强化机制,对添加稀土元素后出现的LPSO结构相对镁合金性能的影响也进行了重点讨论,进一步对镁合金中的稀土元素合金化后的改性作用及前景进行了探讨和展望.     

Significantly improved corrosion resistance of Mg-15Gd-2Zn-0.39Zr alloys: Effect of heat-treatment

The effects of heat-treatment on corrosion behavior of Mg-15Gd-2Zn-0.39 Zr alloys were investigated through microstructure characterization, corrosion tests, and scanning Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPFM) analysis. In long-term corrosion experiments, the corrosion rates of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloys were mainly determined by the effects of micro-galvanic corrosion. During heat-treatment, the β-(Mg,Zn)₃Gd eutectic phase in as-cast alloys transformed into a long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase, coupled with the precipitation of small precipitates. As heat-treatment proceeded, the local potential and the volume fraction of the LPSO phases reduced gradually compared with the eutectic phase, which resulted in a remarkable decrease of the micro-galvanic effect between the second phase and Mg matrix. As a result, the corrosion resistance of heat-treated alloys improved significantly.     

High-strength Mg95Y3Zn1Ni1 alloy with LPSO structure processed by hot rolling

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg₉₅Y₃Zn₁Ni₁ alloy containing long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase processed by hot rolling were systematically investigated in the present work. The results showed that the as-cast alloy was mainly composed of α-Mg and network 18?R LPSO phase. The thermal stability of 18?R LPSO phase in the as-cast alloys decreased with the decrease of Ni content. After solution treatment at 773?K for 40?h, network 18?R phase at grain boundary dissolved, while fine lamellar phase identified as 14H LPSO precipitated in the interior of grains. When the solid-solution alloy was hot rolled at 723?K with six passes and thickness reduction of 62%, some LPSO phases broke down and kinking of varying degrees occurred in LPSO phase. Meanwhile, the as-rolled α-Mg and LPSO phase redistributed aligned along the rolling orientation. The alloy exhibited excellent mechanical properties: yield strength of 282?MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 383?MPa, and elongation to failure of 16% at ambient temperature along the rolling orientation. The remarkable improvement of strength was ascribed to the refined microstructure induced by the deformation kinking and the crush of LPSO phase.     

Effects of Zn and Y on hot-tearing susceptibility of Mg–xZn–2xY alloys

The effect of Zn and Y on hot-tearing susceptibility (HTS) of Mg–xZn–2xY (x?=?1, 1.67, 2.67) alloys is investigated. It is found that the microstructure of the alloys is mainly composed of α-Mg, long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) phase and W-phase. Both theoretical and experimental results illustrated that HTS of the investigated alloys is in the following order: Mg–1Zn–2Y > Mg–1.67Zn–3.34Y > Mg–2.67Zn–5.34Y. For Mg–2.67Zn–5.34Y alloy, LPSO phase content reaches at the maximum and its grain size reaches at minimum of 16.4 µm, and the pinning effect of the LPSO phase on grain boundaries is considered to be an important reason for reducing HTS of the alloy.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Extruded Mg-2Dy-0.5Zn Alloy

Microstructure and mechanical properties of an extruded Mg-2Dy-0.5Zn(at.%) alloy during isothermal ageing at 180 ℃ were investigated.Microstructure of the as-extruded alloy is mainly composed of α-Mg phase,14H long period stacking order(LPSO) phase and small amounts of(Mg,Zn)_xDy particle phases.During ageing,the 14H LPSO phase forms and develops and its volume fraction increases with increasing ageing time.Tensile test showed that the peak-aged alloy exhibits similar yield and ultimate tensile strengths and elongation to failure at room temperature,100 ℃ and 200 ℃,but excellent elevated temperature strengths at 300 ℃ as compared to the as-extruded and over-aged alloys.The analysis showed that the excellent elevated temperature strengths of the peak-aged alloy are attributed to the LPSO phase strengthening and the grain refinement strengthening,and the role of the LPSO strengthening is related to not only its amount,but also its morphology.     

Effect of the LPSO volume fraction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Y2X –Zn X alloys

The influence of the volume fraction of long-period stacking ordered structure (LPSO) on the microstructure and mechanical properties in three extruded Mg_100-3x Y_2x Zn _x alloys (x = 0.5, 1 and 1.5 at.%) has been studied. Two structures of LPSO phase coexist in these extruded alloys, 18R and 14H. The 18R structure transforms to 14H structure gradually in the course of the extrusion process. For the three alloys, the grain size in the vicinity of LPSO phase particles is refined because of a particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism. The reinforcing effect of the LPSO phase is active up to 523 K. Above this temperature, grain size effect becomes important. Accordingly, MgY₁Zn_0,5 extruded alloy shows the Highest mechanical strength for temperatures greater than 523 K.     

Hydrogen-absorbing alloys

Improvement of hydrogen capacity in hydrogen-absorbing alloys has been achieved in recent years. Mg-based alloys which were synthesized by ball milling showed lower dehydrogenation temperatures than intermetallic Mg-based alloys. This technique is also effective for preparing a novel Mg-based amorphous alloy, MgNi, and its hydride. Besides conventional intermetallic compounds such as LaNi₅, solid solution alloy, ‘Laves phase related BCC solid solution’ with body-centered-cubic structure showed a hydrogen capacity of 2.2 mass% at room temperature. Alanate, which is not an interstitial hydride, was found to react with gaseous hydrogen reversibly with a catalyst, and its hydrogen capacity was more than 3 mass%.