树脂基三维编织复合材料粘弹性能的数值预报

建立了基于三细胞模型数值预报三维编织复合材料粘弹性能的方法。首先构造了三维编织复合材料的三细胞模型并施加周期性边界条件,随后利用标准线性固体模型模拟树脂基体的粘弹性能,导出基体的松弛模量,再通过有限元计算及Prony级数拟合,得到三种胞元的粘弹性参数。然后根据三种胞元的体积分数和粘弹性参数,利用三个标准线性固体模型并联,模拟得到三维编织复合材料沿编织方向的粘弹性参数和蠕变本构关系。最后,分析了编织角和纤维体积含量对粘弹性能的影响。     

三维四向编织复合材料的黏弹性能

基于均匀化理论建立了预测具有微观周期性结构复合材料黏弹性能的力学模型。利用此模型并结合有限元法分别研究了纤维束和三维编织复合材料的黏弹性能。通过对计算结果的分析, 给出了三维编织复合材料黏弹性能随工艺参数变化的规律。结果表明, 三维编织复合材料编织方向的黏弹性效应随编织角的增大而增强, 随纤维体积比的增大而减弱, 此规律与实验结论一致。     

Multi-Scale Modeling of an Integrated 3D Braided Composite with Applications to Helicopter Arm

A study is conducted with the aim of developing multi-scale analytical method for designing the composite helicopter arm with three-dimensional (3D) five-directional braided structure. Based on the analysis of 3D braided microstructure, the multi-scale finite element modeling is developed. Finite element analysis on the load capacity of 3D five-directional braided composites helicopter arm is carried out using the software ABAQUS/Standard. The influences of the braiding angle and loading condition on the stress and strain distribution of the helicopter arm are simulated. The results show that the proposed multi-scale method is capable of accurately predicting the mechanical properties of 3D braided composites, validated by the comparison the stress-strain curves of meso-scale RVCs. Furthermore, it is found that the braiding angle is an important factor affecting the mechanical properties of 3D five-directional braided composite helicopter arm. Based on the optimized structure parameters, the nearly net-shaped composite helicopter arm is fabricated using a novel resin transfer mould (RTM) process.     

The effect of yarn distortion on the mechanical properties of 3D four-directional braided composites

A representative volume cell (RVC) is chosen to analyze the mechanical properties of 3D (3 dimensions) four-directional braided composites. Owing to braid yarns (an assembly of fibers) squeezing against each other in the braided composites, the braid yarns are distorted. Based on geometrical characteristics of the braided composites, cross-section of each braid yarn is supposed to be an octagon and divided into seven regions in the RVC. The distortion characteristics of yarns are considered in each region. Elastic properties of each region obtained by stochastic function theory are introduced into finite element model to calculate the mechanical properties of the RVC. The influences of yarn distortion on the stiffness and strength of the braided composites are obtained and discussed.     

含纤维束截面形状变化的三维编织复合材料细观模型及刚度预报

基于实验观察和理论研究, 重点分析了材料内部区域纤维束的空间构型, 建立了一个新的三维实体细观结构模型, 并指出了编织工艺参数和模型细观结构参数之间的关系。该模型较真实地反映了纤维束之间的相互挤压变形方式, 纤维束横截面积沿纤维束轴向不断变化, 更符合三维四向编织复合材料的实际结构。基于刚度体积平均及柔度体积平均混合思想, 建立了相应的刚度预报模型。用该模型计算编织复合材料几何特性及工程弹性常数的数值结果与试件实测数据吻合, 表明了该模型的合理有效性, 为进一步研究三维编织复合材料的拉伸强度及破坏机制提供了基础。     

二维二轴1×1编织复合材料细观结构模型及力学性能有限元分析

考虑纤维束相互挤压及横截面形状变化, 采用纤维束截面六边形假设, 建立了二维二轴1×1编织复合材料的参数化单胞结构模型。通过引入周期性位移边界条件, 基于细观有限元方法, 对编织材料的弹性性能进行预测, 讨论了编织角及纤维体积含量对面内弹性常数的影响, 并分析了典型载荷下单胞细观应力场分布。研究表明: 单胞结构模型有效反映了纤维束的空间构型和交织特征, 实现了不同编织工艺参数下模型的快速建立; 基于单胞有限元模型的弹性性能预测结果与试验结果较为吻合; 模型给出了单胞合理的应力场分布, 为二维编织复合材料的结构优化和损伤预测奠定基础。      

含界面相三维全五向编织复合材料拉伸行为模拟及失效机制研究

基于三维全五向（Q5D）编织复合材料的细观结构模型,通过引入界面相单元,建立了含界面相Q5D编织复合材料单轴拉伸损伤失效分析模型。应用Python语言实现对ABAQUS的二次开发,将Linde等提出的失效准则和Von-Mises应力准则分别用于纱线和基体的渐进损伤判断,并确定材料的整体失效模式;对于界面相,采用Quads准则进行损伤判断。利用周期性位移边界条件,对含界面相Q5D编织复合材料的纵向拉伸应力-应变行为进行了渐进损伤数值模拟,详细讨论了在纵向拉伸载荷作用下材料的细观损伤起始、扩展和最终失效的演化过程,分析了材料的细观损伤失效机制,预测了材料的极限破坏强度,并研究了界面相性能对材料整体力学行为的影响规律。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验值吻合较好,验证了渐进损伤模型的有效性,为该类材料的力学分析和优化设计奠定了基础。     

Meso-Scale Damage Simulation of 3D Braided Composites under Quasi-Static Axial Tension

The microstructure of 3D braided composites is composed of three phases: braiding yarn, matrix and interface. In this paper, a representative unit-cell (RUC) model including these three phases is established. Coupling with the periodical boundary condition, the damage behavior of 3D braided composites under quasi-static axial tension is simulated by using finite element method based on this RUC model. An anisotropic damage model based on Murakami damage theory is proposed to predict the damage evolution of yarns and matrix; a damage-friction combination interface constitutive model is adopted to predict the interface debonding behavior. A user material subroutine (VUMAT) involving these damage models is developed and implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit. The whole process of damage evolution of 3D braided composites under quasi-static axial tension with typical braiding angles is simulated, and the damage mechanisms are revealed in detail in the simulation process. The tensile strength properties of the braided composites are predicted from the calculated stress-strain curves. Numerical results agree with the available experiment data and thus validates the proposed damage analysis model. The effects of certain material parameters on the predicted stress-strain responses are also discussed by numerical parameter study.     

Micro-CT Characterization on the Meso-Structure of Three-Dimensional Full Five-Directional Braided Composite

The meso-structure is important in predicting mechanical properties of the three-dimensional (3D) braided composite. In this paper, the internal structure and porosity of three-dimensional full five-directional (3DF5D) braided composite is characterized at mesoscopic scale (the scale of the yarns) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) non-destructively. Glass fiber yarns as tracer are added into the sample made of carbon fiber to enhance the contrast in the sectional images. The model of tracer yarns is established with 3D reconstruction method to analyze the cross-section and path of yarns. The porosities are reconstructed and characterized in the end. The results demonstrate that the cross sections of braiding yarns and axial yarns change with the regions and the heights in one pitch of 3DF5D braided composites. The path of braiding yarns are various in the different regions while the axial yarns are always straight. Helical indentations appear on the surfaces of the axial yarns because of the squeeze from braiding yarns. Moreover, the porosities in different shapes and sizes are almost located in the matrix and between the yarns.     

Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Properties of 3D Four-directional Rectangular Braided Composites—Part 2: Validation of the 3D Finite Element Model

In the first part of the work, we have established a new parameterized three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) which precisely simulated the spatial configuration of the braiding yarns and considered the cross-section deformation as well as the surface contact relationship between the yarns. This paper presents a prediction of the effective elastic properties and the meso-scale mechanical response of 3D braided composites to verify the validation of the FEM. The effects of the braiding parameters on the mechanical properties are investigated in detail. By analyzing the deformation and stress nephogram of the model, a reasonable overall stress field is provided and the results well support the strength prediction. The results indicate it is convenient to predict all the elastic constants of 3D braided composites with different parameters simultaneously using the FEM. Moreover, the FEM can successfully predict the meso-scale mechanical response of 3D braided composites containing periodical structures.     

三维编织复合材料面内刚度和强度性能研究

以修正的经典层合板理论为基础, 分析三维编织复合材料的力学性能。在单胞的长度方向积分和平均, 预测编织结构复合材料的有效弹性模量; 采用蔡-胡多项式失效准则, 得到三维编织复合材料的强度性能。另外, 进行编织结构复合材料的力学性能实验, 探讨纺织工艺参数, 如纤维编织角、横向编织角、轴向纱数与编织纱数之比、纤维体积含量等对力学性能的影响, 理论预报和试验结果进行对比, 发现该力学模型能较好地预报三维编织复合材料的刚度和强度性能。      

BMI树脂RTM成型工艺性及其编织复合材料性能研究

对一种双马来酰亚胺树脂的树脂传递膜塑成型工艺性能及其二维编织复合材料的力学性能进行研究.结果发现:该BMI树脂在130～150℃之间,不仅具有低粘度,而且保持时间长,具有优异的RTM成型工艺性能.该树脂基编织复合材料不同方向力学性能不同,在编织角附近存在最大值.通过对其二维编织复合材料板的力学性能测试分析可知,采用传统的复合材料力学性能测试方法来评价二维编织复合材料的性能并不十分合适.     

三维四向编织复合材料有效性能的预报

根据三维四向编织复合材料中纤维束的空间几何结构特征, 建立了比较合理的三胞模型。模型中考虑了3种单胞各自纤维束的空间结构和弯曲, 同时引入纤维束填充因子来描述各类单胞中纤维束的不同截面形状对材料弹性常数的影响。基于刚度体平均方法, 建立了相应的刚度预报模型, 得到了三维四向编织复合材料的工程弹性常数。用细观力学方法分析了工艺参数和尺寸效应对材料有效性能的影响规律。不同尺寸试件的数值预报结果和实验结果吻合较好。      

Multi-Scaled Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Tubular Composites Reinforced with Innovated 3D Weft Knitted Spacer Fabrics

Textile composites of 3D integrated spacer configurations have been recently focused by several researchers all over the world. In the present study, newly-designed tubular composites reinforced with 3D spacer weft knitted fabrics were considered and the effects of their structural parameters on some applicable mechanical properties were investigated. For this purpose, two different samples of 3D spacer weft knitted textile types in tubular form were produced on an electronic flat knitting machine, using glass/nylon hybrid yarns. Thermoset tubular-shaped composite parts were manufactured via vacuum infusion molding process using epoxy resin. The mechanical properties of the produced knitted composites in term of external static and internal hydrostatic pressures were evaluated. Resistance of the produced composites against the external static and internal hydrostatic pressures was numerically simulated using multi-scale modeling method. The finding revealed that there is acceptable correlation between experimental and theoretical results.     

碳纤维三维立体织物中纤维表面改性的均一化研究

采用阳极氧化法对碳纤维三维织物进行了表面处理。通过复合材料的界面强度、抗冲击性能和抗压性能,研究了阳极氧化处理工艺参数对碳纤维三维织物复合材料性能的影响。实验结果表明该方法不仅能对三维织物表层的碳纤维进行表面改性, 而且能深入织物内部, 实现对碳纤维三维织物的均一化处理, 从而使碳纤维三维织物/酚醛复合材料的界面强度均得到大幅度提高, 复合材的整体性能得到改善。      

三维四步编织复合材料刚度和强度的数值模拟

为了研究三维四步法编织复合材料的力学性能,利用ANSYS有限元软件对材料的细观体胞模型进行数值模拟,计算三维编织复合材料的宏观弹性常数,讨论了纤维编织角和体积比对弹性常数的影响。采用不同的强度准则分别对纤维束和基体材料进行强度校核,从而得到材料发生破坏时失效单元的体积百分比。根据失效单元的分布情况分析材料的破坏机理,进而预报材料的拉伸强度。模拟计算结果与实验值吻合较好。     

Investigation on the Bearing Abilities of Three-Dimensional Full Five-Directional Braided Composites with Cut-Edge

The longitudinal tensile experiments of cut-edge effect on the mechanical performance of three-dimensional full five-directional (3DF5D) braided composites were conducted. The specimens involved two different braiding angles and two different cutting ways. Fracture appearance of specimens without cut-edge and cutting along width direction presented flush, while explosive for specimen with cut-edge along thickness direction. The fracture of axis yarns mainly contributed to the damage of specimens. Cut-edge had little influence on the stiffness of 3DF5D braided composites and had approximately 20 % reduction in tensile strength compared with specimens without cut-edge. The periodic boundary conditions under cut-edge and uncut-edge situations were applied to the RVC to simulate the mesoscopic damage mechanism using finite element method. The stress–strain curves and damage evolution nephogram were obtained. The variation of cut-edge effect with the number of inner cells was predicted by superimposing inner cells method, the addition of inner cells could strengthen the performance of 3DF5D braided composites with cut-edge. These results will play an important role in evaluating the mechanical properties of braided materials after cutting.     

三维六向编织复合材料弹性性能理论预测

在三维六向编织物纱线运动规律的基础上, 建立了单胞模型, 推导了编织参数之间的数学关系。基于该模型, 采用改进的刚度平均化方法, 导出了三维六向编织复合材料的工程弹性常数, 分析了编织角和纤维体积含量对弹性性能的影响。结果表明, 三维六向编织复合材料具有良好的力学性能, 由于面内纬纱的加入, 使面内的力学性能得到了提高。      

三维编织复合材料悬臂梁的振动特性

基于三维四向和五向编织复合材料的细观结构和单胞模型, 对三维四步法矩形截面编织复合材料悬臂梁的振动阻尼性能进行了理论分析, 研究了编织角、 纤维体积分数等工艺参数对材料振动阻尼特性的影响, 并与实验结果进行了对比。对三细胞模型进行了改进, 采用混合律得到了材料的总体刚度, 进而得到一阶固有频率。此外, 还分别计算了一个周期内不同走向纱线和基体振动消耗的能量, 以及总振动能量, 得到了材料的损耗因子。结果表明, 对于三维四向和五向编织复合材料, 一阶固有频率随编织角的增加而减小, 随纤维体积分数的增加而增大; 而损耗因子随编织角的增加而增大, 随纤维体积分数的增加而减小, 并表现出明显的非线性变化规律。      

热氧老化对碳纤维织物增强聚合物基复合材料弯曲性能的影响

为了探索增强体结构对碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(CF-PMCs)热氧老化后弯曲性能的影响,对三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧复合材料(简称为三维编织复合材料)和层合平纹碳布/环氧复合材料(简称为层合复合材料)的热氧老化性能进行了研究。利用FTIR、老化失重、弯曲测试和SEM等手段分析了热氧老化前后的试样。结果表明:热氧老化导致基体树脂的氧化断链以及纤维/基体界面结合力的退化是两种复合材料弯曲强度和弯曲模量下降的原因,弯曲强度比弯曲模量更容易受热氧老化的影响。在相同的热氧老化条件下,层合复合材料的热氧老化失重大于三维编织复合材料的,而三维编织复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量保留率均大于层合复合材料的。在140℃下老化1 200h后,层合复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量保留率分别为74.7%和88.3%,而对应的三维编织复合材料的分别为79.4%和91.5%。因此,采用三维编织预制件作为CF-PMCs的增强体是一种有效的提高其热氧稳定性的方法。