复合熔盐法合成Li4Ti5O（12）及其电化学性能研究

采用LiOH-LiNO3复合熔盐合成锂离子电池负极材料尖晶石结构Li4Ti5O12,应用XRD、SEM、CV以及恒流充放电测试等手段对所合成材料进行了结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,当反应物中n(Li):n(Ti)=4时合成的样品为纯的尖晶石相Li4Ti5O12,合成所需时间短、熔盐比例低.以电流密度15mA/g进行恒流充放电测试,其首次放电比容量为164.4mAh/g,电压平台宽,平台电压为1.55V.循环15周后放电比容量为156.7mAh/g,容量保持率为95.3%,循环性能优良.     

高性能自支撑不锈钢网@MoS2锂离子电池负极材料

为了提高MoS₂作为Li离子电池负极材料整体的导电性和稳定性,将纳米化的MoS₂与其它导电性好的材料进行复合,通过水热法在导电基底不锈钢网(Stainless steel net, SS)上原位合成了一层MoS₂纳米花,制备了无粘结剂的自支撑结构的SS@MoS₂负极材料。纳米花状的MoS₂和导电性优异的SS提高了电子和Li离子的扩散速率,同时改善了电极的反应动力学。当作为Li离子电池负极材料时,SS@MoS₂电极表现出优异的储Li性能,特别是具有显著的大倍率充放电性能,即在1 000 mA/g的大电流密度下循环600次,比容量仍保持在862.1 mA·h/g。      

锂离子电池中高容量硅铝/碳复合负极材料的制备与性能研究

锂离子电池用高容量负极材料普遍存在首次不可逆容量高、循环性能差等问题. 本文采用高温固相法制备了硅铝/碳锂离子电池负极材料, 制备出的复合负极材料的比容量远高于目前锂离子电池普遍使用的中间相碳微球, 循环寿命则优于同粒度的硅单体为活性中心的硅碳复合材料. Al引入Si/C复合材料中, 有效抑制了材料的首次嵌锂深度,且减缓了电压滞后现象. 制备的复合负极材料首次可逆容量达到600mAh/g, 首次充放电效率在85\%以上, 25次循环后容量仍保持90%以上.     

原位合成壳聚糖复合炭材料及其在铅碳电池中的应用

以壳聚糖、氧化铅为原料,利用原位合成方法,制备复合炭材料。通过X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电镜和电子能谱仪、比表面仪、拉曼光谱仪等方法对复合炭材料进行表征,结果表明:壳聚糖为碳源的复合炭材料具有非晶态结构,孔径分布集中在5~10nm,比表面积高达487.4m2/g,适合作为Pb-C电池负极材料使用;将原位合成壳聚糖复合炭材料或者炭黑材料与析氢抑制剂、黏结剂、膨胀剂等电池添加剂混合成涂膏,分别组装成Pb-C模拟电池,利用电化学测量技术和电池性能测试系统评价Pb-C电池电化学性能,结果表明:以原位合成壳聚糖复合炭材料作为负极材料制成的Pb-C电池负极板,比以炭黑为碳源制备的负极材料具有更好的电化学性能,电阻较小,其循环伏安测试的比电容为162.9F/g,首次放电平台更长,最终容量达到108.72mAh/g,壳聚糖为碳源时比容量为理论比容量的98%,且10000次循环几乎没有衰减。     

锂离子电池用硅/石墨/碳复合负极材料的电化学性能

采用湿法混料及高温热解法制备了锂离子电池用硅/石墨/碳复合负极材料,并研究了不同配方的复合材料结构及电化学性能。研究发现,硅含量为20%(质量分数)时,复合材料首次可逆容量为865mAh/g,循环30次后仍为757mAh/g,容量保持率可达88%,大大改善了硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。     

锌锡锑三元合金纳米微粒的制备及贮锂性能

用化学还原-共沉淀法合成了锂离子电池纳米锌锡锑三元合金负极材料ZnSnSb2。通过XRD、TEM和电化学测试对材料进行了表征。所制备的材料粒径大小分布在5-15nm之间。在充放电电压为1.5V到0V范围内,初始可逆充电容量为708mAh/g,经过20周的循环后,充电容量保持为82.1%。充放电电压范围为0.9V到0V时,初始可逆充电容量为329mAh/g,经过20次充放电循环后,可逆充电容量仍然保持在95.7%。由于材料中非活性物质Li3Sb的作用以及材料所具有的纳米结构,使其循环性能大大提高。     

V2C@MoS2复合材料的制备及其储锂性能研究

由于较高的理论容量,二硫化钼(MoS_2)是一种具有良好应用前景的锂离子电池负极材料;然而其也存在导电性较差和结构不稳定等问题。本文采用一步水热法将MoS_2原位生长在V_2C-MXene的表面,制备出了V_2C@MoS_2复合材料。利用XRD、SEM、TEM对制备的复合材料进行了结构表征,并采用循环伏安(CV)法、恒电流充放电法和交流阻抗法分析了该复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,实验制得了结晶度良好的MoS_2纳米片,且均匀的负载在V_2C的表面;同时,掺杂的V_2C极大地提高了复合材料的导电性和结构稳定性,使V_2C@MoS_2作为锂离子电池负极材料表现出了优异的电化学性能,在50mA/g的电流密度下,循环50次后依然能保持524.4 mAh/g的可逆比容量,并且在1 A/g的大电流密度下,依然具有258.1 mAh/g的可逆比容量。     

冷冻干燥辅助法制备具有增强储锂性能的介孔NiMoO4纳米簇

采用一种简便、绿色的冷冻干燥法制备介孔NiMoO4纳米簇.作为锂离子电池负极材料,介孔NiMoO4纳米簇展现出较高的比容量和倍率性能,在0.2 A/g的电流密度下循环100圈,其可逆容量维持在1104.8 mAh/g,每圈容量损失仅0.09％.即使在1.0 A/g和2.0 A/g的电流密度下,其可逆容量依然能分别维持在664.7mAh/g和468.4 mAh/g.此外,以介孔NiMoO4纳米簇为负极、商用LiFePO4为正极组装所得的全电池,在0.1 C(1 C=170 mA/g)下,容量稳定在152.1 mAh/g.介孔NiMoO4纳米簇电化学性能的提高与其独特的介孔结构、较短的锂离子扩散途径密切相关.本工作为设计高储锂性能多孔电极材料提供一个新的视角.     

钒酸锰负极材料的制备及其性能

本研究通过流变相反应-热解法制备了碳包覆钒酸锰锂离子电池负极材料,通过XRD、TEM和电化学测试对材料进行了表征.所制备的材料微观组织呈不规则的短圆柱形和球形,其直径分布在30～50 nm之间,短圆柱形颗粒长度在200 nm左右.在充放电电压为3.0 V到0.02 V范围内,当充放电电流为0.1 A/g时,钒酸锰负极材料首次可逆充电容量为876 mAh/g,经过100次充放电循环后,可逆充电容量为843 mAh/g;以2.0 A/g的大电流充放电时,可逆充电容量仍然保持在334 mAh/g左右,表现出较优秀的大电流充放电能力.     

三维石墨烯纳米球的制备及其在锂离子电池中的应用

采用直流电弧放电法制备出一种三维石墨烯纳米球材料。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射光谱(XRD)等测试方法对三维石墨烯纳米球的形貌和结构进行了表征和研究。通过交流阻抗(EIS)、恒流充放电和循环稳定性测试等电化学测试手段来研究三维石墨烯纳米球作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明, 在电流密度为0.05 A/g下, 三维石墨烯纳米球作为锂离子电池负极材料的首次放电容量为485.9 mAh/g, 高于炭黑作负极的放电容量(401 mAh/g); 当电流密度为1 A/g时, 三维石墨烯纳米球负极材料仍然具有185.4 mAh/g的放电容量。在电流密度分别为0.5 A/g和2.5 A/g下, 充放电循环100次以后, 三维石墨烯纳米球的比容量几乎没有衰减, 这表明三维石墨烯纳米球作为锂离子电池的负极材料比炭黑具有更大的容量, 同时具有优异的循环稳定性。     

Electrochemical properties of Super P carbon black as an anode active material for lithium-ion batteries

A new approach to investigate upon the electrochemical properties of Super P carbon black anode material is attempted and compared with conventional mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers (MPCFs) anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The prepared Super P carbon black electrodes are characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The assembled 2032-type coin cells are electrochemically characterized by ac impedance spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric methods. The electrochemical performance of charge and discharge was analyzed using a battery cycler at 0.1 C rate and cut-off potentials of 1.20 and 0.01 V vs. Li/Li⁺. The electrochemical test illustrates that the discharge capacity corresponding to Li intercalation into the Super P carbon black electrode is higher and coulombic efficiency is maintained approximately 84% at the end of the 20th cycling at room temperature.     

Comparative study of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 cathode material synthesized via different synthetic routes for asymmetric electrochemical capacitor applications

Layered Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ cathode materials were synthesized by different synthesis routes using carbonate and hydroxide co-precipitation methods. Physical properties of the prepared Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ varied depending on the synthesis method employed. These materials were applied as a positive electrode to an asymmetric electrochemical capacitor with activated carbon as the negative electrode and the electrochemical properties of the capacitor were studied. Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ prepared by the carbonate co-precipitation exhibited higher capacitance and better rate capability with stable cycling retention over 500 cycles than Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ prepared by the hydroxide co-precipitation. The asymmetric electrochemical capacitor (AEC) cell (AC/Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂) had a voltage slope from 0.2 to 2.2 V and delivered a capacity of 60 F g⁻¹ with a capacity retention of 88.4% during 500 cycles based on the overall active materials weight. The leakage current was largely decreased for the asymmetric electrochemical capacitor and the maintained voltage was 84.4% during 3 days.     

A High Energy and Power Li‐Ion Capacitor Based on a TiO2 Nanobelt Array Anode and a Graphene Hydrogel Cathode

A novel hybrid Li‐ion capacitor (LIC) with high energy and power densities is constructed by combining an electrochemical double layer capacitor type cathode (graphene hydrogels) with a Li‐ion battery type anode (TiO₂ nanobelt arrays). The high power source is provided by the graphene hydrogel cathode, which has a 3D porous network structure and high electrical conductivity, and the counter anode is made of free‐standing TiO₂ nanobelt arrays (NBA) grown directly on Ti foil without any ancillary materials. Such a subtle designed hybrid Li‐ion capacitor allows rapid electron and ion transport in the non‐aqueous electrolyte. Within a voltage range of 0.0?3.8 V, a high energy of 82 Wh kg^?1 is achieved at a power density of 570 W kg^?1. Even at an 8.4 s charge/discharge rate, an energy density as high as 21 Wh kg^?1 can be retained. These results demonstrate that the TiO₂ NBA//graphene hydrogel LIC exhibits higher energy density than supercapacitors and better power density than Li‐ion batteries, which makes it a promising electrochemical power source.     

基于高比容钽粉的聚合物片式电容器制备工艺研究

针对比容为50000～70000μF.V/g的较高比容钽粉,研究了导电聚合物聚3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩(PE-DOT)作为阴极材料的有机片式固体钽电解电容器的制备工艺,通过调整阳极体制备及阴极被覆工艺等参数实现了PEDOT在高比容钽块表面的有效被覆,获得了各项性能参数良好的聚合物片式钽电解电容器。重点研究了压制密度、形成电流密度等参数及分段被膜工艺对聚合物片式固体钽电容器容量引出、等效串联电阻、漏电流等性能的影响,并讨论了相应的电容器工作机理。     

Toward efficient binders for Li-ion battery Si-based anodes: polyacrylic acid

Si-based Li-ion battery anodes offer specific capacity an order of magnitude beyond that of conventional graphite. However, the formation of stable Si anodes is a challenge because of significant volume changes occurring during their electrochemical alloying and dealloying with Li. Binder selection and optimization may allow significant improvements in the stability of Si-based anodes. Most studies of Si anodes have involved the use of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binders. Herein, we show for the first time that pure poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), possessing certain mechanical properties comparable to those of CMC but containing a higher concentration of carboxylic functional groups, may offer superior performance as a binder for Si anodes. We further show the positive impact of carbon coating on the stability of the anode. The carbon-coated Si nanopowder anodes, tested between 0.01 and 1 V vs Li/Li+ and containing as little as 15 wt % of PAA, showed excellent stability during the first hundred cycles. The results obtained open new avenues to explore a novel series of binders from the polyvinyl acids (PVA) family.     

锂离子电池负极材料钛酸锂的研究进展

锂离子电池作为一种动力能源, 在电动汽车和各种储能系统中有着良好的应用前景。尖晶石结构的钛酸锂(Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)负极材料具有较高的脱嵌锂电位平台、优异的循环稳定性、以及突出的安全性能, 被认为是一种非常有潜力的锂离子电池负极材料, 在锂离子动力电池中具有巨大的发展潜力。然而, 尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂存在着本征导电率低, 理论容量小等缺陷, 极大地限制了其规模化应用, 需要进一步改善和提高。本文总结了尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料在结构形貌、制备方法和性能方面的研究进展, 深入分析和讨论了离子掺杂、碳表面改性和纳米化等改性方法对尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂综合电化学性能的改善效果, 并展望了尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂作为锂离子电池负极材料未来的发展方向。     

金属铋纳米颗粒原位修饰碳纳米管促进锂均匀沉积

锂金属具有高理论比容量和低电化学电位, 是发展高能量密度电池最有吸引力的负极材料之一。然而, 锂金属负极在反复的沉积/剥离过程中, 不可避免地会出现不规则的锂枝晶生长, 这将严重影响锂金属电池的循环寿命和使用安全性。本研究发展了一种简单温和的策略, 在碳纳米管上原位修饰铋纳米颗粒, 并涂覆在商业铜箔表面用作锂金属负极的集流体。研究表明, 原位修饰的铋纳米颗粒可显著促进锂均匀沉积, 抑制锂枝晶生长, 从而提高锂金属电池的电化学性能。在电流密度为1 mA·cm^-2的条件下, 基于Bi@CNT/Cu集流体的锂铜电池循环300圈后库仑效率可稳定在98%。基于Li@Bi@CNT/Cu负极的对称电池可稳定循环1000 h。基于Bi@CNT/Cu集流体的磷酸铁锂(LFP)全电池也获得了优异的电化学性能, 在1C(170 mA·g^-1)倍率下可稳定循环700圈。本研究为抑制锂金属负极枝晶生长提供了新的思路。     

Ultrafine Silver Nanoparticles for Seeded Lithium Deposition toward Stable Lithium Metal Anode

To exploit the high energy density of the lithium (Li) metal battery, it is imperative to address the dendrite growth and interface instability of the anode. 3D hosts for Li metal are expected to suppress the growth of Li dendrites. Heterogeneous seeds are effective in guiding Li deposition and realizing spatial control over Li nucleation. Herein, this study shows that ultrafine silver (Ag) nanoparticles, which are synthesized via a novel rapid Joule heating method, can serve as nanoseeds to direct the deposition of Li within the 3D host materials, resolving the problems of the Li metal anode. By optimizing the Joule heating method, ultrafine Ag nanoparticles (≈40 nm) are homogeneously anchored on carbon nanofibers. The Ag nanoseeds effectively reduce the nucleation overpotential of Li and guide the Li deposition in the 3D carbon matrix uniformly, free from the dendrites. A stable and reversible Li metal anode is achieved in virtue of the Ag nanoseeds in the 3D substrate, showing a low overpotential (≈0.025 V) for a long cycle life. The ultrafine nanoseeds achieved by rapid Joule heating render uniform deposition of Li metal anode in 3D hosts, promising a safe and long‐life Li metal battery for high‐energy applications.     

Interlayered Dendrite‐Free Lithium Plating for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries

For its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential, Li metal is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for next‐generation batteries. However, practical application of a Li‐metal anode is impeded by Li dendrites, which are generated during the cycling of Li plating/stripping, leading to safety issues. Researchers attempt to solve this problem by spatially confining the Li plating. Yet, the effective directing of Li deposition into the confined space is challenging. Here, an interlayer is constructed between a graphitic carbon nitrite layer (g‐C₃N₄) and carbon cloth (CC), enabling site‐directed dendrite‐free Li plating. The g‐C₃N₄/CC as an anode scaffold enables extraordinary cycling stability for over 1500 h with a small overpotential of ≈80 mV at 2 mA cm^?2. Furthermore, prominent battery performance is also demonstrated in a full cell (Li/g‐C₃N₄/CC as anode and LiCoO₂ as cathode) with high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 300 cycles.     

锂离子电池负极材料多孔Li4Ti5O12/C的制备与表征

将钛源、锂源和碳源三种化合物一起球磨湿混成均匀浆料,再依次经过喷雾干燥和高温煅烧制得晶粒表面包覆纳米碳层的多孔球形钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)材料.通过XRD、SEM、TEM、BET和电化学性能测试等分析手段表明,合成出的Li4Ti5O12/C材料为纳米一次粒子(晶粒)组成的球形二次粒子(颗粒),具有较大的比表面积,达到39.5 m2/g;在0.1C、1.0C和5.0C倍率下的首次放电比容量分别达到172.2、168.2和153.6 mAh/g,并表现出优良的循环性能.晶粒表面包覆碳的多孔Li4Ti5O12材料具有明显的高倍率性能和循环稳定性优势.