考虑政府激励政策的绿色供应链博弈模型及 契约协调研究

研究政府的激励政策对于制造商研发设计绿色产品以及供应链协调机制的影响。通过构建集中决策下的垂直博弈模型、分散决策下制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈模型,分别得到均衡的绿色度、定价策略以及各组织利润。在此基础上提出了基于收益共享或成本共担契约的供应链协调机制,得到最优的成本共担与收益共享比例。利用数值分析对上述结论进行验证,并进行了参数敏感度分析。研究表明,相比于分散决策,集中决策下的绿色度更大、零售价更低、供应链整体利润更大。单一的成本共担契约无法实现供应链协调;对于综合契约协调机制,收益共享比例与成本共担比例负相关。各组织利润与绿色产品单位补贴调节因子以及绿色度敏感度系数正相关、与价格敏感度系数以及绿色投资系数负相关。     

考虑政府补贴的环保托盘租赁供应链协调优化

在考虑环保托盘的绿色度、政府对制造商和企业的补贴等因素的基础上,建立了一个以托盘制造商为主导者,第三方托盘商为跟随者的二级供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,采用报童模型研究了在需求不确定下,基于收益共享契约的环保托盘租赁供应链收益协调问题。结果表明,在任何情况下,集中决策总是优于分散决策;制造商提高环保托盘的绿色度可以增大供应链各方的收益;相较对制造商进行补贴,政府对企业租赁价格的补贴将更有利于供应链协调;同时在此收益共享契约下,供应链上各参与者可以找到较优收益分配率使整个系统达到帕累托最优;数值算例验证了相关结论及契约的有效性。     

服务供应商角色外行为的契约激励机制研究

针对如何激励服务供应商的角色外行为,构建面向角色内行为的正式契约、面向角色内和角色外行为的关系契约以及社会效益最大化的最优契约三种契约下的委托代理模型,求解各契约下的最优契约条款和发包方长期最优收益,分析建立关系契约的条件和最优角色内和角色外行为激励系数,对比分析三种契约下发包方长期最优收益。越重视长远利益的发包方所获长期最优收益越大,且越愿意为服务供应商角色外行为提供更多激励。当贴现率大于一定值时,发包方和服务供应商才会建立关系契约。发包方会提高对服务供应商角色外行为的激励系数,以吸引服务供应商与其签订关系契约。服务供应商角色外行为会为发包方带来额外收益,且该额外收益与贴现率和角色外行为效用权重正相关。     

线下体验服务和保鲜努力双重因素下生鲜电商供应链决策与协调研究

线下体验服务和保鲜努力投入是影响生鲜电商供应链绩效水平的关键因素。同时考虑线下体验服务和保鲜努力水平,构建生鲜电商供应链决策模型,对集中决策和分散决策下供应链绩效进行比较,在此基础上,设计“双向成本分摊”和“双向成本分摊+收益共享”契约,并验证契约协调的可行性。通过数值仿真,对供应链协调前后最优决策变化以及参数灵敏度影响进行分析。研究发现：1)集中决策、分散决策最优解均与体验服务敏感系数、新鲜度敏感系数呈正相关关系,且集中决策最优解优于分散决策;2)“双向成本分摊”契约可使得体验服务和保鲜努力均达到集中决策水平,但供应链总利润未得到改善;“双向成本分摊+收益共享”契约实现了供应链完美协调,各主体利润均得到帕累托改善。     

考虑激励模式的动态回收闭环供应链最优决策与协调研究

考虑由单一的制造商和零售商组成的闭环供应链,制造商不仅通过正向供应链销售新产品,还通过激励措施从消费者那里回收旧产品,且将动态回收过程、HJB阶段控制纳入到供应链中。除探讨不同情形下均衡决策外,还设计激励成本分担契约来促进废旧产品的回收。研究表明:集中决策较分散决策供应链系统利润更高,产品回收率更高,回收激励强度更高;产品的销售价格、批发价格、零售商收益、制造商收益与回收率呈正相关,回收激励强度与回收率呈负相关;激励成本分担契约下,制造商的回收强度、回收率达到集中决策的水平,有趣的是激励成本分担契约下,产品的批发价格、销售价格均略高于分散决策的水平,制造商的收益实现帕累托改进,零售商的收益只有在一定情形下才会实现帕累托改进,供应链系统的整体收益实现帕累托改进。此外,还探讨了激励成本分担情形下零售商不出现破产的条件。最后给出算例分析验证了相关结论。     

不确定条件下三级供应链收益共享契约研究

探讨了不确定环境下单一供应商、制造商和零售商组成的三级供应链契约协调问题。分别建立了供应链集中、分散和契约协调最优决策模型。分析了基于收益共享契约的分散无协调和集中决策下供应链的期望利润。证明了通过收益共享和批发价格的组合契约可以使供应链实现帕累托改进。数值算例说明了契约协调的有效性。     

考虑努力水平与损耗的农超对接生鲜产品供应链协调

针对农超对接中的难以协调的问题,研究由超市和农户组成的生鲜农产品供应链问题。根据农产品的特征,引入新鲜度函数和数量完好率,构建了受价格、新鲜度、农户的生产努力水平影响的消费者效用函数,并建立供应链利润模型,对比分析集中决策和分散决策下超市的最优保鲜努力水平、最优定价和农户的最优批发价格,并使用收益共享契约对此供应链进行协调。结果表明:收益共享契约能够有效地协调此供应链。最后通过数值算例验证了该契约的有效性。     

供应链上游段集中控制型 VMI & TPL模式利益分配机制

以基本的“收益共享契约”为基础,以集中控制型VMI＆TPL模式为对象,研究供应链上游段各成员企业的协调。由于基本的收益共享契约不能对供应链进行有效协调,提出了基于风险共担的收益共享契约,但是该契约不能实现供应链各成员的期望收益的帕累托最优。为了改进这一缺陷,建立了基于不对称的Nash协商的风险共担型的收益共享契约模型。分析表明：该模型不仅克服了不能实现供应链各成员的期望收益达到帕累托最优的缺点,还可以实现各参与企业的期望收益的帕累托最优。     

分类回收条件下闭环供应链的协调问题研究

根据制造商回收的废旧品是否具有可再造性,将废旧品分为可再造废旧品和不可再生废旧品两类,考虑到政府对制造商的激励作用,分别建立了分类回收条件下闭环供应链的集中决策利润模型和分散决策利润模型,并通过两种决策下的最优策略对比,得到了集中决策下闭环供应链系统的效率优于分散决策下的效率的结论。最后,用收益一费用分享契约对分散决策下的闭环供应链进行了协调,并用算例证明了模型的有效性。     

碳限额交易机制下低碳供应链协调策略

为实现低碳供应链的完美协调,在碳限额交易机制下构建由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链。运用博弈论的方法,求得集中和分散决策下的最优决策。然后以此为基准,提出2种协调契约。最后通过数值仿真分析相关参数对均衡结果的影响。研究发现,收益共享−成本分担契约不能实现供应链的完美协调,而批发价格−成本分担契约能实现供应链的完美协调。此外,政府应加强环保宣传力度,培养消费者的低碳意识,同时也应合理控制碳价,平衡供应链成员利润。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.