空间相干光通信外差效率及天线像差的影响

空间相干光通信中接收天线像差会使光外差效率下降.对本振光为高斯分布,信号光为爱里斑分布的光外差效率进行了研究,给出了无像差时外差效率的解析表达式.当焦平面上爱里斑半径与本振高斯光束光腰半径之比为1.71时,有最大外差效率81.45%.然后以本振光为理想的高斯光束,信号光受像差的影响,研究了倾斜、离焦、球差、彗差、像散等像差引起的光外差效率损失,给出了存在像差时外差效率的一维积分表达式.研究表明即使在采用离焦校正后,一个波长的球差引起的附加外差效率损失仍可达0.9 dB.因此对于爱里斑位于光轴上的接收天线,在设计时需仔细处理球差的影响.     

扩束光纤与宽波导光栅的光耦合特性

为了研究光纤与宽波导光栅的有效耦合,基于高斯光束与波导光栅的光耦合理论,以30μm宽波导光栅为研究对象,利用矩阵光学和高斯光束理论分析和设计了一种扩束光纤,并通过分析其耦合损耗,建立了扩束光纤与波导光栅耦合模型.优化所设计扩束光纤的结构参数后,得到束腰半径为10.8μm的输出光束.最后分析了扩束光纤的结构容差,并讨论了所设计扩束光纤的输出光束、单模光纤的输出光束以及束腰半径为16 μm的自由空间高斯光束各自在光栅表面的位置变化对光栅耦合效率的影响.可知扩束光纤输出的光束与单模光纤输出的光束相比具有较大的位置容差,与束腰半径为16 μm的自由空间高斯光束相比,光耦合效率基本相同.     

1 550 nm全光纤激光多普勒测振系统研制

针对目前国内激光测振系统价格昂贵、使用不便的问题,采用1 550 nm波段成熟的窄线宽光源和光纤元器件研制了一套低成本的全光纤激光测振系统原理样机。此原理样机光路部分采用马赫?泽德干涉仪结构,搭建了外差式激光干涉光路,参考光被40 MHz的声光调制器调制,与测量光在光电探测器表面发生干涉,产生原始的激光多普勒信号;信号解调部分采用相位解调法对原始激光多普勒信号进行解调,得到振动目标的运动特性,包括位移、速度和加速度信息。采用本单位的振动标准装置对其性能进行了测试,实验结果表明：在10 ~ 2 000 Hz的中低频振动范围内,1 550 nm全光纤激光多普勒测振系统峰值位移、速度和加速度的测量误差在-0.6% ~ 0.7%内。该系统在中低频段具有较高的测量准确度,且成本相对较低、操作便捷,具有技术借鉴价值。     

旋转叶片振动信号的小波变换去噪处理

在旋转叶片叶尖定时测振系统中,叶片多处于大噪声工作环境,为了保障振动位移的高精度测量,需有效解决叶片振动信号的去噪问题.提出采用具有时频局部分析特性的小波变换方法对振动信号进行去噪,建立了叶尖定时测振系统的仿真模型.针对仿真信号的特征,对小波变换的小波基、阈值估计及小波分解尺度进行了参数优化,实现了宽频白噪声的有效滤除.并与传统的滤波和Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑算法进行对比,结果表明小波变换去噪方法在去噪效果和减小振动位移测量误差上均具有明显优势,有较好的实际工程应用价值.     

高速运动目标的光电精密测速系统误差分析

在利用光电精密测速技术时,涉及复杂的空间光交汇计算,通用误差分析方法比较困难。在目标与光束垂直度适当的情况下,目标运动方向的偏差对测量精度的影响属于二阶小量。系统整体误差的主要来源为距离测量误差、时间测量误差以及光束不平行度产生的误差。分析得出,本系统在两光束间的不平行度α=100″,探测器对准精度为0.1mm的情况下,测量精度可以达到0.02%。     

新型零差激光干涉仪测量误差因素分析

介绍了新型零差激光干涉仪的测量原理,实验和理论分析了干涉条纹宽度、激光光强、散斑效应对该激光干涉仪测量误差的影响。结果表明,干涉条纹宽度对振幅测量值影响并不明显,测量误差为0.5%;光强变化引起的振幅测量误差为0.5%,光强较弱会增大测量误差;散斑效应引起的振幅测量误差与透镜参数有关,测量误差为0.4%。该新型零差激光干涉仪可有效降低测振系统对测量环境的要求。     

大气湍流对贝塞尔高斯光束轴上光强的影响

针对光束在大气中传播时,大气湍流引起的光强起伏等现象.为了探索寻求减弱或者消除湍流的影响的途径,本文采用数值模拟的方法,分析了湍流大气对(零阶)贝塞尔高斯光束轴上光强的影响.分析发现,在湍流环境中,贝塞尔高斯光束的轴上光强都随着传播距离的增加而减小,湍流越强,光束的轴上光强减小越快.贝塞尔高斯光束的径向波矢量越小,轴上光强的稳定性越好.贝塞尔高斯光束轴上光强的稳定性随着传播距离的增加而变坏.贝塞尔高斯光束跟同样束宽的高斯光束相比较,贝塞尔高斯光束的轴上光强受湍流的影响较大.     

精密光测仪器的微振校正方法

对于由地面微振引起的激光干涉仪测量误差问题,本文提出了一种基于地面微振精确测量误差校正方法。在常规地面环境下,使用高动态拾振器和4阶delta-sigma的ADC进行微振信号测量,并应用高精度积分算法和传感器频响反演计算,获得纳米级测量误差的微振数据,作为光测仪器的固定反光镜的位移,补偿到系统测量数据的计算中。     

结合视觉测振与频响函数的梁裂纹定位方法

机器视觉测振技术具有多点测量的优点,且不会给被测对象带来附加质量。提出结合视觉测振与频响函数的梁裂纹定位方法,搭建机器视觉测振系统,并通过与基于激光位移传感器的测量结果精度对比进行验证。利用视觉测振系统测量得到的激励输入和多位置点振动信号,估计频率响应函数,描述激励点到各位置点之间的振动传递特性。基于裂纹产生前后频响函数的变化定义裂纹位置识别指数向量,通过辨识向量中分量最大值位置实现裂纹定位。在悬臂梁测振实验中设置不同的裂纹深度、不同的激励频率和不同的裂纹位置,对该裂纹定位方法的效果进行实验验证。     

有角点支座矩形板自振分析

撤去角点支座代之以角点力得板自由振动分析的基本结构。原结构振形函数表达式由基本结构所固有的基本振形和角点力所激发的附加振形组成,它应满足振动微分方程和板挠度与角点力间的微分关系。为表示板双向振动规律,基本振形在二个坐标轴方向上有各自独立的振形曲线,分别符合相应方向边界所限定的、与微分方程直接关联的变形和受力特征：在支承边界上振幅为零而剪力分布不为零值;在自由边界上振幅不为零而剪力分布为零值;在自由角点处对应的振幅不为零而角点力为零值。附加振形在角点处要满足振幅与角点力的微分关系,在每条边界上要符合边界所限定的振幅与剪力分布的振动特征。文中导出二邻边和对角点支承矩形板,一边支承和一角点或二角点支承矩形板的振形曲线,并计算了不同边长比时板的自振频率。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.