风力机叶片挥舞/摆振的动力失速非线性气弹稳定性研究

研究动力失速风力机叶片的非线性气弹系统的稳定性。叶片结构采用具有挥舞/摆振耦合的典型截面模型,动力失速非线性气动载荷的计算采用基于半经验的ONERA非定常、非线性气动模型。为了减少由于线性化气弹稳定性分析模型带来的误差,直接采用时间域数值积分法,对叶片挥舞/摆振耦合非线性气弹方程组进行数值积分,研究叶片动力失速诱发颤振的稳定性,分析了缩减速度、预尖锥角的影响,并且针对目前文献很少报道的结构阻尼参数的影响问题进行了研究。     

水平轴风力机叶片的弯扭耦合气弹稳定性研究

研究水平轴风力机叶片的经典颤振稳定性特性。在导出质量刚度均匀分布的旋转挥舞/摆振/扭转叶片的耦合振动偏微分方程组基础上,引入扩展的Theodorsen模型描述非定常气动力的作用。联合采用Galerkin法、特征值法和时间域积分法对所建立的叶片气弹模型进行求解。通过数值分析获得叶片的挥舞弯曲模态、摆振弯曲模态和扭转模态的根轨迹曲线,分析了叶片面内刚度、扭转刚度和预锥角对叶片气弹稳定性的影响。特征值法稳定性的计算结果的精确度和可靠性通过分析模态展开式中模态截断个数N对颤振边界收敛性的影响,得到验证。稳定性分析的时间域数值积分结果的一致性进一步说明特征值法稳定性计算结果正确性。     

基于气弹试验 15 MW 超长柔性叶片颤振临界风速预测的叶根反力法

颤振是风力机叶片超大化发展必须解决的首要难题，气弹模型测振风洞试验是其最有效的预测方法之一，但传统方法无法精确解决模型相似比和测量精度的难题。本文提出一种基于主梁刚度等效原则的超长柔性叶片气动/刚度映射一体化三维完全气弹模型设计方法，采用高速摄像技术和高频六分量天平进行全风向角同步测振和测力风洞试验；系统研究了 NREL?15 MW 超长柔性叶片的非线性动态响应频谱特性，对比分析了基于叶尖位移与叶根反力的风力机叶片颤振性能和临界失稳状态，发现了采用叶根反力来预测颤振性能的可行性，提出了超长柔性叶片颤振失稳预测的叶根反力法。研究表明：本文提出的气弹模型设计和实验方法能精确有效地模拟风力机叶片动力性能与颤振行为，试验发现超长柔性叶片在桨距角为 93°~96°和 284°~287°区间内发生颤振，颤振区间内颤振临界风速随桨距角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势，在桨距角为 94°时达到最小，其风洞临界风速为 5.4 m/s；叶根反力与叶尖位移存在一致发散性和强相关性，提出的叶根反力颤振指标 δ≥2% 时，风力机叶片进入颤振临界状态。     

不同风攻角下薄平板断面颤振机理研究

薄平板在汽轮机末级叶片和风力机叶片等领域获得了广泛的应用,也作为基准对象用于流线型箱梁的颤振研究中。由于不同来流攻角对薄平板气动性能的影响不同,因此研究不同攻角下薄平板的颤振机理,把握其颤振特性,对保障结构安全具有重要意义。以宽高比为40的薄平板模型为研究对象,基于不同风攻角下的颤振导数,采用双模态耦合颤振分析方法,通过对不同攻角下颤振过程中气动阻尼、弯扭运动相位的差异性分析,研究了薄平板在不同风攻角下的颤振机理,指出了影响颤振性能的主要原因。研究结果表明:0°和3°攻角下颤振性能相似,均为扭转主导的弯扭耦合颤振;在5°和7°攻角下,薄平板虽然发生扭转主导的弯扭耦合颤振,但此时非耦合气动力提供的气动正阻尼显著减小,而耦合气动力提供的气动负阻尼增强,因而直接导致了大攻角下薄平板颤振临界风速的显著降低;同时,随着攻角由小到大变化,弯扭运动间的相位差也随之变化,并在7°攻角下发生了翻转式性转变:由扭转运动滞后于竖向运动转变为了竖向运动滞后于扭转运动。研究成果揭示了薄平板在大攻角下颤振性能弱化的气动弹性力学机理,为工程薄平板的颤振设计提供了参考。     

对称非均匀层合板梁的弯扭耦合效应

为了研究复合材料风力机叶片的弯扭耦合效应,将风力机叶片简化为对称非均匀铺层层合板梁,采用实验和数值分析方法研究耦合区域对叶片弯扭耦合效应的影响。给出了对称非均匀层合板梁的铺层方式及其制作工艺,设计了对称非均匀层合板梁的弯扭耦合效应实验,给出了实验原理及测量方法,测量了对称非均匀层合板梁的挠度和扭转角。基于ANSYS软件建立了对称非均匀层合板梁的有限元模型,计算了在集中力载荷作用下梁的变形。通过有限元数值分析结果与实验结果对比,结果表明:耦合区域对对称非均匀层合板梁的变形行为产生重要影响,采用中部耦合区域铺层方式可以获得显著的弯扭耦合效应。     

风力机叶片三维模型颤振问题

颤振对风力机叶片有巨大破坏力,作为一种典型的气动弹性稳定性问题,在现代风力机的叶片设计中越来越受到重视。建立叶片三维叶型模型和整机振动结构模型,利用振型叠加法计算不同振动模态下的特征频率、阻尼比和振型,得出不同叶片结构参数与颤振的关系。结果表明,叶片型面质心和扭转中心的距离、拍打方向弯曲刚度和挥舞方向弯曲刚度对颤振发生有较大影响。     

基于B-L气动模型的旋转水平风机叶片经典颤振稳定性分析

研究旋转水平轴风力机叶片周期时变气弹系统的经典颤振稳定性特性。叶片结构采用具有挥舞和扭转耦合的典型界面振动模型,引入Beddoes-Leishman气动模型为旋转叶片提供低攻角处周期时变的非定常气动力;为了研究颤振边界,利用标量风速和挥舞/扭转固有频率比对所建立的旋转叶片气弹模型进行变型。在此基础上,通过时域响应曲线分析旋转叶片挥舞自由度和扭转自由度气弹稳定性特性,分析了标量速度,叶片刚度,挥舞/扭转固有频率比和结构阻尼的影响,揭示了旋转叶片经典颤振边界的变化规律且其准确性得到验证。     

弯扭耦合风力机叶片的准稳态响应及LLTR控制

为解决弯扭耦合复合材料薄壁叶片的发散不稳定问题,阐述了风力机叶片准稳态响应及基于回路传输恢复的LQG(LQG with Loop Transfer Recovery,LLTR)理论控制过程。叶片结构模型是基于周向反对称刚度铺层的复合材料薄壁单闭室翼型;翼型的中线轨迹是S809Ⅱ翼型型线。从直升机叶片的失速气动力模型中提取了一种准稳态气动力模型,经过修正后适合于风力机叶片经典颤振和失速颤振临界状态的研究。分别详细研究了基于输入端回路传输恢复及输出端回路传输恢复两种情况下的LLTR控制,并通过弯扭时域响应和控制器响应的数字仿真比较以及奇异值伯德图曲线对比,论证了LLTR控制算法的稳定性及在颤振抑制方面的优越性。控制算法的实时效应也通过半实物仿真实验平台得到了检验。     

大型风力机的几何非线性动态响应研究

随着风力机大型化、柔性化发展,风力机叶片的变形越来越大,几何非线性效应也越来越明显。采用自由涡尾迹方法提高风力机气动载荷计算精度,应用有限元方法建立了风力机叶片结构梁模型。应用伽辽金方法建立叶片的几何非线性刚度矩阵,同时构建了叶片的非线性动力学方程。采用Newmark直接积分法进行时间步长推进,并采用修正的Newton-Raphson方法进行增量迭代计算,实现了大型风力机叶片气动与非线性结构耦合计算模拟。最后,通过美国可再生能源实验室的Phase VI风力机实验数据验证了计算模型的准确性和可靠性。同时以大型风力机NH1500为算例,计算了叶片的线性与非线性动态响应,分析了叶片几何非线性对动态响应和气动性能的影响。这对于提高大型风力机设计水平和各个部件载荷计算准确度具有重要意义。     

基于Pitt-peters理论的风力发电机振动分析

采用Pitt-Peter理论进行风力机气动力学的计算分析,并用MATLAB/simulink进行编程,建立风力机传动链的数学模型并在MATLAB/simulink中进行传动链系统的编程运算,建立风力机ADAMS柔性多体结构动力学仿真模型,将MATLAB/simulink和ADAMS进行风力机振动性能的联合仿真;将计算的气动载荷加载到风力机叶片结构上,将传动系统模型的反扭矩加到ADAMS风轮模型上,同时风力机的结构变形也对气动性能、传动性能产生耦合影响,仿真最终实现风力机系统振动性能耦合分析。仿真数据同实验测试数据比较表明:该联合仿真方法可以较好的模拟风力机的振动特性。     

A computational procedure for prebending of wind turbine blades

Prebending of wind turbine blades constitutes a viable engineering solution to the problem of tower clearance, that is, ensuring that during wind turbine operation there is sufficient distance between the rotor blades and the tower to avoid collision. The prebent shape of the blade must be such that when the turbine rotor is subjected to wind and inertial loads, the blades are straightened into their design configuration. In this paper, we propose a method for accurate prediction of the prebent shape of wind turbine blades. The method relies on a stand‐alone aerodynamics simulation that provides the wind loads on a rigidly spinning rotor, followed by a series of structural mechanics simulations to determine the stress‐free prebent shape of the blade. This procedure involves only one‐way coupling between the fluid and structural mechanics, which avoids the challenges of solving the coupled fluid–structure interaction problem. The proposed methodology, which has no limitations on the blade geometry and structural modeling, is successfully applied to prebending of a 63‐m offshore wind turbine blade. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于自由涡尾迹方法的大型风力机动态响应和尾迹研究

针对大型风力机,在当作柔性和刚性风力机时,可以通过气动和结构耦合动力学用来研究两者尾迹和载荷的区别。在设计和校核阶段,需要考虑风力机结构载荷影响的动态特性和气动性能变化。采用非定常自由涡尾迹方法计算尾迹形状和气动载荷。在考虑气动载荷、惯性载荷和重力载荷影响下,分析了叶片挥舞和摆振动态响应。采用模态法建立起风力机解耦动力学方程,并且进行数值求解该方程。结果表明:风力机考虑柔性变形后,对尾迹形状、动态响应和气动性能产生一定影响。这种柔性和刚体风力机的差异表明气动结构耦合效应对风力机的设计和性能计算具有重要意义。     

Local Buckling Prediction for Large Wind Turbine Blades

Local buckling is a typical failure mode of large scale composite wind turbine blades. A procedure for predicting the onset and location of local buckling of composite wind turbine blades under aerodynamic loads is proposed in this paper. This procedure is distinct from its counterparts in adopting the pressure distributions obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations as the loads. The finite element method is employed to investigate local buckling resistance of the composite blade. To address the mismatch between the unstructured CFD grids of the blade surface and the finite shell elements used during the buckling analysis, an interpolation code is developed, allowing mapping the pressure computed by using CFD to the finite element model. With the well documented National Renewable Energy Laboratory phase VI wind turbine blade, the procedure is demonstrated to be capable of yielding satisfactory results. Comparison with results obtained by using the blade surface pressure distributions calculated using a simple method is also conducted.     

Thermomechanical fatigue failure investigation on a single crystal nickel superalloy turbine blade

A thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) test rig was developed consisting of the loading, heating, synchronizing, cooling and monitoring systems. Moreover, the specimen was particularly designed to provide adequate load-bearing capability at the blade tip in order to simulate the actual turbine blade loads in laboratory. TMF test on a single crystal nickel superalloy turbine blade was conducted. Then the specimen was segmented in a novel way to preserve the crack surface to investigate the TMF mechanism of the turbine blade. Visual examination together with the metallographic analysis indicated that the most severe TMF damage occurred at the pin-fin fillet on the suction side near the trailing edge. Furthermore, finite element simulation results were compared to the experiment, in which a viscoplastic constitutive model was employed.     

风力机叶片载荷谱及疲劳寿命分析

研究了大型风力机玻璃钢叶片载荷谱和疲劳寿命的工程估算方法。运用片条理论分析了影响风力机叶片疲劳寿命的气动载荷分布;应用多体动力学方法,分析了旋转叶片动力刚化效应产生的原因及其对叶片振动模态的影响;根据模态叠加法,计算了叶片在气动力、重力和旋转惯性力等确定性载荷作用下的动应力响应;探讨了玻璃钢叶片的疲劳性能、破坏准则及疲劳寿命估计方法;提出了一种基于 Palmgren Miner 线性累积损伤法则的玻璃钢叶片安全寿命估计方法。通过所设计的 1.5MW 变速变桨距风力机叶片疲劳寿命估计的算例表明,该方法是可靠和实用的。     

风力发电机耦合振动分析

采用叶素动量理论进行风力机气动力学的计算分析,并用MATLAB/simulink进行编程,建立风力机传动链的数学模型并在MATLAB/simulink中进行传动链系统的编程运算,建立风力机ADAMS柔性多体结构动力学仿真模型,将MATLAB/simulink和ADAMS进行风力机振动性能的联合仿真;将计算的气动载荷加载到风力机叶片结构上,将传动系统模型的反扭矩加到ADAMS风轮模型上,同时风力机的结构变形也对气动性能、传动性能产生耦合影响,仿真最终实现风力机系统振动性能耦合分析。仿真数据同实验测试数据比较表明,该联合仿真方法可以较好的模拟风力机的振动特性。研究为风力机振动特性分析进行了一次有益的探索。     

A study on thermo mechanical fatigue life prediction of Ni-base superalloy

Gas turbine blades are exposed to high-temperature degradation environments due to flames and mechanical loads as a results of high-speed rotation during operation. In addition, blades are exposed to thermo-mechanical fatigue due to frequent start and shutdown. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the lifetime of blade materials.In this study, the TMF life of a Ni-base superalloy applied to gas turbine blade was predicted based on LCF and TMF test results. The LCF tests were conducted under various strain ranges based on gas turbine operating conditions. In addition, IP (in-phase) and OP (out of-phase) TMF tests were conducted under various strain ranges.Finally, a fatigue life prediction model was drawn from the LCF and TMF test results. The correlation between the LCF and TMF test results was also evaluated with respect to fatigue life.     

Comparative analysis of steady state heat transfer in a TBC and functionally graded air cooled gas turbine blade

Internal cooling passages and thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are presently used to control metal temperatures in gas turbine blades. Functionally graded materials (FGMs), which are typically mixtures of ceramic and metal, have been proposed for use in turbine blades because they possess smooth property gradients thereby rendering them more durable under thermal loads. In the present work, a functionally graded model of an air-cooled turbine blade with airfoil geometry conforming to the NACA0012 is developed which is then used in a finite element algorithm to obtain a non-linear steady state solution to the heat equation for the blade under convection and radiation boundary conditions. The effects of external gas temperature, coolant temperature, surface emissivity changes and different average ceramic/metal content of the blade on the temperature distributions are examined. Simulations are also carried out to compare cooling effectiveness of functionally graded blades with that of blades having TBC. The results highlight the effect of including radiation in the simulation and also indicate that external gas temperature influences the blade heat transfer more strongly. It is also seen that graded blades with about 70% ceramic content can deliver better cooling effectiveness than conventional blades with TBC.     

复合材料风电叶片避雷防护研究进展

复合材料风电叶片作为风力发电机组的一个重要组成部件,一旦受雷击损坏,经济损失巨大。因此对风力叶片避雷防护的研究越来越受到人们的关注。本文主要分析了风力叶片受雷击后的几种损伤形式和损伤机理,还总结了目前常用的几种避雷接收器的形式,并对国外在叶片避雷防护方面的研究进展进行了介绍。