封面图片说明

封面图片出自论文“工艺参数对7075铝合金板材时效成形性的影响”。为了从微观上探索工艺参数对7075铝合金时效成形后室温拉伸性能的影响情况,对不同时效制度下成形后试件的拉伸断口进行断裂刃口形貌观察。这幅图片为7075铝合金板材在时效制度为180℃／12 h下时效成形后试样的拉伸断口微观扫描形貌,可以看出,断口形貌主要由韧窝组成,并存在高低不一的剪切台阶,韧窝是等轴的,大小不均匀,在高倍扫描下可观察到尺寸较大的韧窝底部残存一些破碎的第二相颗粒,这些说明粗大第二相引发的韧窝断裂是过时效后期的主要断裂方式。该图片反映了过时效后期粗大第二相颗粒析出诱发的韧窝断裂。     

汽车用2024-T351铝合金的动态力学行为各向异性

采用拉伸机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及光学显微镜(OM)等研究了汽车用2024-T351铝合金的动态力学行为各向异性与微观组织演变。结果表明,2024-T351铝合金表现出明显的各向异性且应变率对力学性能与微观组织有一定的影响。相同应变率下,0°方向上的应力最大,45°方向上的应力最小。在0°方向上,合金的抗拉强度随应变率的增加变化相对较小,而屈服强度、延伸率和断面收缩率呈现先增加后保持不变最后持续增加的趋势;在45°和90°方向上,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率与断面收缩率均随着应变率的提高呈现先增加后保持不变最后持续增加的趋势;90°方向相比于其他两个方向有着更强的应变率敏感性。拟合得到三个方向上的Johnson-Cook本构方程,其可以很好地预测2024-T351铝合金在各个方向上的动态力学行为。所有试样断口表面均有大小不一的韧窝,且应变率越高形成的韧窝就会越大且越深。断后晶粒尺寸与方向和应变率基本无关,但晶粒纵横比受方向和应变率的影响较大。     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸行为研究

目的 研究5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接（FSW）的组织、力学性能和拉伸应变,分析接头的拉伸行为。方法 采用数码相机、光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜等表征分析方法,对焊缝的表面宏观成形、微观组织、断口形貌进行分析;利用拉伸机、三维数字动态散斑应变测量分析系统和显微维氏硬度计对接头的力学性能和拉伸应变进行测试。结果 不同焊接工艺参数下FSW接头的最低抗拉强度为305 MPa,断后延伸率达到了14%以上;焊核区拉伸应变沿板厚方向呈现上高下低和上宽下窄的不均匀梯度分布,发生了较大程度的变形强化,直到拉伸应力达到抗拉强度。断裂失效前300/120接头的最大拉伸应变在晶粒粗大的母材区,500/120和500/200接头的最大拉伸应变则位于晶粒尺寸差异较大的后退侧焊核区与热力影响区交界处。接头拉伸断口宏观上均为45°剪切韧性断裂,微观上均以韧窝韧性断裂为主,而高热输入500/120接头出现脆性断裂特征,其延伸率明显降低。结论 高热力耦合输入使铝合金FSW接头薄弱区发生转变,强韧性降低。     

温度对退火态6.5%Si-Fe热轧合金塑性的影响

本文研究了退火态 6 .5 %Si Fe热轧合金在不同温度下拉伸时的力学性能 ,并观察了拉伸断口形貌及退火态 6 .5 %Si Fe热轧合金的金相组织。结果表明 ,经 75 0℃保温 140min后 ,6 .5 %Si Fe热轧合金的层状组织消除 ;其断裂模式随拉伸温度的升高迅速由解理断裂向韧性断裂转变 ;在 2 0 0℃拉伸时 ,为纯解理断口 ,此时该合金即具有高达 2 6 %的延伸率 ;但是在 2 0 0℃ - 40 0℃温区 ,延伸率未随温度的升高而显著增大 ,其断口形貌为解理 +韧窝的混合断口 ;在 5 0 0℃拉伸时 ,为纯韧窝断口 ,其延伸率可达 43 %     

弥散强化对PtRh10高温力学性能及微观形貌的影响

通过对弥散强化的铂铑10合金(4GC1-QPR10)和普通铂铑10合金(4GC1-PR10)进行1 400℃高温拉伸试验和蠕变断裂寿命试验,并用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和分析断口附近的表面形貌、金相以及断口的微观组织结构,对比性地研究了二者在高温环境下的力学性能及微观组织变化,结果表明,在1 400℃的高温拉伸和蠕变断裂寿命试验中,4GC1-QPR10的抗拉强度和屈服强度均明显高于4GC1-PR10,并保持相对高的延伸率,且在恒定载荷下,蠕变断裂寿命提升明显;4GC1-PR10晶粒严重长大,而4GC1-QPR10断口附近的晶粒仍然保持着纤维状组织,晶粒未明显长大;4GC1-QPR10和4GC1-PR10断口均为韧窝状,但4GC1-PR10断口处韧窝尺寸大小不均匀,而4GC1-QPR10断口处韧窝细小、密集,并在韧窝中或是韧窝周围均匀地分布着第二相颗粒。     

7A60铝合金ECAP过程第二相演化行为及机理

采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜以及光学显微镜等手段对等径角挤压(ECAP)变形前后7A60铝合金多元合金相的演化进行研究。结果表明,轧制态7A60铝合金内部主要存在MgZn_2、Al_2Cu相,等径角挤压工艺可以明显地碎化合金内部的第二相,改善其分布的均匀性;随着变形道次的增加,基体中粗大第二相沿剪切方向发生明显碎化,第二相发生回溶,四道次ECAP变形后第二相碎化成球状,尺寸由5~20μm碎化到1μm左右;初始态7A60铝合金抗拉强度为305MPa,随着变形道次的增加,合金的强度增强,四道后7A60铝合金的抗拉强度为492MPa;拉伸断口表现为韧性断裂,第二相对韧窝的形状和尺寸起决定性作用。     

钛铝合金板材压印成形及接头力学性能实验研究

对钛合金(TA1)和铝合金(Al5052)板材组合进行压印连接的可行性进行了研究,发现压印连接可以有效地实现TA1-TA1组合和Al5052-TA1组合的连接。对所获得的接头进行准静态力学性能测试,并运用扫描电子显微镜对接头拉伸断口进行微观分析。结果表明,压印连接时,钛合金和铝合金的组合能够获得成形性较好的压印接头,TA1-TA1接头的最大载荷和失效位移较Al5052-TA1接头提高了303.8%和49.4%,这两种接头静态失效形式相似,为上板颈部材料首先被破坏,产生裂纹,之后裂纹沿周向逐渐扩展,最终导致整个压印接头断裂。由微观断口可以判断TAl-TA1接头断口处呈现准解理和韧窝形貌,即同时具有韧性断裂和脆性断裂的特征;Al5052-TA1接头断口处呈现直径和深度较大的拉长韧窝,即为韧性断裂。     

5083/6063异种铝合金焊接头的低温拉伸性能研究

采用拉伸试验机,研究了5083/6063异种铝合金对接焊焊接头低温拉伸力学性能,通过扫描电子显微镜,对拉伸断口的组织形貌进行了观察分析。研究结果表明:实验温度为298 K、113 K、77 K时,抗拉强度依次为129 MPa、175 MPa、220.5 MPa,抗拉强度随温度降低而增大,延伸率随温度降低有稍微提高。对低温断口的微观形貌分析,断口呈现韧窝形貌,断口分析为韧性断裂。     

双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸性能及微观组织

利用温拉伸实验和金相实验,系统研究了双相钢激光拼焊板温拉伸过程中温度、拉伸性能及微观组织三者之间的相互关系.结果表明:随着温度的升高,双相钢激光拼焊板真实应力-应变曲线下降,抗拉强度降低,延伸率升高;温拉伸条件下双相钢激光拼焊板的断裂位置处于焊缝部位,且焊缝组织发生明显变化,随着温度的升高,焊缝中的树枝晶逐渐消失,板条马氏体最终转变为细小的等轴状铁素体;不同温度下焊缝拉伸断口均为韧窝断裂,且随着温度升高,韧窝尺寸变大,深度变深.     

汽车高强钢SG1000激光复合焊接力学性能研究

目的 针对汽车高强钢SG1000焊接接头恶化等问题,研究了SG1000激光复合焊接的力学性能。方法 选用等强匹配焊丝MG90-G对高强钢SG1000进行激光复合焊接,对焊接接头进行拉伸和低温冲击韧性试验,并结合扫描和硬度监测等手段对焊缝组织和断口形貌进行分析。结果 由于激光的预热作用,高强钢SG1000激光复合焊接成形件的焊缝美观,焊接过程稳定可靠,焊接熔池深度较大,有效改善了传统焊接的咬边、飞溅、气孔等缺陷。焊缝组织主要由板条马氏体和奥氏体晶粒组成,热影响区的过热区内部板条马氏体和奥氏体晶粒比较粗大,而焊接母材主要为细小的板条马氏体和奥氏体晶粒。焊接拉伸断口主要为细小且较浅的韧窝,且韧窝底部存在第二相粒子及夹杂物,焊接拉伸断口断裂于热影响区且微观形貌为韧性断裂;冲击微观形貌主要由准解理小平面及河流花样组成,且存在一定数量大小不一的韧窝交错分布,焊接冲击断口断裂于热影响区且微观形貌也为韧性断裂。结论 焊缝热影响区的晶粒比非热影响区的晶粒粗大,拉伸和冲击断裂均发生于热影响区;随着激光功率的增大,复合焊接接头的力学性能呈现逐渐增强的趋势;随着焊接速度的增大,复合焊接接头的力学性能呈现先增强后削弱的趋势。高强钢SG1000激光复合焊接最佳工艺参数如下:激光功率为9.5 kW,焊接速度为0.8 m/min,对应屈服强度为1 072 MPa,抗拉强度为1 175 MPa,断裂伸长率为13.5%,冲击断裂吸收的能量为30.8 J、焊缝中心显微硬度为342 HV。     

Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of explosive welded 2205/X65 bimetallic sheet

In this study, microstructural inhomogeneity and mechanical properties of explosive welded 2205 stainless steel/X65 pipe steel bimetallic sheets were investigated. The explosion-bonded 2205/X65 bimetallic sheets had good shear strength. The tensile shear fracture primarily occurred in the interior of X65 material and primarily exhibited dimple morphology. Fine crystal grains in the 0.5–2 μm range were found all over the narrow localized melted zone near the 2205/X65 interface, whereas a coarse columnar crystal structure growing along the perpendicular direction to the interface formed in the wider localized melted zone. Quasi-cleavage fracture morphology was observed in the coarse columnar crystal region after the stratified tensile test. The junction of the three regions near the interface with large differences in morphology was the weak point in the bimetallic sheet, where Y-shaped cracking easily occurred under a loading force. Stratified tensile test and micro-hardness tests for the explosively welded bimetallic sheet showed that severe hardening occurred in the 2205 cladding, and the most severe metal hardening occurred near the interface. Tests for 45° face bending and root bending tests were conducted under extreme conditions. The results showed that voids were prone to appeared in the peninsula and island morphologies near the interface.     

Velocity of shear waves in an initially stressed incompressible anisotropic medium

The paper aims at the study of propagation of shear waves in an initially stressed anisotropic medium. The velocity equation is obtained and it is seen that the velocity of propagation depends upon the direction of propagation, the anisotropic factor and also on the initial stresses. Numerical computation indicates that the initial compressive stress diminishes the velocity of a shear wave which propagates along the direction 0° to 45° but increases it along the direction 45° to 90°. The reverse effect is obtained when initial stress is tensile. The anisotropy increases the velocity and even in the absence of initial stresses the velocity of the wave depends on the direction of propagation.     

2219铝合金TIG和FSW接头力学及疲劳性能

目的 研究钨极氩弧焊(TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对2219铝合金(母材)力学及疲劳性能的影响。方法 通过拉伸试验，得到了母材、TIG和FSW接头的抗拉强度和伸长率;通过疲劳性能试验测试了母材、TIG和FSW接头在不同应力下相应的疲劳寿命，根据疲劳试验结果绘制了其试样的S-N曲线;使用扫描电子显微镜观察并分析了疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 未焊接的铝合金母材抗拉强度和伸长率最高，分别为506 MPa和15.92%;TIG接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为330 MPa和7.65%，FSW接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为310 MPa和8.74%。母材、TIG和FSW接头等3种疲劳试样在2×10⁶次循环下的疲劳强度分别为129、108、115 MPa，其疲劳断口均可分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和瞬间断裂区，疲劳裂纹分别起始于试样表面的局部变形区、第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷。疲劳裂纹扩展区的主要形貌为疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹，瞬间断裂区以脆性断裂为主。结论 TIG和FSW等2种焊接工艺均导致了2219铝合金的强度、塑韧性和疲劳性能降低，其接头表面的第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

Ti-22Al-23Nb-1Mo-1Zr合金环锻件组织演变及力学行为EI北大核心CSCD

以五元系Ti_(2)AlNb合金Ti-22Al-23Nb-1Mo-1Zr(原子分数/%)环锻件为研究对象,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和力学性能检测设备,研究合金在不同固溶温度(850,880,900℃)+750℃时效处理工艺下的组织演变、拉伸性能及断裂行为。结果表明:固溶处理后,随固溶温度的增加,细片层O相易固溶于B2相基体中,粗片层O相逐渐粗化,O相体积分数下降;后经时效处理后,有少量细片层O相从B2相基体中析出,粗片层O相进一步粗化,O相体积分数趋于一致;合金强度随固溶温度增加呈下降趋势,而塑性呈上升趋势;拉伸断口形貌为典型解理和韧窝混合断裂的准解理特征,纵向断口存在微裂纹、滑移特征以及沿拉伸方向伸长的弯曲片层O相;位错在B2/O相界塞积,片层O相尺寸细小,能够有效减小位错滑移距离,使得合金强化作用较强。     

Mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of composite laminates with classical fabric stacking patterns

In the design of composite materials, the properties and failure modes/mechanisms are always of the main concern. In this work, the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of composite laminates with classical fabric stacking patterns ([(0, 90)]₈ and [(0, 90)/(±?45)]₄) were systematically investigated through mechanical experiments and FEM (finite element method) numerical simulations. The results show that the tensile modulus and bending modulus of the laminates were reduced by 22.2% and 37% after partially changing the stacking angle to?±?45°, but corresponding elongation and bending displacement were increased by 8.8% and 11.7%, respectively. Bending failure mode changes from complete fracture to partial fracture. Meanwhile, the delamination damage and tow peeling from the matrix increase significantly. FEM simulations on tensile and bending processes of the composites indicate that the?±?45° stacking angle leads to the change of the axial stress direction from S_X (0°) to S_Y (±?45°), which is difficult to be observed from mechanical experiments. The FEM simulation provides a cost effective and efficient way for the structural visual optimization design and failure prediction of the actual composite materials.

     

Shear strength of polymers and fibre composites: 2. carbon/epoxy pultrusions

Pultrusions were made with carbon fibres and an epoxy resin. Three different curing agents were used, so that the matrices were resins with different glass transition temperatures. The composites were tested for shear strength at different temperatures, so that the effect of the resin shear strength on composite shear strength could be observed, with a fixed fibre architecture. It was found that the composite was always much stronger than the resin both for the 0 and 90° fracture modes. The 90° fracture surfaces contained many broken fibres, and shear hackles were observed in the resin-rich regions. These suggested that shear failure (rather than tensile failure) took place in the Iosipescu test for the 90° specimens. It was concluded that the fibre architecture played a dominant role in the composite shear strength, with interphase effects being involved also.     

Forming and fracture limits of aluminium alloy

Abstract

Forming and fracture limits of an AA 3104-H19 aluminium alloy sheet were studied by hydraulic bulging and Marciniak type deep drawing and tensile tests. The alloy appeared to be highly anisotropic, exhibiting distinctly different fracture patterns in the rolling and transverse directions. The preferred fracture direction was transverse to the rolling direction. In the tensile test, samples loaded in the rolling direction failed transverse to the rolling direction, but in the transverse direction, the fracture was inclined at ～55° to the tensile axis. In some cases, two such competing fractures in the characteristic directions could be observed. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed a typical ductile fracture pattern. The fracture occurred by shearing in the through thickness direction, and typical alternating shear lips in a direction inclined at ～45° to the through thickness direction could be observed. Forming limit diagrams for both rolling and transverse directions were determined from the experiments. The measured limit strains in uniaxial tension were predicted well by the modified Rice–Tracey theory, but in equibiaxial tension, the theory overestimated the fracture limit strains.     

扭转圈数对高压扭转SiC_P/Al复合材料界面扩散行为和组织性能的影响

采用OM和EDS研究不同扭转圈数下高压扭转法制备SiC_P/Al复合材料的显微组织和界面扩散行为,并结合组织特点和界面特征分析扭转圈数对复合材料拉伸性能和断裂机理的影响。结果表明:扭转圈数的增加可以有效提高SiC颗粒分布的均匀性,闭合孔隙,界面处Al元素扩散能力增强,扩散距离增大,Al扩散系数实际计算值较理论值增大了10~(17)倍,形成以元素扩散和界面反应为主的强界面结合,试样抗拉强度和伸长率不断提高,少量的SiC颗粒均匀分布在断口韧窝中,断裂主要以基体的韧性断裂为主;当扭转圈数较大时,SiC颗粒在剧烈剪切作用下破碎加剧,颗粒"再生团聚"导致孔隙率增大,潜在裂纹源增多,形成大量结合强度较低的断裂新生界面,试样抗拉强度和伸长率显著降低,在团聚位置易形成尺寸较大的深坑韧窝,复合材料断裂呈现韧性断裂与脆性断裂的混合模式。     

Evolution behavior of δ phase in Cu12Sn2Ni alloy and the corresponding effects on alloy property

With the increase of tin content in tin bronze, the rise of δ phase made the strength, hardness of tin bronze increase and the ductility decrease sharply, that difficult to process. In this paper, the Cu12Sn2Ni alloy was prepared by centrifugal casting, the microstructure and phase formation before and after heat treatment were observed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the as-cast sample microstructure was composed of equiaxed grains rather than coarse dendrites. centrifugal casting inhibits tin diffusion to form metastable phase β′-Cu_13.7Sn. The as-cast sample had good deformability and its tensile strength and elongation were 381.9 MPa and 12.4 %, respectively, which are higher than the mechanical properties of gravity casting. The tensile strength and elongation of the sample after furnace cooling at 620 °C/8 min are 439.5 MPa and 24.4 %, respectively, the increase was 16.6 % and 85.07 %, compared with the as-cast samples, due to the solid solution strengthening, the second phase strengthening and the homogenization of the microstructure.